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Lu W, Han Z, Liu Q, Wang K, Liu Q, Song X. Development of Flowers Buds and Mixed Buds in the Dichasial Inflorescence of Geranium koreanum Kom. (Geraniaceae). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3178. [PMID: 37765342 PMCID: PMC10534307 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Flower bud differentiation is of great significance for understanding plant evolution and ecological adaptability. The development of flower buds and mixed buds in the dichasial inflorescence of Geranium koreanum was described in this paper. The morphogenesis, surface structure, and organ morphology at different growth stages of G. koreanum buds were examined in detail using scanning electron microscope and stereo microscope. The development of mixed buds started from the flattened apical meristem. The stipule and leaf primordia arose first. Subsequently, the hemispherical meristem was divided into two hemispheres, forming a terminal bud and floral bud primordia, followed by lateral bud differentiation. The formation of the terminal and lateral buds of G. koreanum was sequential and their differentiation positions were also different. The floral bud primordia would develop into two flower units and four bracts. The primordia of a flower bud first formed the sepal primordia, then the stamen and petal primordia, and finally the pistil primordia. Compared to the stamen primordia, the growth of the petal primordia was slower. Finally, all organs, especially the petals and pistil, grew rapidly. When the pistil and petals exceeded the stamens and the petals changed color, the flower bud was ready to bloom.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xuebin Song
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
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2
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Rios-Carrasco S, Sánchez D, Ortega-González PF, Gutiérrez-Luna MF, Farfán-Beltrán ME, Mandujano MC, Vázquez-Santana S. The floral biology and the role of staminal connective appendages during pollination of the endoparasite Bdallophytum americanum (Cytinaceae). JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2023; 136:643-655. [PMID: 37311992 PMCID: PMC10421756 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-023-01466-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bdallophytum americanum (Cytinaceae) is an endoparasitic plant species, meaning only the flowers emerge from the host during the reproductive season. Reports on the pollination biology of this species state that its primary pollinators are carrion flies attracted by the smell of the flowers and nectar as a reward. However, the functional role of one of the most outstanding attributes of B. americanum has been neglected. These are the staminal appendages formed by the apical overgrowth of connective tissue during anther development. To determine whether these staminal appendages play a role in pollination, we monitored a nectarless population of B. americanum. We described the inflorescence emergence, floral movements, and pollination and performed field experiments to test whether the absence of the staminal connective appendages affected the visitation frequency. Male inflorescences emerge early, and both male and female flowers open during the day and do not close. Hoverflies are the most frequent visitors to both floral sexes and carry the most pollen. Moreover, the movement of staminal appendages matching the pollen viability changes is reported for the first time. The staminal appendages are the structures where pollinators land before foraging. The field experiments showed that the visitation frequency decreased sharply without staminal appendages. As a landing platform, the staminal connective appendages in B. americanum are crucial for pollinator positioning and collecting viable pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Rios-Carrasco
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo en Plantas, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de Mexico, México
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Daniel Sánchez
- CONACYT-Laboratorio Nacional de Identificación y Caracterización Vegetal, Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, 44171, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Pactli F Ortega-González
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo en Plantas, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Morayna F Gutiérrez-Luna
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo en Plantas, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Manuel Edday Farfán-Beltrán
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - María C Mandujano
- Laboratorio de Genética y Ecología, Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, 04510, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Sonia Vázquez-Santana
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo en Plantas, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de Mexico, México.
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3
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Ushimaru A, Seo N, Sakagami K, Funamoto D. Sexual dimorphism in a dioecious species with complex, specialist-pollinated flowers. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16148. [PMID: 36852530 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Pollinators with flower constancy and long nectar-feeding organs should favor less or no sexual dimorphism in the individual flowers of dioecious plants. This hypothesis is deduced because such pollinators can discriminate between intersexual flower size differences, and morphological differences between male and female flowers often diminish pollen transfer. METHODS We compared floral traits and pollinator behavior between male and female flowers in the hawkmoth-pollinated species, Trichosanthes cucumeroides. In field studies, we removed petal fringes on both sexes and observed pollinators to assess the role of elaborate petal fringes in pollinator attraction and pollination success for each flower sex. RESULTS Female flowers had a similar front flower size and fringe extension as male flowers, supporting our hypothesis. In contrast, females allocated fewer resources to floral biomass. Additionally, they had smaller and narrower petal lobes, lower fringe density, shorter tubes with inferior nectar rewards, and lower display size than males, which is inconsistent with the hypothesis. Nocturnal hawkmoths prefer flowers with long fringe extensions. Fringe removal significantly decreased hawkmoth visitations to both female and male flowers but reduced success only in females. A literature survey indicated that female flowers of specialist-pollinated species are similar in size or larger than the males and thus tend to attract more pollinators compared with female flowers of generalist-pollinated species. CONCLUSIONS Female flowers have evolved fringe extensions that are similar to those of male flowers, likely increasing pollinator attraction even slightly, and had less biomass in other floral parts and produced less nectar compared with male flowers. Our findings imply that female-biased resource limitation and flower-size sensitivity of pollinators together exert sex-specific selection of floral traits in T. cucumeroides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atushi Ushimaru
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Faculty of Human Development, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Natsumi Seo
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Faculty of Human Development, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kota Sakagami
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Daichi Funamoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- The Botanical Gardens, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Takahashi D, Sakaguchi S, Teramine T, Setoguchi H. Comparative reproductive ecology of two sister Asarum species (Aristolochiaceae) in relation to the evolution of elongated floral appendage. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:987-997. [PMID: 35869650 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Genus Asarum (Aristolochiaceae) shows diverse floral morphology and is hypothesized to have diversified as a result of pollinator-mediated selection. Yet most aspects of their reproductive ecology, including pollinators, remain unclear. This study focuses on A. costatum and A. minamitanianum in Japan, a sister species pair having remarkable differences in calyx lobe length (10-20 mm and 70-180 mm, respectively). The objectives of this study are to elucidate multiple aspects of reproductive ecology of these two species and obtain evolutionary insights into floral organ elongation. We adopted combined approaches, including field observations, molecular analyses and cultivation experiments, such as pollinator observation for 3 years, fine-scale spatial genetic analysis of 769 individuals, paternity analysis based on 566 seeds over 4 years, and control pollination experiments. Both Asarum species had strong spatial genetic structures, indicating limited seed dispersal. Pollinator observation revealed that flies and ground-dwelling insects visited flowers of both species, but that the pollinator fauna differed between the species. The visitation rate of flies was extremely low but was more than twice as high in the species with an elongated floral appendage. Paternity analysis revealed A. minamitanianum was predominantly outcrossing, while A. costatum showed a wide range of selfing rates among fruits. These two Asarum species are likely adapted to fly pollination in the shady forest understorey, where available pollinator fauna is limited. In addition, although its function remains unclear, the elongated calyx lobe of A. minamitanianum could have evolved for effective pollen dispersal by attracting fly visitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Takahashi
- Kawatabi Field Science Centre, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Osaki, Japan
| | - S Sakaguchi
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - H Setoguchi
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Nakata T, Rin I, Yaida YA, Ushimaru A. Horizontal orientation facilitates pollen transfer and rain damage avoidance in actinomorphic flowers of Platycodon grandiflorus. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:798-805. [PMID: 35289975 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In zoophilous plants, floral orientation evolved under both biotic and abiotic pressure to enhance pollination success. However, the adaptive significance of horizontal orientation in radially symmetrical (actinomorphic) flowers remains largely unknown, although that of bilaterally symmetrical flowers has been well studied. We experimentally altered floral angle in a population of insect-pollinated Platycodon grandiflorus flowers to examine the effects of floral orientation on pollinator behaviour, pollination success and pollen rain damage avoidance. To further investigate the potential pollen damage by rain, we obtained past precipitation records for the study area during the flowering season, and experimentally tested P. grandiflorus pollen damage by water. Horizontally oriented flowers received more pollinator visits and had pollen grains on the stigma in male and/or female phases than downward- and/or upward-oriented flowers and avoided pollen damage by rainfall better than upward-oriented flowers. A pollen germination experiment showed that approximately 30% of pollen grains burst in distilled water, indicating that pollen damage by rainfall may be significant in P. grandiflorus. Our field experiments revealed that upward-oriented flowers cannot avoid pollen damage by rainfall during the flowering period, and that both upward- and downward-oriented flowers experience pollinator limitation in female success. Therefore, horizontal flower orientation appears to be adaptive in this insect-pollinated actinomorphic species that blooms during the rainy season.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nakata
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - I Rin
- Faculty of Human Development, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Y A Yaida
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - A Ushimaru
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Faculty of Human Development, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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Suetsugu K, Abe Y, Asai T, Matsumoto S, Hasegawa M. Specialized petal with conspicuously fringed margin influences reproductive success in Habenaria radiata (Orchidaceae). Ecology 2022; 103:e3781. [PMID: 35718748 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Suetsugu
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Abe
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Asai
- Himeji Tegarayama Botanical Garden, 93 Tegara, Himeji City, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shuji Matsumoto
- Himeji Tegarayama Botanical Garden, 93 Tegara, Himeji City, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hasegawa
- Osaka Museum of Natural History, Nagai Park 1-23, Higashisumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan
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Fu X, Shan H, Yao X, Cheng J, Jiang Y, Yin X, Kong H. Petal development and elaboration. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:3308-3318. [PMID: 35275176 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Petals can be simple or elaborate, depending on whether they have complex basic structures and/or highly specialized epidermal modifications. It has been proposed that the independent origin and diversification of elaborate petals have promoted plant-animal interactions and, therefore, the evolutionary radiation of corresponding plant groups. Recent advances in floral development and evolution have greatly improved our understanding of the processes, patterns, and mechanisms underlying petal elaboration. In this review, we compare the developmental processes of simple and elaborate petals, concluding that elaborate petals can be achieved through four main paths of modifications (i.e. marginal elaboration, ventral elaboration, dorsal elaboration, and surface elaboration). Although different types of elaborate petals were formed through different types of modifications, they are all results of changes in the expression patterns of genes involved in organ polarity establishment and/or the proliferation, expansion, and differentiation of cells. The deployment of existing genetic materials to perform a new function was also shown to be a key to making elaborate petals during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Hongyan Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xu Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongchao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Hongzhi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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8
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Naghiloo S, Nikzat-Siahkolaee S, Esmaillou Z. Size-matching as an important driver of plant-pollinator interactions. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23:583-591. [PMID: 33655638 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
One of the greatest challenges in ecology is to understand and predict the functional outcome of interaction networks. Size-matching between plants and pollinators is one of the key functional traits expected to play a major role in structuring plant-pollinator interactions. However, the community-wide patterns of size-matching remain largely unexplored. We studied the association between the degree of size-matching and foraging efficiency, pollination efficiency and the probability of pairwise interactions in a community of Lamiaceae. Our study revealed that foraging efficiency is maximal when bee proboscis length corresponds to the corolla tube depth of the flower visited. Pollination efficiency was maximal when the bee body height corresponds to the corolla width of the flower visited. While the degree of size-matching did not influence the probability of interaction, it significantly influenced the strength of the interaction in terms of visitation frequency. We suggest a size-matching index as a reliable metric to predict the frequency of interactions as well as the effectiveness of visits in terms of foraging efficiency and pollination efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Naghiloo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - S Nikzat-Siahkolaee
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Z Esmaillou
- Department of Horticulture, Urmia University, Tehran, Iran
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9
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Matsumoto TK, Hirobe M, Sueyoshi M, Miyazaki Y. Selective pollination by fungus gnats potentially functions as an alternative reproductive isolation among five Arisaema species. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 127:633-644. [PMID: 33263745 PMCID: PMC8052922 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Interspecific difference in pollinators (pollinator isolation) is important for reproductive isolation in flowering plants. Species-specific pollination by fungus gnats has been discovered in several plant taxa, suggesting that they can contribute to reproductive isolation. Nevertheless, their contribution has not been studied in detail, partly because they are too small for field observations during flower visitation. To quantify their flower visitation, we used the genus Arisaema (Araceae) because the pitcher-like spathe of Arisaema can trap all floral visitors. METHODS We evaluated floral visitor assemblage in an altitudinal gradient including five Arisaema species. We also examined interspecific differences in altitudinal distribution (geographic isolation) and flowering phenology (phenological isolation). To exclude the effect of interspecific differences in altitudinal distribution on floral visitor assemblage, we established ten experimental plots including the five Arisaema species in high- and low-altitude areas and collected floral visitors. We also collected floral visitors in three additional sites. Finally, we estimated the strength and contribution of these three reproductive barriers using a unified formula for reproductive isolation. KEY RESULTS Each Arisaema species selectively attracted different fungus gnats in the altitudinal gradient, experimental plots and additional sites. Altitudinal distribution and flowering phenology differed among the five Arisaema species, whereas the strength of geographic and phenological isolations were distinctly weaker than those in pollinator isolation. Nevertheless, the absolute contribution of pollinator isolation to total reproductive isolation was weaker than geographic and phenological isolations, because pollinator isolation functions after the two early-acting barriers in plant life history. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that selective pollination by fungus gnats potentially contributes to reproductive isolation. Since geographic and phenological isolations can be disrupted by habitat disturbance and interannual climate change, the strong and stable pollinator isolation might compensate for the weakened early-acting barriers as an alternative reproductive isolation among the five Arisaema species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya K Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Muneto Hirobe
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sueyoshi
- Center for Biodiversity, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuko Miyazaki
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
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Guo X, Zhao Z, Mar SS, Zhang D, Saunders RMK. A symbiotic balancing act: arbuscular mycorrhizal specificity and specialist fungus gnat pollination in the mycoheterotrophic genus Thismia (Thismiaceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 124:331-342. [PMID: 31189014 PMCID: PMC6758588 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Mycorrhizal associations in mycoheterotrophic plants are generally more specialized than in autotrophs. Mycoheterotrophs typically bear small, inconspicuous flowers that often self-pollinate to maximize seed set, although some have structurally complex flowers indicative of xenogamy. A trade-off has previously been proposed between specialization in these above- and below-ground symbioses, although empirical data are lacking. METHODS We used next-generation DNA sequencing to compare the mycorrhizal communities from the roots of a mycoheterotrophic species, Thismia tentaculata (Thismiaceae), and its neighbouring autotrophs. We furthermore conducted detailed assessments of floral phenology and pollination ecology, and performed artificial pollination experiments to determine the breeding system. KEY RESULTS Thismia tentaculata maintains a symbiotic association with a single arbuscular mycorrhizal Rhizophagus species. The flowers are pollinated by a single species of fungus gnats (Corynoptera, Sciaridae), which are attracted by the yellow pigments and are temporarily restrained within the perianth chamber before departing via apertures between the anthers. The plants are self-compatible but predominantly xenogamous. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that T. tentaculata maintains highly specialized associations with pollinators and mycorrhizal fungi, both of which are widely distributed. We suggest that specialization in multiple symbiotic interactions is possible in mycoheterotrophs if redundant selective pressures are not exerted to further restrict an already constrained suite of life-history traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Guo
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhongtao Zhao
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Dianxiang Zhang
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Wei W, Wu H, Li X, Wei X, Lu W, Zheng X. Diversity, Daily Activity Patterns, and Pollination Effectiveness of the Insects Visiting Camellia osmantha, C. vietnamensis, and C. oleifera in South China. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10040098. [PMID: 30987034 PMCID: PMC6523973 DOI: 10.3390/insects10040098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Camellia spp., which are self-incompatible plants, are some of the most important woody species producing edible oil in Southeast Asian countries. However, the demand for camellia oil currently exceeds the supply due to low product yields that have resulted from a decrease in pollination services. Although Camellia osmantha, C. vietnamensis, and C. oleifera are cultivated in South China, little is known about the correspondence between pollinator abundance and pollinator services for this plant genus. In this study, the diversity, daily activity patterns, and pollination effectiveness of insects visiting C. osmantha, C. vietnamensis and C. oleifera were investigated. A total of 24 species, belonging to four orders and 11 families, of visiting insects were identified. Apis cerana cerana Fabricius, Vespa bicolor Fabricius, V. velutina Lepeletier, V. ducalis Smith, and Phytomia zonata Fabricius were the dominant pollinators. The daily activity peaks of the five visiting insects were between 10:00 and 14:00, which may have been related to the pattern of floral resource production (particularly nectar). Cross-pollination by insects significantly increased the fruit production rates of C. osmantha, C. vietnamensis, and C. oleifera. Therefore, the wild bees and flies that pollinate wild and cultivated Camellia plants should be protected in South China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Non-wood Forest Cultivation & Utilization, Improved Variety and Cultivation Engineering Research Center of Oiltea Camellia in Guangxi, Nanning 530002, Guangxi, China.
| | - Haipan Wu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China.
| | - Xueyuan Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China.
| | - Xing Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China.
| | - Wen Lu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China.
| | - Xialin Zheng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China.
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Okuyama Y, Okamoto T, Kjaerandsen J, Kato M. Bryophytes facilitate outcrossing of Mitella by functioning as larval food for pollinating fungus gnats. Ecology 2018; 99:1890-1893. [PMID: 29889299 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Okuyama
- Tsukuba Botanical Garden, National Museum of Nature and Science, Amakubo 4-1-1, Tsukuba, 305-0005, Japan
| | - Tomoko Okamoto
- Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Jostein Kjaerandsen
- Tromsø University Museum, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, NO-9037, Norway
| | - Makoto Kato
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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Mochizuki K, Kawakita A. Pollination by fungus gnats and associated floral characteristics in five families of the Japanese flora. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:651-663. [PMID: 29300811 PMCID: PMC5853022 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pollination by fungus gnats (Mycetophilidae and Sciaridae) is uncommon, but is nevertheless known to occur in 20 genera among eight angiosperm families. Because many fungus gnat-pollinated plants possess a dark red floral display, we hypothesized that fungus gnat pollination is more widespread among plants with similar floral display than currently known. We thus studied the pollination biology of flowers with dark red pigmentation in five families, focusing particularly on plants having small, flat, actinomorphic flowers with exposed nectaries and short stamens, because these floral characteristics mirror those of a known fungus gnat-pollinated genus (Mitella). METHODS We observed daytime and night-time floral visitors for a total of 194.5 h in Aucuba japonica (Garryaceae), Euonymus spp. (Celastraceae), Disanthus cercidifolius (Hamamelidaceae), Micranthes fusca (Saxifragaceae) and Streptopus streptopoides (Liliaceae). Visitors were categorized into functional groups, and a pollination importance index (PII) was calculated for each functional group based on visitation frequency, pollen load and behaviour on flowers. KEY RESULTS Fungus gnats were dominant among the 1762 insects observed (36-92 % depending on the plant species) and were the most important pollinators among all plants studied (PII: 0.529-1). Fungus gnat visits occurred during the daytime and, more frequently, at dusk. Most often, pollen grains became clumped on the ventral side of the head and/or thorax as the short-proboscid fungus gnats foraged on nectar and came into contact with anthers located close to the flower base. CONCLUSIONS Pollination by fungus gnats is probably more common than previously thought, especially in habitats similar to those of the plants studied (moist forest understorey, streamside or subalpine meadow) where fungus gnats are abundant year-round. Our results further suggest that there may be a previously unnoticed association between fungus gnat pollination and dark red coloration, and a shared overall floral architecture among the plants studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Mochizuki
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
- For correspondence. E-mail:
| | - Atsushi Kawakita
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
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Takahashi D, Teramine T, Sakaguchi S, Setoguchi H. Relative contributions of neutral and non-neutral processes to clinal variation in calyx lobe length in the series Sakawanum (Asarum: Aristolochiaceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:37-46. [PMID: 29186343 PMCID: PMC5786219 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Clines, the gradual variation in measurable traits along a geographical axis, play a major role in evolution and can contribute to our understanding of the relative roles of selective and neutral process in trait variation. Using genetic and morphological analyses, the relative contributions of neutral and non-neutral processes were explored to infer the evolutionary history of species of the series Sakawanum (genus Asarum), which shows significant clinal variation in calyx lobe length. Methods A total of 27 populations covering the natural geographical distribution of the series Sakawanum were sampled. Six nuclear microsatellite markers were used to investigate genetic structure and genetic diversity. The lengths of calyx lobes of multiple populations were measured to quantify their geographical and taxonomic differentiation. To detect the potential impact of selective pressure, morphological differentiation was compared with genetic differentiation (QCT-FST comparison). Key Results Average calyx lobe length of A. minamitanianum was 124.11 mm, while that of A. costatum was 13.80 mm. Though gradually changing along the geographical axis within series, calyx lobe lengths were significantly differentiated among the taxa. Genetic differentiation between taxa was low (FST = 0.099), but a significant geographical structure along the morphological cline was detected. Except for one taxon pair, pairwise QCT values were significantly higher than the neutral genetic measures of FST and G'ST. Conclusions Divergent selection may have driven the calyx lobe length variation in series Sakawanum taxa, although the underlying mechanism is still not clear. The low genetic differentiation indicates recent divergence and/or gene flows between geographically close taxa. These neutral processes would also affect the clinal variation in calyx lobe lengths. Overall, this study implies the roles of population history and divergent selection in shaping the current cline of a flower trait in the series Sakawanum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Takahashi
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Nihonmatsu, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Shota Sakaguchi
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Nihonmatsu, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Setoguchi
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Nihonmatsu, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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