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Abstract
Using the frameworks of creativity as problem solving and Integrated Constraints in Creativity (IConIC), this article develops the proposal that creativity is best understood in terms of a cycle of constraint exploration and exploitation. This general thesis, which applies to varied domains and levels of creativity, is supported by three specific proposals about the role of constraints in creativity, each of which is developed and illustrated with examples. First, constraints provide the criteria for the evaluation of creative outcomes, which can vary as a function of the emphasis on novel usefulness or useful novelty. Second, constraints are critical in each step of the creative process: problem finding, problem construction, and problem solving. Third, constraints play a key role in both open-ended and closed-ended creative problems. These arguments are supported by specific predictions, concerning: (a) task differences in whether novelty or usefulness are emphasized more; (b) individual differences in the processing of constraints (some may favor flexible constraint exploration, while others may favor persistent constraint exploitation), which I hypothesize also correlate with (c) engagement in different types of creative problem-solving (more open-ended, of the sort encountered in art, vs. more closed-ended, of the sort encountered in science, business, and engineering).
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Orlando CG, Banks PB, Latty T, McArthur C. To eat, or not to eat: a phantom decoy affects information-gathering behavior by a free-ranging mammalian herbivore. Behav Ecol 2023; 34:759-768. [PMID: 37744169 PMCID: PMC10516680 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arad057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
When foraging, making appropriate food choices is crucial to an animal's fitness. Classic foraging ecology theories assume animals choose food of greatest benefit based on their absolute value across multiple dimensions. Consequently, poorer options are considered irrelevant alternatives that should not influence decision-making among better options. But heuristic studies demonstrate that irrelevant alternatives (termed decoys) can influence the decisions of some animals, indicating they use a relative rather than absolute evaluation system. Our aim was to test whether a decoy influenced the decision-making process-that is, information-gathering and food choice-of a free-ranging mammalian herbivore. We tested swamp wallabies, Wallabia bicolor, comparing their behavior toward, and choice of, two available food options over time in the absence or presence of the decoy. We used a phantom decoy-unavailable option-and ran two trials in different locations and seasons. Binary preferences (decoy absent) for the two available food options differed between trials. Irrespective of this difference, across both trials the presence of the decoy resulted in animals more likely to overtly investigate available food options. But, the decoy only shifted food choice, weakly, in one trial. Our results indicate that the decoy influenced the information-gathering behavior during decision-making, providing the first evidence that decoys can affect decision-making process of free-ranging mammalian herbivores in an ecologically realistic context. It is premature to say these findings confirm the use of relative evaluation systems. Whether the foraging outcome is more strongly affected by other decoys, food dimensions, or ecological contexts, is yet to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Gabriel Orlando
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Heydon-Laurence Building A08, Science Rd., Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Peter B Banks
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Heydon-Laurence Building A08, Science Rd., Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Tanya Latty
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Heydon-Laurence Building A08, Science Rd., Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Clare McArthur
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Heydon-Laurence Building A08, Science Rd., Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
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Renda S, Périquet S, le Roux A. Blown away? Wind speed and foraging success in an acoustic predator. MAMMAL RES 2023; 68:215-221. [PMID: 36968152 PMCID: PMC10033565 DOI: 10.1007/s13364-023-00673-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
AbstractForaging animals must contend with fluctuating environmental variables that affect foraging success, including conditions like wind noise, which could diminish the usefulness of particular sensory modes. Although the documented impact of anthropogenic noise on animal behavior has become clear, there is limited research on natural noise and its potential influence on mammalian behavior. We investigated foraging behavior in the myrmecophagous bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis), a species known to rely predominantly on hearing for prey detection. For a year, we monitored the foraging behavior of 18 bat-eared foxes from a habituated population in South Africa, amidst varying wind speeds (0–15.5 km/h). In contrast to expectations, foraging rates did not generally decline with increasing wind speed, except for foraging rate outside termite patches in fall. Furthermore, wind speed had little correlation with time spent in patches. In winter, however, we observed an increase in foraging rate with increasing wind speed both within and outside patches. At the observed wind speeds, these acoustically driven insectivores continue to forage effectively despite potentially distracting or masking noises. With anthropogenic noise producing sound across a broader frequency range, it is important to examine the responses of these canids to artificial sources of acoustic disturbance as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Renda
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Qwaqwa campus, Private Bag X13, Phuthaditjhaba, Free State Province 9866 South Africa
| | - Stéphanie Périquet
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Qwaqwa campus, Private Bag X13, Phuthaditjhaba, Free State Province 9866 South Africa
- Ongava Research Centre, Private Bag 12041, Suite No. 10 Ausspannplatz, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Aliza le Roux
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Qwaqwa campus, Private Bag X13, Phuthaditjhaba, Free State Province 9866 South Africa
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Crowther MS, Rus AI, Mella VSA, Krockenberger MB, Lindsay J, Moore BD, McArthur C. Patch quality and habitat fragmentation shape the foraging patterns of a specialist folivore. Behav Ecol 2022; 33:1007-1017. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arac068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Research on use of foraging patches has focused on why herbivores visit or quit patches, yet little is known about visits to patches over time. Food quality, as reflected by higher nutritional quality and lower plant defenses, and physical patch characteristics, which offer protection from predators and weather, affect patch use and hence should influence their revisitation. Due to the potentially high costs of moving between patches, fragmented habitats are predicted to complicate foraging decisions of many animals. We aimed to determine how food quality, shelter availability and habitat fragmentation influence tree reuse by a specialist folivore, the koala, in a fragmented agricultural landscape. We GPS-tracked 23 koalas in northern New South Wales, Australia and collated number of revisits, average residence time, and average time-to-return to each tree. We measured tree characteristics including food quality (foliar nitrogen and toxic formylated phloroglucinol compounds, FPCs concentrations), tree size, and tree connectedness. We also modeled the costs of locomotion between trees. Koalas re-visited isolated trees with high leaf nitrogen disproportionately often. They spent longer time in trees with high leaf nitrogen, and in large trees used for shelter. They took longer to return to trees with low leaf nitrogen. Tree connectivity reduced travel costs between patches, being either individual or groups of trees. FPC levels had no detectable effect on patch revisitation. We conclude that food quality and shelter drive koala tree re-visits. Scattered, isolated trees with nutrient-rich leaves are valuable resource patches for koalas despite movement costs to reach them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew S Crowther
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales 2006 , Australia
| | - Adrian I Rus
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales 2006 , Australia
| | - Valentina S A Mella
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales 2006 , Australia
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales 2006 , Australia
| | - Mark B Krockenberger
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales 2006 , Australia
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research , 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, New South Wales 2145 , Australia
- Marie Bashir Institute for Emerging Infectious diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney , 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, New South Wales 2145 , Australia
| | - Jasmine Lindsay
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales 2006 , Australia
| | - Ben D Moore
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University , Richmond, New South Wales 2753 , Australia
| | - Clare McArthur
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales 2006 , Australia
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5
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Giordano A, Hunninck L, Sheriff MJ. Prey responses to predation risk under chronic road noise. J Zool (1987) 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Giordano
- Biology Department University of Massachusetts Dartmouth North Dartmouth MA USA
| | - L. Hunninck
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign Urbana IL USA
| | - M. J. Sheriff
- Biology Department University of Massachusetts Dartmouth North Dartmouth MA USA
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Fruit secondary metabolites shape seed dispersal effectiveness. Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 36:1113-1123. [PMID: 34509316 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) play a central role in seed dispersal and fruit defense, with potential for large impacts on plant fitness and demography. Yet because PSMs can have multiple interactive functions across seed dispersal stages, we must systematically study their effects to determine the net consequences for plant fitness. To tackle this issue, we integrate the role of fruit PSMs into the seed dispersal effectiveness (SDE) framework. We describe PSM effects on the quantity and quality of animal-mediated seed dispersal, both in pairwise interactions and diverse disperser communities, as well as trade-offs that occur across dispersal stages. By doing so, this review provides structure to a rapidly growing field and yields insights into a critical process shaping plant populations.
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Bourne AR, Ridley AR, Spottiswoode CN, Cunningham SJ. Direct and indirect effects of high temperatures on fledging in a cooperatively breeding bird. Behav Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arab087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
High temperatures and low rainfall consistently constrain reproduction in arid-zone bird species. Understanding the mechanisms underlying this pattern is critical for predicting how climate change will influence population persistence and to inform conservation and management. In this study, we analyzed Southern Pied Babbler Turdoides bicolor nestling survival, daily growth rate and adult investment behavior during the nestling period over three austral summer breeding seasons. High temperatures were associated with lower body mass, shorter tarsi, and reduced daily growth rates of nestlings. Our piecewise structural equation models suggested that direct impacts of temperature had the strongest influence on nestling size and daily growth rates for both 5-day-old and 11-day-old nestlings, followed by temperature-related adjustments to provisioning rates by adults. Rainfall and group size influenced the behavior of provisioning adults but did not influence nestling growth or survival. Adjustments to adult provisioning strategies did not compensate for direct negative effects of high air temperatures on nestling size or daily growth rates. Detailed mechanistic data like these allow us to model the pathways by which high temperature causes nest failure. In turn, this could allow us to design targeted conservation action to effectively mitigate climate effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R Bourne
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Amanda R Ridley
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Hackett Drive, Crawley, Perth WA, Australia
| | - Claire N Spottiswoode
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Susan J Cunningham
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
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Orlando CG, Tews A, Banks P, McArthur C. The power of odour cues in shaping fine-scale search patterns of foraging mammalian herbivores. Biol Lett 2020; 16:20200329. [PMID: 32673541 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2020.0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Foraging by mammalian herbivores has profound impacts on natural and modified landscapes, yet we know little about how they find food, limiting our ability to predict and manage their influence. Mathematical models show that foragers exploiting odour cues outperform a random walk strategy. However, discovering how free-ranging foragers exploit odours in real, complex landscapes has proven elusive because of technological constraints. We took a novel approach, using a sophisticated purpose-built thermal camera system to record fine-scale foraging by a generalist mammalian herbivore, the swamp wallaby (Wallabia bicolor). We tested the hypothesis that odour cues shape forager movement and behaviour in vegetation patches. To do this, we compared wallaby foraging in two odour landscapes: Control (natural vegetation with food and non-food plants interspersed) and +Apple (the same natural vegetation plus a single, highly palatable food source with novel odour (apple)). The +Apple treatment led to strongly directed foraging by wallabies: earlier visits to vegetation patches, straighter movement paths, more hopping and fewer stops than in the Control treatment. Our results provide clear empirical evidence that odour cues are harnessed for efficient, directed search even at this fine scale. We conclude that random walk models miss a key feature shaping foraging within patches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashley Tews
- Cyber Physical Systems, Robotics and Autonomous Systems Group, CSIRO, Brisbane, QLD 4069, Australia
| | - Peter Banks
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Clare McArthur
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Zhang FS, Wang Y, Wu K, Xu WY, Wu J, Liu JY, Wang XY, Shuai LY. Effects of artificial light at night on foraging behavior and vigilance in a nocturnal rodent. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 724:138271. [PMID: 32268292 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Artificial light at night has greatly changed the physical environment for many organisms on a global scale. As an energy efficient light resource, light emitting diodes (LEDs) have been widely used in recent years. As LEDs often have a broad spectrum, many biological processes may be potentially affected. In this study, we conducted manipulated experiments in rat-proof enclosures to explore the effects of LED night lighting on behavior of a nocturnal rodent, the Mongolian five-toed jerboa (Allactaga sibirica). We adopted the giving-up density (GUD) method and camera video trapping to study behavioral responses in terms of patch use, searching efficiency and vigilance. With the presence of white LED lighting, jerboas spent less time in patches, foraged less intensively (with higher GUDs) and became vigilant more frequently, while their searching efficiency was higher than under dark treatment. Although both positive and negative effects of LEDs on foraging were detected, the net effect of LEDs on jerboas is negative, which may further translate into changes in population dynamics, inter-specific interaction and community structure. To our knowledge, this is the first field study to explore how LED lighting affect foraging behavior and searching efficiency in rodents. Our results may have potential implications for practices such as pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Shun Zhang
- Grassland Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Yun Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China
| | - Ke Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China
| | - Wen-Yan Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China
| | - Jing Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China
| | - Jun-Yao Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China
| | - Xiao-Yin Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China
| | - Ling-Ying Shuai
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China.
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McArthur C, Finnerty PB, Schmitt MH, Shuttleworth A, Shrader AM. Plant volatiles are a salient cue for foraging mammals: elephants target preferred plants despite background plant odour. Anim Behav 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cozzoli F, Gjoni V, Basset A. Size dependency of patch departure behavior: evidence from granivorous rodents. Ecology 2019; 100:e02800. [PMID: 31233618 PMCID: PMC6852180 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Individual size is a major determinant of mobile organisms’ ecology and behavior. This study aims to explore whether allometric scaling principles can provide an underlying framework for general patterns of resource patch use. To this end, we used giving‐up densities (GUDs), that is, the amount of resources remaining in a patch after a forager has quit feeding, as a comparative measure of the amount of resources exploited by a forager of any given size. We specifically tested the hypothesis that size‐dependent responses to both internal (energy requirement) and external (risk management) forces may have an effect on GUDs. We addressed this topic by conducting an extensive meta‐analysis of published data on granivorous rodents, including 292 GUD measurements reported in 25 papers. The data set includes data on 22 granivorous rodent species belonging to three taxonomic suborders (Castorimorpha, Myomorpha, and Sciuromorpha) and spans three habitat types (desert, grassland, and forest). The observations refer to both patches subject to predation risk and safe patches. Pooling all data, we observed positive allometric scaling of GUDs with average forager size (scaling exponent = 0.45), which explained 15% of overall variance in individual GUDs. Perceived predation risk during foraging led to an increase in GUDs independently of forager size and taxonomy and of habitat type, which explained an additional 12% of overall GUD variance. The size scaling exponent of GUDs is positive across habitat types and taxonomic suborders of rodents. Some variation was observed, however. The scaling coefficients in grassland and forest habitat types were significantly higher than in the desert habitat type. In addition, Sciuromorpha and Myomorpha exhibited a more pronounced size scaling of GUDs than Castorimorpha. This suggests that different adaptive behaviors may be used in different contexts and/or from different foragers. With body size being a fundamental ecological descriptor, research into size scaling of GUDs may help to place patch‐use observations in a broader allometric framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cozzoli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of the Salento, S.P. Lecce-Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Vojsava Gjoni
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of the Salento, S.P. Lecce-Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Alberto Basset
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of the Salento, S.P. Lecce-Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
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Milesi FA, Lopez de Casenave J, Cueto VR. Are all patches worth exploring? Foraging desert birds do not rely on environmental indicators of seed abundance at small scales. BMC Ecol 2019; 19:25. [PMID: 31215415 PMCID: PMC6582492 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-019-0242-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Consumers should show strong spatial preferences when foraging in environments where food availability is highly heterogeneous and predictable. Postdispersal granivores face this scenario in most arid areas, where soil seed bank abundance and composition associates persistently with vegetation structure at small scales (decimetres to metres). Those environmental features should be exploited as useful pre-harvest information, at least to avoid patches predicted to be poor. However, we did not find the expected spatial association in the algarrobal of the central Monte desert by observing foraging seed-eating birds, a field technique influenced by how much they exploit visited patches. In this work we tested if the first stage of foraging by granivorous birds (patch visit, encounter or exploration) is positively associated with environmental indicators of patch quality by recording the removal of single seeds from 300 scattered experimental devices during seasonal trials. Spatial selectivity was analysed by comparing the structural characteristics of used vs. available microhabitats, and evaluated against bottom-up and top-down hypotheses based on our previous knowledge on local seed bank abundance, composition and dynamics. Their foraging activity was also explored for spatial autocorrelation and environmental correlates at bigger scales. Results Postdispersal granivorous birds were less selective in their use of foraging space than expected if microhabitat appearance were providing them relevant information to guide their search for profitable foraging patches. No microhabitat type, as defined by their vegetation structure and soil cover, remained safe from bird exploration. Analyses at bigger temporal and spatial scales proved more important to describe heterogeneity in seed removal. Conclusions Closeness to tall trees, probably related to bird territoriality and reproduction or to their perception of predation risk, seemed to determine a first level of habitat selection, constraining explorable space. Then, microhabitat openness (rather than seed abundance) exerted some positive influence on which patches were more frequently visited among those accessible. Selective patterns by birds at small scales were closer to our predictions of a top-down spatial effect, with seed consumption creating or strengthening (and not responding to) the spatial pattern and dynamics of the seed bank. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12898-019-0242-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A Milesi
- Desert Community Ecology Research Team (Ecodes), Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, and IEGEBA (UBA-CONICET), Piso 4, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Grupo de Ecología Terrestre de Neuquén (CONICET-CEAN), Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medio Ambiente, INIBIOMA (CONICET-UNCo), Junín de los Andes, Neuquén, Argentina.
| | - Javier Lopez de Casenave
- Desert Community Ecology Research Team (Ecodes), Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, and IEGEBA (UBA-CONICET), Piso 4, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Víctor R Cueto
- Desert Community Ecology Research Team (Ecodes), Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, and IEGEBA (UBA-CONICET), Piso 4, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagónica, CIEMEP (UNPSJB-CONICET), Esquel, Chubut, Argentina
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