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Zotz G, Andrade JL, Einzmann HJR. CAM plants: their importance in epiphyte communities and prospects with global change. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:685-698. [PMID: 36617243 PMCID: PMC10799991 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND SCOPE The epiphytic life form characterizes almost 10 % of all vascular plants. Defined by structural dependence throughout their life and their non-parasitic relationship with the host, the term epiphyte describes a heterogeneous and taxonomically diverse group of plants. This article reviews the importance of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) among epiphytes in current climatic conditions and explores the prospects under global change. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We question the view of a disproportionate importance of CAM among epiphytes and its role as a 'key innovation' for epiphytism but do identify ecological conditions in which epiphytic existence seems to be contingent on the presence of this photosynthetic pathway. Possibly divergent responses of CAM and C3 epiphytes to future changes in climate and land use are discussed with the help of experimental evidence, current distributional patterns and the results of several long-term descriptive community studies. The results and their interpretation aim to stimulate a fruitful discussion on the role of CAM in epiphytes in current climatic conditions and in altered climatic conditions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Zotz
- Functional Ecology Group, Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Box 5634, D-26046 Oldenburg, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843-03092, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - José Luis Andrade
- Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130, Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Helena J R Einzmann
- Functional Ecology Group, Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Box 5634, D-26046 Oldenburg, Germany
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Reyes-García C, Pereira-Zaldívar NA, Espadas-Manrique C, Tamayo-Chim M, Chilpa-Galván N, Cach-Pérez MJ, Ramírez-Medina M, Benavides AM, Hietz P, Zotz G, Andrade JL, Cardelús C, de Paula Oliveira R, Einzmann HJR, Guzmán Jacob V, Krömer T, Pinzón JP, Sarmento Cabral J, Wanek W, Woods C. New Proposal of Epiphytic Bromeliaceae Functional Groups to Include Nebulophytes and Shallow Tanks. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11223151. [PMID: 36432880 PMCID: PMC9693514 DOI: 10.3390/plants11223151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The Bromeliaceae family has been used as a model to study adaptive radiation due to its terrestrial, epilithic, and epiphytic habits with wide morpho-physiological variation. Functional groups described by Pittendrigh in 1948 have been an integral part of ecophysiological studies. In the current study, we revisited the functional groups of epiphytic bromeliads using a 204 species trait database sampled throughout the Americas. Our objective was to define epiphytic functional groups within bromeliads based on unsupervised classification, including species from the dry to the wet end of the Neotropics. We performed a hierarchical cluster analysis with 16 functional traits and a discriminant analysis, to test for the separation between these groups. Herbarium records were used to map species distributions and to analyze the climate and ecosystems inhabited. The clustering supported five groups, C3 tank and CAM tank bromeliads with deep tanks, while the atmospheric group (according to Pittendrigh) was divided into nebulophytes, bromeliads with shallow tanks, and bromeliads with pseudobulbs. The two former groups showed distinct traits related to resource (water) acquisition, such as fog (nebulophytes) and dew (shallow tanks). We discuss how the functional traits relate to the ecosystems inhabited and the relevance of acknowledging the new functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casandra Reyes-García
- Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, 43 St., Chuburna de Hidalgo, Mérida 97205, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-999-942-83-30
| | - Narcy Anai Pereira-Zaldívar
- Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, 43 St., Chuburna de Hidalgo, Mérida 97205, Mexico
| | - Celene Espadas-Manrique
- Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, 43 St., Chuburna de Hidalgo, Mérida 97205, Mexico
| | - Manuela Tamayo-Chim
- Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, 43 St., Chuburna de Hidalgo, Mérida 97205, Mexico
| | - Nahlleli Chilpa-Galván
- Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, 43 St., Chuburna de Hidalgo, Mérida 97205, Mexico
| | | | - Marypaz Ramírez-Medina
- Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, 43 St., Chuburna de Hidalgo, Mérida 97205, Mexico
| | | | - Peter Hietz
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Zotz
- Functional Ecology Group, Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Box 2503, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City 32402, Panama
| | - José Luis Andrade
- Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, 43 St., Chuburna de Hidalgo, Mérida 97205, Mexico
| | - Catherine Cardelús
- Departments of Biology and Environmental Studies, Colgate University, 13 Oak Dr E Ext, Hamilton, NY 13346, USA
| | | | - Helena J. R. Einzmann
- Functional Ecology Group, Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Box 2503, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Valeria Guzmán Jacob
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Goettingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Krömer
- Centro de Investigaciones Tropicales, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz 91090, Mexico
| | - Juan P. Pinzón
- Departamento de Botánica, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Road Mérida-Xmatkuil km 15.5, Mérida 97315, Mexico
| | | | - Wolfgang Wanek
- Center of Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Djerassipl, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Carrie Woods
- Department of Biology, University of Puget Sound, 1500 N Warner St., Tacoma, WA 98416, USA
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