1
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Dawson NJ, Millet C, Selman C, Metcalfe NB. Inter-individual variation in mitochondrial phosphorylation efficiency predicts growth rates in ectotherms at high temperatures. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22333. [PMID: 35486025 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101806rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that aquatic ectotherms are especially vulnerable to global warming since their metabolic demands increase with ambient temperature while water-oxygen content decreases. The possible role of shrinking aerobic scope in limiting performance has been much discussed; however, less attention has been given to whether tissue-level changes in the efficiency of oxygen usage occur at elevated temperatures. Here, we show that this varies widely among individuals, with consequences for performance. We examined the inter-individual variation in growth rate and mitochondrial function from white muscle and liver of brown trout (Salmo trutta) acclimated to either high (19.5°C) or near-optimal temperature (12°C). Liver (but not muscle) mitochondria showed a positive relationship between growth rate and maximal oxidative phosphorylation at both temperatures, and a negative relationship between growth rate and ROS release. There was a positive correlation in both tissues between individual mitochondrial phosphorylation efficiency and growth rate, but only at 19.5°C. In this representative of aquatic ectotherms, an individual's liver mitochondrial efficiency thus seems to dictate its capacity to grow at elevated temperatures. This suggests that individual heterogeneity in cellular function may cause variation in the thermal limits of aquatic ectotherms and could adversely affect wild populations in warming environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal J Dawson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Caroline Millet
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Colin Selman
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Neil B Metcalfe
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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2
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The Effects of Hydropower Plants on the Physicochemical Parameters of the Bystrzyca River in Poland. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14082075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the literature lacks comprehensive studies on the impact of hydropower plants (HPs) on the environment, including studies focused on the physicochemical parameters of water. The aim of the article is to verify the current state of knowledge on the impact of run-of-river HPs on 17 physicochemical parameters of water. The article is in line with the recommendations of the European Union that the member states, under the common energy policy, should increase the share of renewable energy sources in the energy and perform environmental impact assessments of such facilities. As a result of the analysis carried out on three HPs (Sadowice, Skałka and Marszowice) located on the Bystrzyca River (a tributary of the Odra River in Poland), it was found that HPs affect the selected physicochemical parameters of the water, i.e., (p < 0.05): electrolytic conductivity (EC; Skałka, Marszowice HPs), pH (Skałka, Marszowice HPs); nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N; Marszowice HP), dissolved oxygen (DO; Marszowice HP) and ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N; Marszowice HP). The largest (>5%), statistically significant mean cumulative effect below Marszowice HP concerned NH4-N (−27.83%), DO (+14.04%) and NO3-N (+5.50%). In addition, it was observed that the effect of HPs increases in direct proportion to the damming height, and that run-of-river HPs have a lesser impact on the physicochemical parameters’ values than in storage HPs. Our results were in accordance with those of other scientists in terms of the increase in DO, the decrease in EC, and the decrease in total phosphorus concentrations below HPs.
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3
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Gerber L, Clow KA, Gamperl AK. Acclimation to warm temperatures has important implications for mitochondrial function in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar). J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb236257. [PMID: 33288533 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.236257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In fish, the capacity of thermal acclimation to preserve cardiac mitochondrial function under future warming scenarios is important to understand given the central roles that cardiac energy metabolism and performance play in this taxa's thermal tolerance. We acclimated Atlantic salmon to 12 and 20°C (for >2 months), and investigated the effects of acute and chronic warming on cardiac mitochondrial respiration and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (release rate) using high-resolution fluorespirometry. Further, we compared the sensitivity of mitochondrial respiration to nitric oxide (i.e. the NO IC50), and assessed the mitochondrial response to anoxia-reoxygenation (AR). Acute exposure to 20°C increased maximal mitochondrial respiration by ∼55%; however, the mitochondria's complex I respiratory control ratio was 17% lower and ROS production was increased by ≥60%. Acclimation to 20°C: (1) preserved mitochondrial coupling and aerobic capacity; (2) decreased the mitochondria's ROS production by ∼30%; (3) increased the mitochondria's NO IC50 by ∼23%; and (4) improved mitochondrial membrane integrity at 20°C. AR did not affect mitochondrial function at 12°C, but acute exposure to 20°C and AR depressed maximal mitochondrial respiration (by ∼9%) and coupling (by ∼16%) without impacting ROS production. Finally, warm acclimation did not improve the capacity of mitochondria to recover from AR, indicating that there was no 'cross-tolerance' between these challenges. Our findings provide compelling evidence that thermal plasticity of cardiac mitochondrial function contributes to the Atlantic salmon's capability to survive at ≥20°C for prolonged periods, but call into question whether this plasticity may allow them to withstand high temperatures when combined with other stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Gerber
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Kathy A Clow
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Anthony K Gamperl
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
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4
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Gerber L, Clow KA, Mark FC, Gamperl AK. Improved mitochondrial function in salmon (Salmo salar) following high temperature acclimation suggests that there are cracks in the proverbial 'ceiling'. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21636. [PMID: 33303856 PMCID: PMC7729908 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78519-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial function can provide key insights into how fish will respond to climate change, due to its important role in heart performance, energy metabolism and oxidative stress. However, whether warm acclimation can maintain or improve the energetic status of the fish heart when exposed to short-term heat stress is not well understood. We acclimated Atlantic salmon, a highly aerobic eurythermal species, to 12 and 20 °C, then measured cardiac mitochondrial functionality and integrity at 20 °C and at 24, 26 and 28 °C (this species' critical thermal maximum ± 2 °C). Acclimation to 20 °C vs. 12 °C enhanced many aspects of mitochondrial respiratory capacity and efficiency up to 24 °C, and preserved outer mitochondrial membrane integrity up to 26 °C. Further, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was dramatically decreased at all temperatures. These data suggest that salmon acclimated to 'normal' maximum summer temperatures are capable of surviving all but the most extreme ocean heat waves, and that there is no 'tradeoff' in heart mitochondrial function when Atlantic salmon are acclimated to high temperatures (i.e., increased oxidative phosphorylation does not result in heightened ROS production). This study suggests that fish species may show quite different acclimatory responses when exposed to prolonged high temperatures, and thus, susceptibility to climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Gerber
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada.
| | - Kathy A Clow
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Felix C Mark
- Section Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Anthony K Gamperl
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
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5
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Bouyoucos IA, Morrison PR, Weideli OC, Jacquesson E, Planes S, Simpfendorfer CA, Brauner CJ, Rummer JL. Thermal tolerance and hypoxia tolerance are associated in blacktip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus) neonates. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:223/14/jeb221937. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.221937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Thermal dependence of growth and metabolism can influence thermal preference and tolerance in marine ectotherms, including threatened and data-deficient species. Here, we quantified the thermal dependence of physiological performance in neonates of a tropical shark species (blacktip reef shark, Carcharhinus melanopterus) from shallow, nearshore habitats. We measured minimum and maximum oxygen uptake rates (ṀO2), calculated aerobic scope, excess post-exercise oxygen consumption and recovery from exercise, and measured critical thermal maxima (CTmax), thermal safety margins, hypoxia tolerance, specific growth rates, body condition and food conversion efficiencies at two ecologically relevant acclimation temperatures (28 and 31°C). Owing to high post-exercise mortality, a third acclimation temperature (33°C) was not investigated further. Acclimation temperature did not affect ṀO2 or growth, but CTmax and hypoxia tolerance were greatest at 31°C and positively associated. We also quantified in vitro temperature (25, 30 and 35°C) and pH effects on haemoglobin–oxygen (Hb–O2) affinity of wild-caught, non-acclimated sharks. As expected, Hb–O2 affinity decreased with increasing temperatures, but pH effects observed at 30°C were absent at 25 and 35°C. Finally, we logged body temperatures of free-ranging sharks and determined that C. melanopterus neonates avoided 31°C in situ. We conclude that C. melanopterus neonates demonstrate minimal thermal dependence of whole-organism physiological performance across a seasonal temperature range and may use behaviour to avoid unfavourable environmental temperatures. The association between thermal tolerance and hypoxia tolerance suggests a common mechanism warranting further investigation. Future research should explore the consequences of ocean warming, especially in nearshore, tropical species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A. Bouyoucos
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
- PSL Research University, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
| | - Phillip R. Morrison
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ornella C. Weideli
- PSL Research University, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
| | - Eva Jacquesson
- PSL Research University, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
| | - Serge Planes
- PSL Research University, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence ‘CORAIL’, EPHE, PSL Research University, UPVD, CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Papetoai, Moorea, French Polynesia
| | - Colin A. Simpfendorfer
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture & College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Colin J. Brauner
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jodie L. Rummer
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
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6
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Wolfe BW, Fitzgibbon QP, Semmens JM, Tracey SR, Pecl GT. Physiological mechanisms linking cold acclimation and the poleward distribution limit of a range-extending marine fish. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 8:coaa045. [PMID: 32494362 PMCID: PMC7248536 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Extensions of species' geographical distributions, or range extensions, are among the primary ecological responses to climate change in the oceans. Considerable variation across the rates at which species' ranges change with temperature hinders our ability to forecast range extensions based on climate data alone. To better manage the consequences of ongoing and future range extensions for global marine biodiversity, more information is needed on the biological mechanisms that link temperatures to range limits. This is especially important at understudied, low relative temperatures relevant to poleward range extensions, which appear to outpace warm range edge contractions four times over. Here, we capitalized on the ongoing range extension of a teleost predator, the Australasian snapper Chrysophrys auratus, to examine multiple measures of ecologically relevant physiological performance at the population's poleward range extension front. Swim tunnel respirometry was used to determine how mid-range and poleward range edge winter acclimation temperatures affect metabolic rate, aerobic scope, swimming performance and efficiency and recovery from exercise. Relative to 'optimal' mid-range temperature acclimation, subsequent range edge minimum temperature acclimation resulted in absolute aerobic scope decreasing while factorial aerobic scope increased; efficiency of swimming increased while maximum sustainable swimming speed decreased; and recovery from exercise required a longer duration despite lower oxygen payback. Cold-acclimated swimming faster than 0.9 body lengths sec-1 required a greater proportion of aerobic scope despite decreased cost of transport. Reduced aerobic scope did not account for declines in recovery and lower maximum sustainable swimming speed. These results suggest that while performances decline at range edge minimum temperatures, cold-acclimated snapper are optimized for energy savings and range edge limitation may arise from suboptimal temperature exposure throughout the year rather than acute minimum temperature exposure. We propose incorporating performance data with in situ behaviour and environmental data in bioenergetic models to better understand how thermal tolerance determines range limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barrett W Wolfe
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Quinn P Fitzgibbon
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Jayson M Semmens
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Sean R Tracey
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Gretta T Pecl
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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7
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Norin T, Canada P, Bailey JA, Gamperl AK. Thermal biology and swimming performance of Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua) and haddock ( Melanogrammus aeglefinus). PeerJ 2019; 7:e7784. [PMID: 31592351 PMCID: PMC6777481 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) are two commercially important marine fishes impacted by both overfishing and climate change. Increasing ocean temperatures are affecting the physiology of these species and causing changes in distribution, growth, and maturity. While the physiology of cod has been well investigated, that of haddock has received very little attention. Here, we measured the metabolic response to increasing temperatures, as well as the critical thermal maximum (CTmax), of cod acclimated to 8 and 12 °C and haddock acclimated to 12 °C. We also compared the swimming performance (critical swimming speed, Ucrit) of cod and haddock at 12 °C, as well as the Ucrit of 12 °C-acclimated cod acutely exposed to a higher-than-optimal temperature (16 °C). The CTmax for cod was 21.4 and 23.0 °C for 8- and 12 °C-acclimated fish, respectively, whereas that for the 12 °C-acclimated haddock was 23.9 °C. These values were all significantly different and show that haddock are more tolerant of high temperatures. The aerobic maximum metabolic rate (MMR) of swimming cod remained high at 16 °C, suggesting that maximum oxygen transport capacity was not limited at a temperature above optimal in this species. However, signs of impaired swimming (struggling) were becoming evident at 16 °C. Haddock were found to reach a higher Ucrit than cod at 12 °C (3.02 vs. 2.62 body lengths s−1, respectively), and at a lower MMR. Taken together, these results suggest that haddock perform better than cod in warmer conditions, and that haddock are the superior swimmer amongst the two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Norin
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.,DTU Aqua: National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Paula Canada
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.,Oceanic Observatory of Madeira, Agência Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigação Tecnologia e Inovação, Funchal, Portugal.,CIIMAR-Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Jason A Bailey
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.,Vattenbrukscentrum Ost, East Region Aquaculture Centre, Vreta Kloster, Sweden
| | - A Kurt Gamperl
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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8
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Morash AJ, Neufeld C, MacCormack TJ, Currie S. The importance of incorporating natural thermal variation when evaluating physiological performance in wild species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:221/14/jeb164673. [PMID: 30037965 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.164673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmental variability in aquatic ecosystems makes the study of ectotherms complex and challenging. Physiologists have historically overcome this hurdle in the laboratory by using 'average' conditions, representative of the natural environment for any given animal. Temperature, in particular, has widespread impact on the physiology of animals, and it is becoming increasingly important to understand these effects as we face future climate challenges. The majority of research to date has focused on the expected global average increase in temperature; however, increases in climate variability are predicted to affect animals as much or more than climate warming. Physiological responses associated with the acclimation to a new stable temperature are distinct from those in thermally variable environments. Our goal is to highlight these physiological differences as they relate to both thermal acclimation and the 'fallacy of the average' or Jensen's inequality using theoretical models and novel empirical data. We encourage the use of more realistic thermal environments in experimental design to advance our understanding of these physiological responses such that we can better predict how aquatic animals will respond to future changes in our climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Morash
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada, E4L 1G7
| | - Claire Neufeld
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada, E4L 1G7
| | - Tyson J MacCormack
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada, E4L 1G8
| | - Suzanne Currie
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada, E4L 1G7.,Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, Canada, B4P 2R6
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9
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Gilbert MJH, Tierney KB. Warm northern river temperatures increase post‐exercise fatigue in an Arctic migratory salmonid but not in a temperate relative. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Keith B. Tierney
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
- School of Public HealthUniversity of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
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