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Faccin M, Wiener DJ, Rech RR, Santoro D, Rodrigues Hoffmann A. Common superficial and deep cutaneous bacterial infections in domestic animals: A review. Vet Pathol 2023; 60:796-811. [PMID: 37264789 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231176558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The skin covers the external surface of animals, and it is constantly exposed to and inhabited by different microorganisms, including bacteria. Alterations in the skin barrier allow commensal and/or pathogenic bacteria to proliferate and penetrate deep into the lower layers of the skin. Being the first barrier to the external environment, the skin is prone to injuries, allowing the penetration of microorganisms that may lead to severe deep infections. Companion animals, especially dogs, are prone to bacterial infections, often secondary to allergic dermatitis. When environmental conditions are unfavorable, horses, cattle, sheep, and goats can develop superficial infections, such as those caused by Dermatophilus congolensis. Deep inflammation is commonly caused by Mycobacterium spp., which results in granulomatous to pyogranulomatous dermatitis and panniculitis. Likewise, bacteria such as Nocardia spp. and Actinomyces spp. can cause deep pyogranulomatous inflammation. Bacteria that lead to deep necrotizing lesions (eg, necrotizing fasciitis/flesh-eating bacteria) can be severe and even result in death. This review includes an overview of the most common cutaneous bacterial infections of domestic animals, highlighting the main features and histologic morphology of the bacteria, cutaneous structures involved, and the type of inflammatory infiltrates.
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Canotilho J, Abrantes AC, Risco D, Fernández-Llario P, Aranha J, Vieira-Pinto M. First Serologic Survey of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in Wild Boars Hunted for Private Consumption in Portugal. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2936. [PMID: 37760336 PMCID: PMC10525244 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a relevant zoonotic infectious agent causing swine erysipelas (SE) in wild boar. In Portugal, there is no information on its occurrence. For this reason, this study aims to perform a first serosurvey of SE in hunted wild boars in Portugal. During the 2019/2020 hunting season, 111 sera from hunted wild boar were collected and analysed serologically in the laboratory with a commercial ELISA kit. No animals were eviscerated and examined after the hunt. The hunters took it all for private consumption. The results identified 18 animals that were exposed to SE, corresponding to a seroprevalence of 16.2% (95% CI: 19.9-24.4%). No statistical significance was observed on the effect of gender and age on seropositivity. However, wild boar hunted in Pinhel County, had five times more likely to be seropositivity (p-value < 0.05; OD = 5.4). Apart from its potential debilitating capacity and chronicity in the wild boar population, SE is also a very serious occupational zoonosis. Thus, the result of this first serosurvey in Portugal should raise awareness and alert competent national veterinary authorities and those involved in the hunting sector, especially hunters who directly handle these carcasses. Further studies should be conducted to better understand the role of wild boar as a reservoir and spillover of this disease to other animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Canotilho
- ReproVet, Av. Rainha Dona Amélia, 6300-749 Guarda, Portugal;
| | - Ana Carolina Abrantes
- CECAV-Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro University, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - David Risco
- Departamento de Medicina Animal, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain;
| | - Pedro Fernández-Llario
- INGULADOS—Innovación en Gestión y Conservación de Ungulados SL, C. Miguel Servet, 11, 10004 Cáceres, Spain;
| | - José Aranha
- CITAB—Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro University, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Madalena Vieira-Pinto
- CECAV-Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro University, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Department of Veterinary Science, Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro University, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- CISAS—Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, NUTRIR (Technological Center for AgriFood Sustainability), Monte de Prado, 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal
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3
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Takai S. Guidelines on the hygienic management of wild meat in Japan. Meat Sci 2022; 191:108864. [PMID: 35660292 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2022.108864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The density and distribution of wild ungulates, especially sika deer (Cervus nippon) and wild boar (Sus scrofa), have increased across the Japanese archipelago in the last two decades. The tradition of consuming wild game meat has been inherited in limited areas in Japan, but recently, the use of wild animals for food has increased. Game meat has become popular at local restaurants and retail meat shops. However, fundamental knowledge of game meat hygiene and health risks has not been fully established among hunters, meat processors, restaurant operators, and consumers. Moreover, game meat-borne illnesses have been reported occasionally. Unlike domesticated livestock, wild animals are not inspected for diseases when being butchered for food, and the meat obtained is at a high risk of being unhygienic. The Guidelines on the hygienic management of wild meat were established in 2014 to ensure the safety of wild meat in Japan. This study describes the situation regarding wild animals and game meat in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Takai
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan.
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Morimoto M, Kato A, Nogami K, Akaike Y, Furusawa T, Kojima H, Sasakawa C. The Swine Erysipelas Vaccine SER-ME Effectively Protects Pigs against Challenge with the Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae M203/I257 SpaA-Type Variant. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9080382. [PMID: 35893775 PMCID: PMC9332197 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9080382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Swine erysipelas caused by the Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae occurred frequently among pigs in Japan mostly by the serovar 1a variant featured by two amino acids in the surface protective antigen A protein. To determine if current vaccines are effective against the variant infection in pigs, one inactivated vaccine, SER-ME containing serovar 2a as the immunogen, was representatively evaluated. All vaccinated pigs survived without any apparent clinical signs after lethal challenge with the Fujisawa reference strain or the variant. This indicates that the serovar 2a immunogen of SER-ME vaccine effectively protects pigs against the E. rhusiopathiae variant and was not related to the emergences of the variant. Abstract Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae causes swine erysipelas (SE). Sporadic SE outbreaks in Japan are mostly caused by the E. rhusiopathiae serovar 1a variant featured by methionine (M) and isoleucine (I) at amino acid positions 203 and 257 of the surface protective antigen (Spa) A protein (M203/I257 SpaA-type). To determine if current vaccines are effective against infection with this variant in pigs, one representative inactivated vaccine, SER-ME (containing E. rhusiopathiae serovar 2a), was evaluated. All vaccinated pigs survived without any apparent clinical signs after lethal challenge with the Fujisawa reference strain or the variant. This indicates that the SER-ME vaccine effectively protects pigs against the infection of E. rhusiopathiae M203/I257 SpaA-type variant. Current vaccines in Japan, including SER-ME, suggest that outbreaks in Japan are unlikely caused by vaccine failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misako Morimoto
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shin-machi, Ome 198-0024, Tokyo, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Atsushi Kato
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shin-machi, Ome 198-0024, Tokyo, Japan
- Biomedical Science Association, 2-20-8-3F Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
| | - Kotoe Nogami
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shin-machi, Ome 198-0024, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Akaike
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shin-machi, Ome 198-0024, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaaki Furusawa
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shin-machi, Ome 198-0024, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroe Kojima
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shin-machi, Ome 198-0024, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chihiro Sasakawa
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shin-machi, Ome 198-0024, Tokyo, Japan
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba 260-8673, Chiba, Japan
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KANEKO F, KITAMURA N, SUZUKI K, KATO M. Serological survey of antibodies to four pathogens in wild boars in Nagano Prefecture, Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:855-859. [PMID: 35466116 PMCID: PMC9246675 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild boars (Sus scrofa) captured or found dead in Nagano Prefecture were
surveyed for antibodies to Aujeszky’s disease virus (ADV), Erysipelothrix
rhusiopathiae, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), and
Toxoplasma gondii. While all 168 samples tested were negative for
anti-ADV antibodies and all 140 samples tested were negative for anti-PRRSV antibodies,
all 190 samples tested were positive for anti-E. rhusiopathiae antibodies
and 12 of 180 samples were positive for anti-toxoplasma antibodies. These results suggest
that since E. rhusiopathiae and T. gondii cause zoonotic
diseases, in addition to wild boars being a potential source of infection for domestic
pigs, caution should be taken when handling wild boars or eating wild boar meat because of
the possibility of human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Masaki KATO
- Present address: Saku Livestock Hygiene Service Center
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Wu C, Lv C, Zhao Y, Zhu W, Liu L, Wang T, Kang C, Yang Y, Sun X, Zhang Q, Jin M. Characterization of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Isolates from Diseased Pigs in 15 Chinese Provinces from 2012 to 2018. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122615. [PMID: 34946215 PMCID: PMC8704079 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae can cause erysipelas in animals and erysipeloid in humans. Since its recurrence in 2012, swine erysipelas has caused serious losses within the pig industry in China. The aim of this study was to perform multilocus sequence typing and understand the virulence and antimicrobial susceptibility of E. rhusiopathiae isolates in China. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of a total of 120 strains was performed, and as a result, three different sequence types were identified, of which ST48 was the main one. Five isolates of each MLST type were randomly selected to be used to challenge mice. ST48 was associated with a higher virulence. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested using a microdilution technique and, to analyze the resistance mechanism, six strains were selected for genome sequencing. A comparison of the six genomes indicated the presence of a suspected macrolide resistance gene, namely, Erm(A)-like, in erythromycin-resistant strains, which increased the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of erythromycin against E. coli C600 at least four-fold. In addition, three mutations (gyrA86T-I, gyrA90D-N, and parC81S-I) were observed in the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of gyrA and parC in quinolone-resistant strains. After the gyrA gene with the 86T-I mutation or the parC gene with the 81S-I mutation was transfected into E. coli C600, the MIC of enrofloxacin against this strain increased at least two-fold. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for developing antibacterial drugs and may contribute to the clinical prevention and control of E. rhusiopathiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.W.); (C.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.Z.); (L.L.); (T.W.); (C.K.); (Y.Y.); (X.S.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Changjie Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.W.); (C.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.Z.); (L.L.); (T.W.); (C.K.); (Y.Y.); (X.S.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ya Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.W.); (C.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.Z.); (L.L.); (T.W.); (C.K.); (Y.Y.); (X.S.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Weifeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.W.); (C.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.Z.); (L.L.); (T.W.); (C.K.); (Y.Y.); (X.S.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.W.); (C.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.Z.); (L.L.); (T.W.); (C.K.); (Y.Y.); (X.S.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.W.); (C.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.Z.); (L.L.); (T.W.); (C.K.); (Y.Y.); (X.S.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chao Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.W.); (C.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.Z.); (L.L.); (T.W.); (C.K.); (Y.Y.); (X.S.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.W.); (C.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.Z.); (L.L.); (T.W.); (C.K.); (Y.Y.); (X.S.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaomei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.W.); (C.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.Z.); (L.L.); (T.W.); (C.K.); (Y.Y.); (X.S.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (Q.Z.); (M.J.)
| | - Meilin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.W.); (C.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.Z.); (L.L.); (T.W.); (C.K.); (Y.Y.); (X.S.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (Q.Z.); (M.J.)
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Söderlund R, Formenti N, Caló S, Chiari M, Zoric M, Alborali GL, Sørensen Dalgaard T, Wattrang E, Eriksson H. Comparative genome analysis of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae isolated from domestic pigs and wild boars suggests host adaptation and selective pressure from the use of antibiotics. Microb Genom 2020; 6. [PMID: 32735209 PMCID: PMC7641416 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The disease erysipelas caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (ER) is a major concern in pig production. In the present study the genomes of ER from pigs (n=87), wild boars (n=71) and other sources (n=85) were compared in terms of whole-genome SNP variation, accessory genome content and the presence of genetic antibiotic resistance determinants. The aim was to investigate if genetic features among ER were associated with isolate origin in order to better estimate the risk of transmission of porcine-adapted strains from wild boars to free-range pigs and to increase our understanding of the evolution of ER. Pigs and wild boars carried isolates representing all ER clades, but clade one only occurred in healthy wild boars and healthy pigs. Several accessory genes or gene variants were found to be significantly associated with the pig and wild boar hosts, with genes predicted to encode cell wall-associated or extracellular proteins overrepresented. Gene variants associated with serovar determination and capsule production in serovars known to be pathogenic for pigs were found to be significantly associated with pigs as hosts. In total, 30 % of investigated pig isolates but only 6 % of wild boar isolates carried resistance genes, most commonly tetM (tetracycline) and lsa(E) together with lnu(B) (lincosamides, pleuromutilin and streptogramin A). The incidence of variably present genes including resistance determinants was weakly linked to phylogeny, indicating that host adaptation in ER has evolved multiple times in diverse lineages mediated by recombination and the acquisition of mobile genetic elements. The presented results support the occurrence of host-adapted ER strains, but they do not indicate frequent transmission between wild boars and domestic pigs. This article contains data hosted by Microreact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicoletta Formenti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefania Caló
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mario Chiari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mate Zoric
- National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Eva Wattrang
- National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
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Shiraiwa K, Ogawa Y, Nishikawa S, Nakayama M, Eguchi M, Shimoji Y. Genetic analysis of an Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae swine isolate determined to be serovar 2 by a gel double diffusion test but serovar 1a/2 by a serotyping PCR assay. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:1376-1378. [PMID: 32713892 PMCID: PMC7538323 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously developed a multiplex PCR assay for the differentiation of serovar 1a, 1b,
2 and 5 strains of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. In this study, we
analyzed the serovar-defining chromosomal region of a serovar 2 swine isolate, which was
PCR-positive for both serovars 1a and 2 by the multiplex PCR assay. Genetic analysis of
the chromosomal region revealed that, as in serovar 1a strains, the ERH_1440 gene, which
is usually truncated or missing in serovar 2 strains, was intact in this strain. This
paper first shows an E. rhusiopathiae serovar 2 strain possessing an
intact ERH_1440 gene and suggests that care may be needed when determining the serovar of
such rare strains by PCR assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Shiraiwa
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Yohsuke Ogawa
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Sayaka Nishikawa
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Momoko Nakayama
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Masahiro Eguchi
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Shimoji
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.,Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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