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Lindstrom J, Ahlering M, Hamilton J. Seed sourcing for climate-resilient grasslands: The role of seed source diversity during early restoration establishment. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10756. [PMID: 38020697 PMCID: PMC10663101 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Restoration advocates for the use of local seed in restoration, but theory suggests that diverse seed sources may enhance genetic diversity and longer term evolutionary potential within restored communities. However, few empirical studies have evaluated whether species and genetic diversity within species impacts plant community composition following restoration. The goal of this research is to compare the effects of single and multi-sourced seed mix treatments on plant community diversity following restoration. Species establishment, abundance, and diversity were compared following two restoration seed mix treatments created to include 14 species commonly used in grassland restoration. We compared the application of seed mixes designed using a single population per species with those containing five populations per species across sites in Minnesota and South Dakota, United States. Early plant establishment and richness mostly reflected non-seeded species across both sites, although seeded species established at a slightly higher rate in year two following restoration. At the South Dakota site, community composition largely reflected changes associated with establishment across the growing season as opposed to seed mix treatment. This contrasted with the Minnesota site, where community composition appeared to be strongly influenced by seed mix treatment. While there is some evidence seed mix treatment may be influencing the emergent community across sites, spatial heterogeneity across the Minnesota restoration site likely influenced diversity in early emergence over that of seed mix treatment. Indeed, varying land-use history across both sites likely contributed to differences in species composition observed at this early stage of the restoration. This suggests that seed mix treatment may have limited impact on early post-restoration emergence diversity relative to the importance of land-use history. However, future monitoring will be needed to evaluate whether the impact of seed mix treatment on community composition changes over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lindstrom
- Department of Biological SciencesNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNorth DakotaUSA
| | | | - Jill Hamilton
- Department of Biological SciencesNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNorth DakotaUSA
- Department of Ecosystem Science and ManagementPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
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Hanley TC, Grabowski JH, Schneider EG, Barrett PD, Puishys LM, Spadafore R, McManus G, Helt WSK, Kinney H, Conor McManus M, Randall Hughes A. Host genetic identity determines parasite community structure across time and space in oyster restoration. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20222560. [PMID: 36987644 PMCID: PMC10050946 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.2560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraspecific variation in host susceptibility to individual parasite species is common, yet how these effects scale to mediate the structure of diverse parasite communities in nature is less well understood. To address this knowledge gap, we tested how host genetic identity affects parasite communities on restored reefs seeded with juvenile oysters from different sources-a regional commercial hatchery or one of two wild progenitor lines. We assessed prevalence and intensity of three micro- and two macroparasite species for 4 years following restoration. Despite the spatial proximity of restored reefs, oyster source identity strongly predicted parasite community prevalence across all years, with sources varying in their relative susceptibility to different parasites. Oyster seed source also predicted reef-level parasite intensities across space and through time. Our results highlight that host intraspecific variation can shape parasite community structure in natural systems, and reinforce the importance of considering source identity and diversity in restoration design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torrance C. Hanley
- Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, MA 01908, USA
- Massachusetts Bays National Estuary Partnership, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | - Eric G. Schneider
- Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, MA 01908, USA
- Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management, Division of Marine Fisheries, Jamestown, RI 02835, USA
| | - Patrick D. Barrett
- Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management, Division of Marine Fisheries, Jamestown, RI 02835, USA
| | - Lauren M. Puishys
- Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, MA 01908, USA
| | - Rachele Spadafore
- Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, MA 01908, USA
| | - Gwendolyn McManus
- Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, MA 01908, USA
| | | | - Heather Kinney
- The Nature Conservancy, Rhode Island Chapter, Providence, RI 02906, USA
| | - M. Conor McManus
- Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management, Division of Marine Fisheries, Jamestown, RI 02835, USA
| | - A. Randall Hughes
- Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, MA 01908, USA
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Jones TA, Monaco TA, Larson SR, Hamerlynck EP, Crain JL. Using Genomic Selection to Develop Performance-Based Restoration Plant Materials. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158275. [PMID: 35955409 PMCID: PMC9368130 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective native plant materials are critical to restoring the structure and function of extensively modified ecosystems, such as the sagebrush steppe of North America’s Intermountain West. The reestablishment of native bunchgrasses, e.g., bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata [Pursh] À. Löve), is the first step for recovery from invasive species and frequent wildfire and towards greater ecosystem resiliency. Effective native plant material exhibits functional traits that confer ecological fitness, phenotypic plasticity that enables adaptation to the local environment, and genetic variation that facilitates rapid evolution to local conditions, i.e., local adaptation. Here we illustrate a multi-disciplinary approach based on genomic selection to develop plant materials that address environmental issues that constrain local populations in altered ecosystems. Based on DNA sequence, genomic selection allows rapid screening of large numbers of seedlings, even for traits expressed only in more mature plants. Plants are genotyped and phenotyped in a training population to develop a genome model for the desired phenotype. Populations with modified phenotypes can be used to identify plant syndromes and test basic hypotheses regarding relationships of traits to adaptation and to one another. The effectiveness of genomic selection in crop and livestock breeding suggests this approach has tremendous potential for improving restoration outcomes for species such as bluebunch wheatgrass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Jones
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Forage & Range Research Laboratory, 696 North 1100 East, Logan, UT 84322, USA; (T.A.M.); (S.R.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Thomas A. Monaco
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Forage & Range Research Laboratory, 696 North 1100 East, Logan, UT 84322, USA; (T.A.M.); (S.R.L.)
| | - Steven R. Larson
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Forage & Range Research Laboratory, 696 North 1100 East, Logan, UT 84322, USA; (T.A.M.); (S.R.L.)
| | - Erik P. Hamerlynck
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Range & Meadow Forage Management Research Laboratory, 67826-A Highway 205, Burns, OR 97720, USA;
| | - Jared L. Crain
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, 1712 Claflin Road, 4024 Throckmorton PSC, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
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Barak RS, Karimi N, Glasenhardt M, Larkin DJ, Williams EW, Hipp AL. Phylogenetically and functionally diverse species mixes beget diverse experimental prairies, whether from seeds or plugs. Restor Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S. Barak
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden Glencoe IL 60022 United States of America
- Plant Biology and Conservation Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 United States of America
| | - Nisa Karimi
- The Morton Arboretum Lisle IL 60532 United States of America
- Department of Botany University of Wisconsin Madison WI 53706 United States of America
| | - Mary‐Claire Glasenhardt
- The Morton Arboretum Lisle IL 60532 United States of America
- Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin Madison WI 53706 United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Larkin
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology University of Minnesota St. Paul MN United States of America
| | | | - Andrew L. Hipp
- The Morton Arboretum Lisle IL 60532 United States of America
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Induced plasticity alters responses to conspecific interactions in seedlings of a perennial grass. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14581. [PMID: 34272406 PMCID: PMC8285392 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93494-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants can interact with different individuals in their lifetime which may lead to plastic response that affect performance. If conspecific interactions are altered through previous plastic responses that could affect stabilizing niche mechanisms, in which conspecifics compete more intensely to promote diversity and coexistence. Here, I show interactions between Pascopyrum smithii and conspecifics resulted in largely canalized traits, whereas P. smithii with an invasive grass, Bromus tectorum resulted in plastic responses for root mass (p = 0.02), shoot mass (p < 0.0001), root mass fraction (p = 0.003) and plant height (p < 0.0001). A subset of individuals transplanted from these two interaction treatments which were moved with new, same aged conspecifics showed that previous interactions led to differing trait relationships: increases in the number of leaves for the interspecific-induced plants were related to increases in non-focal leaf production, whereas increases in the number of leaves for the intraspecific-induced plants were related to decreases in the non-focal plants (R2 = 0.52, p = 0.006). These results suggest that previous intraspecific interactions intensify conspecific competition and stabilize subsequent interactions with conspecifics by imposing greater competition, and that invasive-interspecific interactions can weaken stabilizing niche mechanisms, thus negatively influencing species coexistence.
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Pizza R, Espeland E, Etterson J. Eight generations of native seed cultivation reduces plant fitness relative to the wild progenitor population. Evol Appl 2021; 14:1816-1829. [PMID: 34295366 PMCID: PMC8288025 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Native seed for restoration is in high demand, but widespread habitat degradation will likely prevent enough seed from being sustainably harvested from wild populations to meet this need. While propagation of native species has emerged in recent decades to address this resource gap, few studies have tested whether the processes of sampling from wild populations, followed by generations of farm cultivation, reduce plant fitness tolerance to stress over time. To test this, we grew the eighth generation of farm-propagated Clarkia pulchella Pursh (Onagraceae) alongside seeds from two of the three original wild source populations that established the native seed farm. To detect differences in stress tolerance, half of plants were subjected to a low-water treatment in the greenhouse. At the outset, farmed seeds were 4.1% heavier and had 4% greater germination compared to wild-collected seed. At maturity, farmed plants were 22% taller and had 20% larger stigmatic surfaces, even after accounting for differences in initial seed size. Importantly, the mortality of farmed plants was extremely high (75%), especially in the low-water treatment (80%). Moreover, farmed plants under the high-water treatment had 90% lower relative fitness than wild plants due to the 1.3 times greater weekly mortality and a 3-fold reduction in flowering likelihood. Together, these data suggest that bottlenecks during initial sampling and/or unconscious selection during propagation severely reduced genetic diversity and promoted inbreeding. This may undermine restoration success, especially under stressful conditions. These results indicate that more data must be collected on the effects of cultivation to determine whether it is a suitable source of restoration seed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin Espeland
- United States Department of Agriculture, ARSSidneyMTUSA
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