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Chrétien LTS, Khalil A, Gershenzon J, Lucas-Barbosa D, Dicke M, Giron D. Plant metabolism and defence strategies in the flowering stage: Time-dependent responses of leaves and flowers under attack. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:2841-2855. [PMID: 35611630 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants developing into the flowering stage undergo major physiological changes. Because flowers are reproductive tissues and resource sinks, strategies to defend them may differ from those for leaves. Thus, this study investigates the defences of flowering plants by assessing processes that sustain resistance (constitutive and induced) and tolerance to attack. We exposed the annual plant Brassica nigra to three distinct floral attackers (caterpillar, aphid and bacterial pathogen) and measured whole-plant responses at 4, 8 and 12 days after the attack. We simultaneously analysed profiles of primary and secondary metabolites in leaves and inflorescences and measured dry biomass of roots, leaves and inflorescences as proxies of resource allocation and regrowth. Regardless of treatments, inflorescences contained 1.2 to 4 times higher concentrations of primary metabolites than leaves, and up to 7 times higher concentrations of glucosinolates, which highlights the plant's high investment of resources into inflorescences. No induction of glucosinolates was detected in inflorescences, but the attack transiently affected the total concentration of soluble sugars in both leaves and inflorescences. We conclude that B. nigra evolved high constitutive rather than inducible resistance to protect their flowers; plants additionally compensated for damage by attackers via the regrowth of reproductive parts. This strategy may be typical of annual plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucille T S Chrétien
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI), UMR 7261, CNRS/Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Alix Khalil
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI), UMR 7261, CNRS/Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology (MPI CE), Department of Biochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Dani Lucas-Barbosa
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - David Giron
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI), UMR 7261, CNRS/Université de Tours, Tours, France
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Zolotarjova V, Remmel T, Kännaste A, Kaasik R, Niinemets Ü, Veromann E. Pollen beetle offspring is more parasitized under moderate nitrogen fertilization of oilseed rape due to more attractive volatile signal. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14294. [PMID: 35995937 PMCID: PMC9395338 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18030-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocontrol providing parasitoids can orientate according to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of their host's plants, the emission of which is potentially dependent on the availability of soil nitrogen (N). This paper aimed at finding the optimal N fertilization rate for oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) to favor parasitism of pollen beetles (Brassicogethes aeneus Fab. syn. Meligethes aeneus Fab.) in a controlled environment. Pollen beetles preferred to oviposit into buds of plants growing under higher N fertilization, whereas their parasitoids favored moderate N fertilization. As a part of induced defense, the proportion of volatile products of glucosinolate pathway in the total oilseed rape VOC emission blend was increased. Our results suggest that the natural biological control of pollen beetle herbivory is best supported by moderate N fertilization rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Zolotarjova
- grid.16697.3f0000 0001 0671 1127Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Triinu Remmel
- grid.16697.3f0000 0001 0671 1127Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Astrid Kännaste
- grid.16697.3f0000 0001 0671 1127Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Riina Kaasik
- grid.16697.3f0000 0001 0671 1127Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- grid.16697.3f0000 0001 0671 1127Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eve Veromann
- grid.16697.3f0000 0001 0671 1127Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
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Multiple Attack to Inflorescences of an Annual Plant Does Not Interfere with the Attraction of Parasitoids and Pollinators. J Chem Ecol 2021; 47:175-191. [PMID: 33507456 PMCID: PMC7904547 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-020-01239-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Plants in the flowering stage need to ensure reproduction by protecting themselves from attack and by preserving interactions with mutualist pollinators. When different plant mutualists are using the same type of cues, such as volatile compounds, attraction of parasitoids and pollinators may trade off. To explore this, we compared volatile emission of Brassica nigra plants in response to single or dual attack on their inflorescences. Additionally, we recorded flower visitation by pollinators and the attraction of parasitoids in the greenhouse and/or field. Brassica nigra were exposed in the flowering stage to one or two of the following three attackers: Brevicoryne brassicae aphids, Pieris brassicae caterpillars, and Xanthomonas campestris pv. raphani bacteria. We found that single attack by caterpillars, and dual attack by caterpillars plus aphids, induced the strongest changes in plant volatile emission. The caterpillars’ parasitoid C. glomerata did not exhibit preference for plants exposed to caterpillars only vs. plants exposed to caterpillars plus aphids or plus bacteria. However, the composition of the pollinator community associated with flowers of B. nigra was affected by plant exposure to the attackers, but the total number of pollinators visiting the plants did not change upon attack. We conclude that, when B. nigra were exposed to single or dual attack on their inflorescences, the plants maintained interactions with natural enemies of the insect attackers and with pollinators. We discuss how chemical diversity may contribute to plant resilience upon attack.
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Rusman Q, Lucas‐Barbosa D, Hassan K, Poelman EH. Plant ontogeny determines strength and associated plant fitness consequences of plant-mediated interactions between herbivores and flower visitors. THE JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2020; 108:1046-1060. [PMID: 32421019 PMCID: PMC7217261 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.13370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Plants show ontogenetic variation in growth-defence strategies to maximize reproductive output within a community context. Most work on plant ontogenetic variation in growth-defence trade-offs has focussed on interactions with antagonistic insect herbivores. Plants respond to herbivore attack with phenotypic changes. Despite the knowledge that plant responses to herbivory affect plant mutualistic interactions with pollinators required for reproduction, indirect interactions between herbivores and pollinators have not been included in the evaluation of how ontogenetic growth-defence trajectories affect plant fitness.In a common garden experiment with the annual Brassica nigra, we investigated whether exposure to various herbivore species on different plant ontogenetic stages (vegetative, bud or flowering stage) affects plant flowering traits, interactions with flower visitors and results in fitness consequences for the plant.Effects of herbivory on flowering plant traits and interactions with flower visitors depended on plant ontogeny. Plant exposure in the vegetative stage to the caterpillar Pieris brassicae and aphid Brevicoryne brassicae led to reduced flowering time and flower production, and resulted in reduced pollinator attraction, pollen beetle colonization, total seed production and seed weight. When plants had buds, infestation by most herbivore species tested reduced flower production and pollen beetle colonization. Pollinator attraction was either increased or reduced. Plants infested in the flowering stage with P. brassicae or Lipaphis erysimi flowered longer, while infestation by any of the herbivore species tested increased the number of flower visits by pollinators.Our results show that the outcome of herbivore-flower visitor interactions in B. nigra is specific for the combination of herbivore species and plant ontogenetic stage. Consequences of herbivory for flowering traits and reproductive output were strongest when plants were attacked early in life. Such differences in selection pressures imposed by herbivores to specific plant ontogenetic stages may drive the evolution of distinct ontogenetic trajectories in growth-defence-reproduction strategies and include indirect interactions between herbivores and flower visitors. Synthesis. Plant ontogeny can define the direct and indirect consequences of herbivory. Our study shows that the ontogenetic stage of plant individuals determined the effects of herbivory on plant flowering traits, interactions with flower visitors and plant fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quint Rusman
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Dani Lucas‐Barbosa
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
- Present address:
Bio‐communication & EcologyETH ZürichSchmelzbergstrasse 98092ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Kamrul Hassan
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
- Present address:
Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityLocked Bag 1797PenrithNSW2751Australia
| | - Erik H. Poelman
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
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de Lange ES, Farnier K, Degen T, Gaudillat B, Aguilar-Romero R, Bahena-Juárez F, Oyama K, Turlings TCJ. Parasitic Wasps Can Reduce Mortality of Teosinte Plants Infested With Fall Armyworm: Support for a Defensive Function of Herbivore-Induced Plant Volatiles. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Cuny MAC, Gendry J, Hernández-Cumplido J, Benrey B. Changes in plant growth and seed production in wild lima bean in response to herbivory are attenuated by parasitoids. Oecologia 2018; 187:447-457. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4119-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chrétien LTS, David A, Daikou E, Boland W, Gershenzon J, Giron D, Dicke M, Lucas‐Barbosa D. Caterpillars induce jasmonates in flowers and alter plant responses to a second attacker. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:1279-1291. [PMID: 29207438 PMCID: PMC5814890 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In nature, herbivorous insects and plant pathogens are generally abundant when plants are flowering. Thus, plants face a diversity of attackers during their reproductive phase. Plant responses to one attacker can interfere with responses to a second attacker, and phytohormones that orchestrate plant reproduction are also involved in resistance to insect and pathogen attack. We quantified phytohormonal responses of flowering plants exposed to single or dual attack and studied resistance mechanisms of plants in the flowering stage. Flowering Brassica nigra were exposed to either a chewing caterpillar, a phloem-feeding aphid or a bacterial pathogen, and plant hormonal responses were compared with dual attack situations. We quantified phytohormones in inflorescences and leaves, and determined the consequences of hormonal changes for components of direct and indirect plant resistance. Caterpillars were the main inducers of jasmonates in inflorescences, and the phytohormonal profile of leaves was not affected by either insect or pathogen attack. Dual attack increased plant resistance to caterpillars, but compromised resistance to aphids. Parasitoid performance was negatively correlated with the performance of their hosts. We conclude that plants prioritize resistance of reproductive tissues over vegetative tissues, and that a chewing herbivore species is the main driver of responses in flowering B. nigra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucille T. S. Chrétien
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 1, Radix building6708PBWageningenthe Netherlands
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI)UMR 7261CNRS/Université François‐Rabelais de ToursAvenue Monge, Parc Grandmont37200ToursFrance
- Department of BiologyÉcole Normale Supérieure de Lyon (ENS L)46 Allée d'Italie69007LyonFrance
| | - Anja David
- Department of Bioorganic ChemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology (MPI CE)Beutenberg Campus, Hans‐Knoell‐Strasse 8D‐07745JenaGermany
| | - Eirini Daikou
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 1, Radix building6708PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Department of Bioorganic ChemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology (MPI CE)Beutenberg Campus, Hans‐Knoell‐Strasse 8D‐07745JenaGermany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology (MPI CE)Beutenberg Campus, Hans‐Knoell‐Strasse 8D‐07745JenaGermany
| | - David Giron
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI)UMR 7261CNRS/Université François‐Rabelais de ToursAvenue Monge, Parc Grandmont37200ToursFrance
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 1, Radix building6708PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Dani Lucas‐Barbosa
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 1, Radix building6708PBWageningenthe Netherlands
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Bonnet C, Lassueur S, Ponzio C, Gols R, Dicke M, Reymond P. Combined biotic stresses trigger similar transcriptomic responses but contrasting resistance against a chewing herbivore in Brassica nigra. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:127. [PMID: 28716054 PMCID: PMC5513356 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1074-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In nature, plants are frequently exposed to simultaneous biotic stresses that activate distinct and often antagonistic defense signaling pathways. How plants integrate this information and whether they prioritize one stress over the other is not well understood. RESULTS We investigated the transcriptome signature of the wild annual crucifer, Brassica nigra, in response to eggs and caterpillars of Pieris brassicae butterflies, Brevicoryne brassicae aphids and the bacterial phytopathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. raphani (Xcr). Pretreatment with egg extract, aphids, or Xcr had a weak impact on the subsequent transcriptome profile of plants challenged with caterpillars, suggesting that the second stress dominates the transcriptional response. Nevertheless, P. brassicae larval performance was strongly affected by egg extract or Xcr pretreatment and depended on the site where the initial stress was applied. Although egg extract and Xcr pretreatments inhibited insect-induced defense gene expression, suggesting salicylic acid (SA)/jasmonic acid (JA) pathway cross talk, this was not strictly correlated with larval performance. CONCLUSION These results emphasize the need to better integrate plant responses at different levels of biological organization and to consider localized effects in order to predict the consequence of multiple stresses on plant resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Bonnet
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Steve Lassueur
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Camille Ponzio
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Reymond
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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