Highly expressed long non-coding RNA CRNDE promotes cell proliferation through PI3K/AKT signalling in non-small cell lung carcinoma

The essential roles of lncRNAs/PI3K/AKT axis in gastrointestinal tumors

The role of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) in tumors, particularly in gastrointestinal tumors, has gained significant attention. Accumulating evidence underscores the interaction between various lncRNAs and diverse molecular pathways involved in cancer progression. One such pivotal pathway is the PI3K/AKT pathway, which serves as a crucial intracellular mechanism maintaining the balance among various cellular physiological processes for normal cell growth and survival. Frequent dysregulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway in cancer, along with aberrant activation, plays a critical role in driving tumorigenesis. LncRNAs modulate the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway through diverse mechanisms, primarily by acting as competing endogenous RNA to regulate miRNA expression and associated genes. This interaction significantly influences fundamental biological behaviors such as cell proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance. Abnormal expression of numerous lncRNAs in gastrointestinal tumors often correlates with clinical outcomes and pathological features in patients with cancer. Additionally, these lncRNAs influence the sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapy in multiple types of gastrointestinal tumors through the abnormal activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. These findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying gastrointestinal tumors and potential therapeutic targets. However, gastrointestinal tumors remain a significant global health concern, with increasing incidence and mortality rates of gastrointestinal tumors over recent decades. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the latest research on the interactions of lncRNA and the PI3K/AKT pathway in gastrointestinal tumor development. Additionally, it focuses on the functions of lncRNAs and the PI3K/AKT pathway in carcinogenesis, exploring expression profiles, clinicopathological characteristics, interaction mechanisms with the PI3K/AKT pathway, and potential clinical applications.

A Multi-Faceted Analysis Showing CRNDE Transcripts and a Recently Confirmed Micropeptide as Important Players in Ovarian Carcinogenesis

CRNDE is considered an oncogene expressed as long non-coding RNA. Our previous paper is the only one reporting CRNDE as a micropeptide-coding gene. The amino acid sequence of this micropeptide (CRNDEP) has recently been confirmed by other researchers. This study aimed at providing a mass spectrometry (MS)-based validation of the CRNDEP sequence and an investigation of how the differential expression of CRNDE(P) influences the metabolism and chemoresistance of ovarian cancer (OvCa) cells. We also assessed cellular localization changes of CRNDEP, looked for its protein partners, and bioinformatically evaluated its RNA-binding capacities. Herein, we detected most of the CRNDEP sequence by MS. Moreover, our results corroborated the oncogenic role of CRNDE, portraying it as the gene impacting carcinogenesis at the stages of DNA transcription and replication, affecting the RNA metabolism, and stimulating the cell cycle progression and proliferation, with CRNDEP being detected in the centrosomes of dividing cells. We also showed that CRNDEP is located in nucleoli and revealed interactions of this micropeptide with p54, an RNA helicase. Additionally, we proved that high CRNDE(P) expression increases the resistance of OvCa cells to treatment with microtubule-targeted cytostatics. Furthermore, altered CRNDE(P) expression affected the activity of the microtubular cytoskeleton and the formation of focal adhesion plaques. Finally, according to our in silico analyses, CRNDEP is likely capable of RNA binding. All these results contribute to a better understanding of the CRNDE(P) role in OvCa biology, which may potentially improve the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of this disease.

A comprehensive review of lncRNA CRNDE in cancer progression and pathology, with a specific glance at the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process

It has been suggested that the long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), such as colorectal neoplasia differentially expressed (CRNDE), may contribute to the formation of human cancer. It is yet unknown, though, what therapeutic significance CRNDE expression has for different forms of cancer. CRNDE has recently been proposed as a possible diagnostic biomarker and prognostic pred for excellent specificity and sensitivity in cancer tissues and plasma. To provide the groundwork for potential future therapeutic uses of CRNDE, we briefly overview its biological action and related cancer-related pathways. Next, we mainly address the impact of CRNDE on the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The epithelial-mesenchymal transition, or EMT, is an essential biological mechanism involved in the spread of cancer.

LncRNA CRNDE is downregulated and associated with poor prognostic markers in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

INTRODUCTION

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by a very heterogeneous clinical outcome. Thus, a plethora of prognostic factors and systems has been identified to place patients into different risk categories and to guide therapy decisions. The classic clinical staging models by Rai and Binet have been the cornerstone of patient management for several years. The greater insight into the molecular biology of CLL facilitated the advent of prognostic genetic biomarkers that are expected to impact clinical practice soon in the future. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the expression of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) CRNDE in patients with CLL, and to analyze its relationship with the clinicopathological parameters of CLL.

METHODS

In this study, 40 untreated CLL patients and 30 age- and gender-matched controls were enrolled. The analysis of lncRNA CRNDE expression was determined using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction technique.

RESULTS

Our result confirmed the downregulated expression of LncRNA CRNDE in CLL patients compared to controls (p < 0.001). The low expression of CRNDE was significantly associated with poor prognostic markers including advanced stage of CLL, high levels of serum beta-2 microglobulin and lactic dehydrogenase, and the presence of del17p (p = 0.029, p = 0.013, p = 0.003, p = 0.028; respectively).

CONCLUSION

Our study demonstrated that LncRNA CRNDE is significantly downregulated and associated with poor prognostic markers in CLL. It provides a rationale to assess its biological and prognostic impact in CLL.

Long non-coding RNAs in non-small cell lung cancer: implications for preventing therapeutic resistance

Lung cancer has the highest mortality and morbidity rates among all cancers worldwide. Despite many complex treatment options, including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted drugs, immunotherapy, and combinations of these treatments, efficacy is low in cases of resistance to therapy, metastasis, and advanced disease, contributing to low overall survival. There is a pressing need for the discovery of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the early diagnosis of lung cancer and to determine the efficacy and outcomes of drug treatments. There is now substantial evidence for the diagnostic and prognostic value of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). This review briefly discusses recent findings on the roles and mechanisms of action of lncRNAs in the responses to therapy in non-small cell lung cancer.

Beyond the genome: lncRNAs as regulators of the PI3K/AKT pathway in lung cancer

Lung cancer is a prevalent and devastating disease, representing a significant global health burden. Despite advancements in therapeutic strategies, the molecular mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis remain incompletely understood. Lung cancer typically displays the deregulated activity of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) pathway, which is vital for cell proliferation, survival, and metastasis. Emerging evidence suggests that long non-coding RNA (lncRNAs) can modulate the PI3K/AKT pathway, offering new insights into lung cancer biology and potential therapeutic opportunities. These lncRNA act as either oncogenes, promoting pathway activation, or tumour suppressors, attenuating pathway signalling. The dysregulation of lncRNA is associated with various cellular processes, including apoptosis, cell cycle control, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and angiogenesis, ultimately influencing lung cancer growth and metastasis. The development of novel therapeutic strategies, such as small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), antisense oligonucleotides, and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing, holds promise for restoring lncRNAs dysregulation and re-establishing the equilibrium of the PI3K/AKT pathway. The emerging role of lncRNAs as regulators of the PI3K/AKT pathway sheds new light on the complex molecular landscape of lung cancer. Understanding the interplay between lncRNA and the PI3K/AKT pathway could lead to the identification of novel biomarkers for prognosis and therapeutic targets for precision medicine. The potential of lncRNAs-based therapeutics may pave the way for more effective and personalized treatment approaches in lung cancer and potentially other malignancies with dysregulated PI3K/AKT signalling. This review aims to explore the emerging role of lncRNAs as key regulators of the PI3K/AKT pathway in lung cancer.

Contribution of CRNDE lncRNA in the development of cancer and the underlying mechanisms

Colorectal Neoplasia Differentially Expressed (CRNDE) is an lncRNA with crucial roles in cancer development. It is located on chromosome 16 on the opposite strand to the adjacent IRX5 gene, implying the presence of a shared bidirectional promoter for these two genes. Expression of CRNDE has been assessed in a diverse array of hematological malignancies and solid tumors, representing its potential as a therapeutic target in these conditions. This lncRNA has a regulatory effect on activity of several pathways and axes that are involved in the regulation of cell apoptosis, immune responses and tumorigenesis. The current review is an updated review about the role of CRNDE in the development of cancers.

Machine learning-based screening of an epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related long non-coding RNA signature reveals lower-grade glioma prognosis and the tumor microenvironment and predicts antitumor therapy response

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) confers high invasive and migratory capacity to cancer cells, which limits the effectiveness of tumor therapy. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can regulate the dynamic process of EMT at different levels through various complex regulatory networks. We aimed to comprehensively analyze and screen EMT-related lncRNAs to characterize lower-grade glioma (LGG) tumor biology and provide new ideas for current therapeutic approaches. We retrieved 1065 LGG samples from the Cancer Genome Atlas and Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas by machine learning algorithms, identified three hub lncRNAs including CRNDE, LINC00665, and NEAT1, and established an EMT-related lncRNA signature (EMTrLS). This novel signature had strong prognostic value and potential clinical significance. EMTrLS described LGG genomic alterations and clinical features including gene mutations, tumor mutational burden, World Health Organization (WHO) grade, IDH status, and 1p/19q status. Notably, stratified analysis revealed activation of malignancy-related and metabolic pathways in the EMTrLS-high cohort. Moreover, the population with increased EMTrLS scores had increased cells with immune killing function. However, this antitumor immune function may be suppressed by increased Tregs and macrophages. Meanwhile, the relatively high expression of immune checkpoints explained the immunosuppressive state of patients with high EMTrLS scores. Importantly, we validated this result by quantifying the course of antitumor immunity. In particular, EMTrLS stratification enabled assessment of the responsiveness of LGG to chemotherapeutic drug efficacy and PD1 blockade. In conclusion, our findings complement the foundation of molecular studies of LGG, provide valuable insight into our understanding of EMT-related lncRNAs, and offer new strategies for LGG therapy.

Circulating TP73-AS1 and CRNDE serve as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for non-small cell lung cancer

BACKGROUND

Circulating long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are considered a new class of biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of various malignancies. We aimed to identify circulating lncRNAs as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

METHODS

The expression of 14 candidate lncRNAs was measured in matched cancer and ipsilateral normal lung tissues of 20 patients with NSCLC using quantitative reverse-transcription PCR. In plasma samples from training and testing sets, significantly and aberrantly expressed lncRNAs, TA73-AS1 and CRNDE, were further analyzed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed, and the areas under the ROC curves (AUC) were obtained to assess diagnostic performance. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to assess the impact of plasma TA73-AS1 and CRNDE expression on tumor-free survival (TFS) of patients with NSCLC. The effect of TP73-AS1 expression on NSCLC cells was investigated in vitro.

RESULTS

AUC values of plasma TA73-AS1 and CRNDE were 0.822 and 0.815 in the training set and 0.843 and 0.804 in the testing set, respectively, to distinguish NSCLC from healthy controls. The combination of plasma TP73-AS1, CRNDE, and two classical tumor markers, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYFRA21-1), showed excellent diagnostic performance for NSCLC (AUC =0.927 in the training set; AUC = 0.925 in the testing set). Furthermore, the high expression of the two plasma lncRNAs correlated with worse TFS in patients with NSCLC. In vitro cell model studies revealed that TP73-AS1 overexpression facilitated NSCLC cell survival, invasion, and migration.

CONCLUSION

Circulating TP73-AS1 and CRNDE could be potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognostic prediction of NSCLC.

Decrypting a path based approach for identifying the interplay between PI3K and GSK3 signaling cascade from the perspective of cancer

Cancer is one of those leading diseases worldwide, which takes millions of lives every year. Researchers are continuously looking for specific approaches to eradicate the deadly disease, ensuring minimal adverse effects along with more therapeutic significance. Targeting of different aberrantly regulated signaling pathways, involved in cancer, is surely one of the revolutionary chemotherapeutic approach. In this instance, GSK3 and PI3K signaling cascades are considered as important role player for both the oncogenic activation and inactivation which further leads to cancer proliferation and metastasis. In this review, we have discussed the potential role of GSK3 and PI3K signaling in cancer, and we further established the crosstalk between PI3K and GSK3 signaling, through showcasing their cross activation, cross inhibition and convergence pathways in association with cancer. We also exhibited the effect of GSK3 on the efficacy of PI3K inhibitors to overcome the drug resistance and preventing the cell proliferation, metastasis in a combinatorial way with GSK3 inhibitors for a better treatment strategy in clinical settings.

CRNDE: A valuable long noncoding RNA for diagnosis and therapy of solid and hematological malignancies

Colorectal neoplasia differentially expressed (CRNDE) is an oncogenic long noncoding RNA (lncRNA). Increased CRNDE expression was initially discovered in colorectal cancer and then in a variety of solid tumors and hematological malignancies. CRNDE participates in multiple biological processes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis. CRNDE has been shown to modulate target gene expression through multiple mechanisms, including transcriptional regulation, post-transcriptional regulation, and competition for microRNA (miRNA) binding. In this review, we summarize the evidence that supports CRNDE in the diagnosis and prognosis predicting of cancers. The functional roles and molecular mechanisms of CRNDE are further described for major types of solid tumors and hematological malignancies. The therapeutic potential of CRNDE as a target for research and development is also discussed.

Roles of lncRNAs Mediating Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling in HCC

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is considered the second most deadly cancer worldwide. Due to the absence of early diagnostic markers and effective therapeutic approaches, distant metastasis and increasing recurrence rates are major difficulties in the clinical treatment of HCC. Further understanding of its pathogenesis has become an urgent goal in HCC research. Recently, abnormal expression of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) was identified as a vital regulator involved in the initiation and development of HCC. Activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway has been reported to obviously impact cell proliferation, invasion, and migration of HCC. This article reviews specific interactions, significant mechanisms and molecules related to HCC initiation and progression to provide promising strategies for treatment.

Knockdown lncRNA CRNDE enhances temozolomide chemosensitivity by regulating autophagy in glioblastoma

Background

The regulatory roles of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) CRNDE in temozolomide (TMZ) chemoresistance to glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are still poorly understood. Therefore, the function, characteristics, and possible mechanism of CRNDE in TMZ-induced chemoresistance to GBM were explored.

Methods

Firstly, the expression level of CRNDE in 58 cases of glioma tissue specimens and 30 cases of normal brain tissues were tested by qRT-PCR. Meanwhile, the correlation between CRNDE expression level, the clinicopathological characteristics, and survival time of patients with glioma were analyzed. Then, the CRNDE expression in various glioma cell lines was detected, and CRNDE knockdown cell models were constructed. Subsequently, to explore the effect of CRNDE on chemosensitivity to TMZ, cell viability was detected by the CCK-8 assay and IC₅₀ values, and cell proliferation was detected by cell clone assay and EdU assay, as well as cell survival was detected by apoptosis with flow cytometry under TMZ treatment. Further, the expression of drug-resistance protein ABCG2, autophagy related proteins, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway were measured by western blot or qRT-PCR in TMZ-treated glioma cells. Finally, the mouse tumor xenograft model was established and the tumor volume and weight were measured, and ABCG2 expression was conducted by immunohistochemistry assay.

Results

The integrated results demonstrated lncRNA CRNDE was a poor prognosis factor for GBM patient, which was upregulated in patients who were resistant to TMZ, and closely associated with chemotherapeutic response status to TMZ treatment. Further, functional assays revealed that knockdown of CRNDE could notably reduce glioma cell viability and proliferation, and elevate cell apoptosis to enhance the chemosensitivity to TMZ in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, the depression of CRNDE could diminish the expression of LC3 II/I, Beclin1 and Atg5 and increase the p62 expression level to inhibit autophagy due to the activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway as well as highly correlated with ABCG2 expression.

Conclusions

Overall, the study provided that lncRNA CRNDE is a reliable clinical predictor of outcome and prognosis and a potential biomarker for predicting TMZ treatment response in GBM by modulating the autophagy through PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and ABCG2 expression which may be a novel therapeutic target for regulating TMZ sensitivity to GBM.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-021-02153-x.

PI3K Inhibitors in Cancer: Clinical Implications and Adverse Effects

The phospatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) pathway is a crucial intracellular signaling pathway which is mutated or amplified in a wide variety of cancers including breast, gastric, ovarian, colorectal, prostate, glioblastoma and endometrial cancers. PI3K signaling plays an important role in cancer cell survival, angiogenesis and metastasis, making it a promising therapeutic target. There are several ongoing and completed clinical trials involving PI3K inhibitors (pan, isoform-specific and dual PI3K/mTOR) with the goal to find efficient PI3K inhibitors that could overcome resistance to current therapies. This review focuses on the current landscape of various PI3K inhibitors either as monotherapy or in combination therapies and the treatment outcomes involved in various phases of clinical trials in different cancer types. There is a discussion of the drug-related toxicities, challenges associated with these PI3K inhibitors and the adverse events leading to treatment failure. In addition, novel PI3K drugs that have potential to be translated in the clinic are highlighted.

The emerging role of non-coding RNAs in the regulation of PI3K/AKT pathway in the carcinogenesis process

The PI3K/AKT pathway is an intracellular signaling pathway with an indispensable impact on cell cycle control. This pathway is functionally related with cell proliferation, cell survival, metabolism, and quiescence. The crucial role of this pathway in the development of cancer has offered this pathway as a target of novel anti-cancer treatments. Recent researches have demonstrated the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in controlling the PI3K/AKT pathway. Some miRNAs such as miR-155-5p, miR-328-3p, miR-125b-5p, miR-126, miR-331-3p and miR-16 inactivate this pathway, while miR-182, miR-106a, miR-193, miR-214, miR-106b, miR-93, miR-21 and miR-103/107 enhance activity of this pathway. Expression levels of PI3K/AKT-associated miRNAs could be used to envisage the survival of cancer patients. Numerous lncRNAs such as GAS5, FER1L4, LINC00628, PICART1, LOC101928316, ADAMTS9-AS2, SLC25A5-AS1, MEG3, AB073614 and SNHG6 interplay with this pathway. Identification of the impact of miRNAs and lncRNAs in the control of the activity of PI3K/AKT pathway would enhance the efficacy of targeted therapies against this pathway. Moreover, each of the mentioned miRNAs and lncRNAs could be used as a putative therapeutic candidate for the interfering with the carcinogenesis. In the current study, we review the role of miRNAs and lncRNAs in controlling the PI3K/AKT pathway and their contribution to carcinogenesis.

Long non-coding RNAs as potential biomarkers in the prognosis and diagnosis of lung cancer: A review and target analysis

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) have been emerged as a novel class of molecular regulators in cancer. They are dysregulated in many types of cancer; however, there is not enough knowledge available on their expression and functional profiles. Lung cancer is the leading cause of the cancer deaths worldwide. Generally, lncRNAs may be associated with lung tumor pathogenesis and they may act as biomarkers for the cancer prognosis and diagnosis. Compared to other invasive prognostic and diagnostic methods, detection of lncRNAs might be a user-friendly and noninvasive method. In this review article, we selected 27 tumor-associated lncRNAs by literature reviewing to further discussing in detail for using as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in lung cancer. Also, in an in silico target analysis, the "Experimentally supported functional regulation" approach of the LncTarD web tool was used to identifying the target genes and regulatory mechanisms of the selected lncRNAs. The reports on diagnostic and prognostic potential of all selected lncRNAs were discussed. However, the target genes and regulatory mechanisms of the 22 lncRNAs were identified by in silico analysis and we found the pathways that are controlled by each target group of lncRNAs. They use epigenetic mechanisms, ceRNA mechanisms, protein interaction and sponge mechanism. Also, 10, 23, 5, and 28 target genes for each of these mechanisms were identified, respectively. Finally, each group of target genes controls 50, 12, 7, and 2 molecular pathways, respectively. In conclusion, LncRNAs could be used as biomarkers in lung cancer due to their roles in control of several signaling pathways related to lung tumors. Also, it seems that lncRNAs, which use epigenetic mechanisms for modulating a large number of pathways, could be considered as important subjects for lung cancer-related diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers.

LncRNA CRNDE Promotes the Progression of B-cell Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia by Targeting the miR-345-5p/CREB Axis

The imbalance between the proliferation and apoptosis of B-cell precursors is an important contributor to the pathogenesis of B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL), while its specific regulatory mechanism remains perplexing. This study aimed to expound the underlying mechanism of the proliferation and apoptosis of BCP-ALL cells from the perspective of non-coding RNA. In this study, long non-coding RNA colorectal neoplasia differentially expressed (LncRNA CRNDE) was upregulated in the bone marrow of BCP-ALL patients and BCP-ALL cell lines (NALM-6 and RS4;11). Functionally, LncRNA CRNDE knockdown restrained cell proliferation and boosted cell apoptosis in NALM-6 and RS4;11 cells. The subsequent investigation confirmed that LncRNA CRNDE bound to miR-345-5p and negatively regulated miR-345-5p expression. The overexpression of miR-345-5p suppressed cell proliferation and boosted cell apoptosis in NALM-6 and RS4;11 cells. Further experiments revealed that miR-345-5p downregulated cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) expression by targeting its mRNA directly. CREB overexpression reversed the effect of miR-345-5p mimic on cell proliferation and apoptosis in NALM-6 and RS4;11 cells. Finally, in vivo experiments showed that LncRNA CRNDE knockdown prolonged the survival of mice xenotransplanted with NALM-6 cells. In conclusion, LncRNA CRNDE upregulated CREB expression by suppressing miR-345-5p, thus promoting cell proliferation and reducing cell apoptosis in BCP-ALL.

Long non-coding RNA DDX11-AS1 promotes non-small cell lung cancer development via regulating PI3K/AKT signalling

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been considered to be the most common category of lung cancer, comprising approximately 80% of lung cancers. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were diffusely documented to modulate carcinogenesis or progression of tumours. However, the role of DDX11-AS1 was still unclear in NSCLC. Bioinformatics analysis and experimental assays including hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, RT-qPCR, colony formation, CCK-8, flow cytometry, western blot and xenograft assays were applied to investigate the biological role and molecular mechanism of DDX11-AS1 in NSCLC. The level of lncRNA DDX11-AS1 was up-regulated in NSCLC tumour tissues and cells. In function aspect, knockdown of DDX11-AS1 caused an apparent inhibitive effect on cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. DDX11-AS1 inhibition promoted cell apoptosis in vitro. In mechanism, the protein level of phosphorylated AKT was reduced by DDX11-AS1 inhibition but increased by DDX11-AS1 overexpression. These results indicated that DDX11-AS1 exacerbated NSCLC progression via activating PI3K/AKT signalling pathway. All in all, DDX11-AS1 promotes NSCLC development via regulating PI3K/AKT signalling.

CRNDE: an oncogenic long non-coding RNA in cancers

Colorectal neoplasia differentially expressed (CRNDE) is a long non-coding RNA which has been proved upregulated in various cancers. Meanwhile, CRNDE has been demonstrated to be involved in multiple biological processes of different cancers according to previous study. Moreover, recent studies suggested CRNDE might be a potential diagnostic biomarker and prognostic predictor due to its high sensitivity and specificity in cancer tissues and plasma. In this review, we summarize the biological function of CRNDE and the relevant mechanisms in cancers to establish a molecular basis for the clinical use of CRNDE in the future.

Downregulation of long noncoding RNA CRNDE suppresses drug resistance of liver cancer cells by increasing microRNA-33a expression and decreasing HMGA2 expression

At present, some researches have revealed the participation of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in liver cancer, but few of them have mentioned the role of CRNDE in drug resistance of liver cancer. Hence, this study is conducted to understand the role of CRNDE on liver cancer by regulating microRNA-33a (miR-33a) and high mobility group protein A2 (HMGA2) in liver cancer. First, drug-resistance model (HepG2 and BEL-7402) of human liver cancer cells was established. Then, CRNDE expression in drug-resistant cell lines (HepG2/adriamycin [ADM], BEL-7402/ADM) and parental cell lines (HepG2, BEL-7402) was detected. Furthermore, HepG2/ADM and BEL-7402/ADM cell lines with poor CRNDE expression or miR-33a overexpression was constructed. Next, drug-resistance index was calculated, and cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion were detected, respectively. Then, the growth of tumor was observed in nude mice. Finally, the binding relationship between CRNDE and miR-33a and the targeting relationship between miR-33a and HMGA2 were verified. LncRNA CRNDE expressed highly in drug-resistant cells of liver cancer. Downregulated CRNDE and upregulated miR-33a-inhibited cells drug-resistance and promoted their apoptosis in liver cancer drug-resistant cells. CRNDE adsorbing and inhibiting miR-33a to promote HMGA2 in liver cancer drug-resistant cells by acting as a ceRNA. Silencing CRNDE or up-regulating miR-33a inhibited tumor growth of liver cancer in vivo. Our study provides evidence that downregulated CRNDE could upregulate miR-33a and inhibit HMGA2 expression, thus significantly promotes apoptosis of liver cancer cells and inhibiting its proliferation, migration, invasion and drug resistance.

DNA co-methylation analysis of lincRNAs across nine cancer types reveals novel potential epigenetic biomarkers in cancer

Aim: The potential functions and prognostic value of lincRNAs with co-methylation events are explored in 9 cancer types. Materials & methods: Here, we evaluated the co-methylation events in promoter and gene-body regions between two lincRNAs across 9 cancer types by constructing a systematic biological framework. Results: The co-methylation events in both promoter and gene-body regions tended to be highly cancer specific. Patient samples could be separated by tumor and normal types according to the eigengenes of universal co-methylation clusters. Functional enrichment results revealed the lincRNAs that brought promoter and gene-body co-methylation events that affected cancer progress through participating in different pathways and could serve as potential prognostic biomarkers. Conclusion: The study provides new insight into the epigenetic regulation in cancer and leads to a potential new direction for epigenetic biomarker discovery.

LINC00958-MYC positive feedback loop modulates resistance of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells to chemo- and radiotherapy in vitro

Background

Aberrant long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) expression contributes cancer development and resistance to therapy. This study first assessed expression of lncRNA LINC00958 in a variety of human cancers using GEPIA database data and then associated it with prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and investigated LINC00958 interaction with c-Myc and the c-Myc-related gene interplay in HNSCC cells.

Materials and methods

A cohort of 48 HNSCC vs normal tissues was collected for qRT-PCR analysis of LINC00958 and c-Myc expression and statistical analyses. HNSCC cell lines were subjected to transfection with LINC00958 and c-Myc siRNAs or cDNA and their negative control siRNA or empty vector for qRT-PCR, Western blot, cell viability, colony formation, luciferase reporter, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and RNA immunoprecipitation assays.

Results

The data showed that LINC00958 expression was upregulated in HNSCC tissues and cell lines, upregulation of which was associated with poor tumor differentiation, advanced tumor stage, and shorter overall survival of patients. In vitro, LINC00958 expression induced HNSCC cell viability and colony formation, whereas knockdown of LINC00958 expression enhanced HNSCC cell sensitivity to ionizing radiation and cisplatin treatment. Mechanistically, LINC00958 is a direct target of c-Myc and can enhance the transcriptional activity of c-Myc, thus to form a positive feedback gene network in HNSCC cells, and in turn to modulate HNSCC cell resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated the LINC00958 interplay with c-Myc as a feedback loop facilitated HNSCC development and resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy. Targeting of such a network could be further evaluated as a novel therapeutic strategy for HNSCC patients.

Prognostic Value of Long Noncoding RNA CRNDE as a Novel Biomarker in Solid Cancers: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Long noncoding RNA colorectal neoplasia differentially expressed (CRNDE) has been reported to exhibit a potential oncogenic role in the development of human cancers. However, the clinical value of CRNDE expression in various cancers still remains unclear. Herein, we conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the association between CRNDE and clinical outcomes in solid cancers.

Methods: A systematic search was performed though the PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Ovid, Cochrane library, CNKI and WanFang databases for eligible studies on clinical values of CRNDE in solid cancers. The pooled hazard ratios (HRs) or odd ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to evaluate the link between CRNDE and clinical outcomes.

Results: A total of 3690 patients from 20 studies (including 2 studies have 2 cohorts, respectively) were included. The results suggested that elevated CRNDE expression predicted a poor overall survival (OS) for in 13 types of solid cancers (HR=1.46, 95% CI: 1.33-1.58, P<0.001) with no heterogeneity (I²=21.8%, P=0.19). Subgroup analysis indicated a significant association between high CRNDE expression and shorter OS in the studies with digestive system cancers (HR=1.42, 95% CI: 1.28-1.55, P<0.001), qRT-PCR method (HR=1.45, 95% CI: 1.30-1.59, P<0.001), sample size >100 (HR=1.44, 95% CI: 1.32-1.57, P<0.001), and NOS>7 (HR= 1.50, 95% CI: 1.23-1.78, P<0.001). Furthermore, the pooled results showed that CRNDE was an independent prognostic factor for OS in cancer patients (HR=1.37, 95% CI: 1.22-1.52, P<0.001). In addition, we also revealed that CRNDE was positively related to tumor size (OR=2.10, 95%CI: 1.68-2.63, P<0.001), TNM stage (OR=2.86, 95%CI: 2.29-3.56, P<0.001), lymph node metastasis (LNM) (OR=3.21, 95%CI: 2.01-5.13, P<0.001), and distant metastasis (OR=4.36, 95%CI: 2.36-8.07, P<0.001). Although the probable evidences of publication bias were found in the studies with OS, tumor size, TNM stage or LNM, the trim and fill analysis confirmed the reliability of these results was not affected.

Conclusion: Elevated CRNDE expression was associated with larger tumor size, advanced TNM stage, worse LNM and distant metastasis, and shorter OS, suggesting that CRNDE may act as an independent prognostic biomarker in solid cancers.

Long noncoding RNA STXBP5-AS1 inhibits cell proliferation, migration, and invasion via preventing the PI3K/AKT against STXBP5 expression in non-small-cell lung carcinoma

Long noncoding RNAs participate in carcinogenesis and tumor progression in non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), but the mechanisms underlying NSCLC tumorigenesis remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we reported the functional role and potential mechanism of long noncoding RNA syntaxin-binding protein 5-antisense RNA 1 (STXBP5-AS1) in NSCLC. First, our data revealed that the expression levels of STXBP5-AS1 in 31 NSCLC tissues were lower than in adjacent tissues using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and its expression was significantly associated with tumor metastasis of NSCLC patients. Moreover, CCK-8, scratch wound healing and transwell assay suggested that upregulation of STXBP5-AS1 repressed the proliferation, migration, and invasion in A549, NCI-H292, and NCI-H460 cells. To explore the potential mechanism of STXBP5-AS1 in NSCLC, we first investigated the relationship among STXBP5-AS1, STXBP5, and AKT1 in A549 cells. Results indicated that STXBP5-AS1 was negatively related with STXBP5 and AKT1 at messenger RNA expression level using qPCR. In addition, we observed that STXBP5-AS1 had reverse effects on the protein levels of STXBP5 and phosphorylated AKT1 (p-AKT1) in A549 cells via Western blot assay, despite no significant effects on AKT1. Subsequently, LY294002, as the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) pathway inhibitor, was used to further confirm the regulatory mechanism of STXBP5-AS1, which showed that knockdown of STXBP5-AS1 could rescue the expression of STXBP5 and p-AKT1 protein expression levels in A549 cells. Taken together, our results suggested that STXBP5-AS1, as a tumor suppressor, inhibits cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by preventing the PI3K/AKT against STXBP5 expression in NSCLC.

lncRNA Colorectal Neoplasia Differentially Expressed (CRNDE) Promotes Proliferation and Inhibits Apoptosis in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells by Regulating the miR-641/CDK6 Axis

BACKGROUND The lncRNA Colorectal Neoplasia Differentially Expressed (CRNDE) gene has been reported as a potential oncogene in NSCLC. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism of CRNDE in NSCLC progression remains largely unknown. MATERIAL AND METHODS qRT-PCR assay was performed to detect the expression levels of CRNDE, miR-641, and cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) in NSCLC. Western blot assay was employed to assess CDK6 protein level in treated NSCLC cells. si-CRNDE#1, si-CRNDE#2, miR-641 mimics, miR-641 inhibitors, or Vector-CDK6 were transfected into NSCLC cells to change the expression levels of CRNDE, miR-641, or CDK6. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was performed to validate the direct interrelated miRNA of CRNDE and the potential target of miR-641. MTT and flow cytometry assays were performed to assess the capacities of cell proliferation and apoptosis, respectively. RESULTS CRNDE level was upregulated in NSCLC, and its knockdown suppressed NSCLC cells proliferation and enhanced apoptosis, whereas miR-641 antagonized the regulatory effect of CRNDE knockdown by directly binding to CRNDE. Moreover, CDK6 was a target of miR-641 and miR-641 exerted anti-proliferation and pro-apoptosis effects through CDK6. CONCLUSIONS CRNDE promoted proliferation and inhibited apoptosis of NSCLC cells at least in part by regulating the miR-641/CDK6 axis, suggesting that CRNDE is a potential therapeutic target for NSCLC treatment.

Lanatoside C protects mice against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis through suppression of fibroblast proliferation and differentiation

It has been established that lanatoside C, a FDA-approved cardiac glycoside, reduces proliferation of cancer cell lines. The proliferation of fibroblasts is critical to the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis (PF), a progressive and fatal fibrotic lung disease lacking effective treatment. In this study we have investigated the impact of lanatoside C on a bleomycin (BLM)-induced mouse model of PF and through the evaluation of fibroblast proliferation and activation in vitro. We evaluated explanted lung tissue by histological staining, western blot analysis, qRT-PCR and survival analysis, demonstrating that lanatoside C was able to protect mice against BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis. The proliferation of cultured pulmonary fibroblasts isolated from BLM-induced PF mice was suppressed by lanatoside C, as hypothesized, through the induction of cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. The Akt signalling pathway was involved in this process. Interestingly, the production of α-SMA, fibronectin, and collagen I and III in response to TGF-β1 in healthy mouse fibroblasts was suppressed following lanatoside C administration by inhibition of TGF-β1/Smad signalling. In addition, TGF-β1-induced migration in lung fibroblasts was also impeded after lanatoside C treatment. Together, our data revealed that lanatoside C alleviated BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice via attenuation of growth and differentiation of fibroblasts, suggesting that it has potential as a candidate therapy for PF patients.

Targeting PI3K in cancer: mechanisms and advances in clinical trials

Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling is one of the most important intracellular pathways, which can be considered as a master regulator for cancer. Enormous efforts have been dedicated to the development of drugs targeting PI3K signaling, many of which are currently employed in clinical trials evaluation, and it is becoming increasingly clear that PI3K inhibitors are effective in inhibiting tumor progression. PI3K inhibitors are subdivided into dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors, pan-PI3K inhibitors and isoform-specific inhibitors. In this review, we performed a critical review to summarize the role of the PI3K pathway in tumor development, recent PI3K inhibitors development based on clinical trials, and the mechanisms of resistance to PI3K inhibition.

LncRNA CRNDE promotes the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via enhancing the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway

Colorectal neoplasia differentially expressed (CRNDE) is a significantly upregulated long noncoding RNA in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). CRNDE could promote cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, while its molecular mechanisms were still largely unclear. In this study, we investigated the expression and function of CRNDE. CRNDE was significantly upregulated in tumor tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues. In vitro, we revealed that knockdown of CRNDE inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and cell invasion capacities in HCC. Animal studies indicated that CRNDE knockdown represses both growth and metastasis of HCC tumors in vivo. Moreover, knockdown of CRNDE suppressed the cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process by increasing the expression of E-cadherin and ZO-1, whereas, decreasing the expression of N-cadherin, slug, twist, and vimentin in HCC cells. We also revealed that knockdown of CRNDE suppressed the Wnt/β-catenin signaling in HCC. Thus, CRNDE could modulate EMT of HCC cells and knockdown of CRNDE impaired the mesenchymal properties. CRNDE increased invasion of HCC cells might be through activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

Long non-coding RNA CRNDE promote the progression of tongue squamous cell carcinoma through regulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway

Long non-coding RNAs (lnRNAs) colorectal neoplasia differentially expressed (CRNDE) has been identified as a crucial regulator involved in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC). However, the molecular mechanism of CRNDE involved in TSCC progression is still unknown. In the study, qRT-PCR assay was used to detect the expression of CRNDE in TSCC tissues and cells. CCK-8 assay, colony formation assay, transwell assay and flow cytometric analysis were performed to determine cell proliferation ability, colony formation, migration and invasion capacities, and cell apoptosis, respectively. Western blot was employed to assess the activity of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. A xenograft mice model was performed to evaluate the role of CRNDE on tumor growth in vivo. The results showed CRNDE was upregulated in TSCC tissues and cell lines. CRNDE knockdown repressed the proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion and promoted apoptosis in TSCC cells. Moreover, CRNDE regulated the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in TSCC cells. Additionally, high levels of CRNDE inhibited tumor growth in vivo. In conclusion, high levels of CRNDE might promote TSCC progression at least partly through regulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Targeting CRNDE has potential to be used as a novel target of TSCC treatment.

Long non-coding RNAs (lnRNAs) colorectal neoplasia differentially expressed (CRNDE) has been identified as a crucial regulator involved in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC).

Long noncoding RNA CRNDE promotes non-small cell lung cancer progression via sponging microRNA-338-3p

BACKGROUND

The long noncoding RNA colorectal neoplasia differentially expressed (CRNDE) was reported to be involved in the initiation and development of multiple cancers. However, the detailed biological role of CRNDE in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains largely unclear. Herein, we aimed to explore the biological function and underlying molecular mechanism of CRNDE in NSCLC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was employed to detect the expression of CRNDE in NSCLC tissues and cell lines. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), colony formation, flow cytometry, wound-healing, and transwell invasion assays were applied to detect cell proliferation, colony formation, cycle arrest progression, migration and invasion, respectively. Novel targets of CRNDE were selected with bioinformatics software and were confirmed using luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation assays. To detect the role of CRNDE in vivo tumorigenesis, tumor xenografts were created.

RESULTS

CRNDE expression is remarkably upregulated in NSCLC tissues and cell lines. Upregulated CRNDE expression was positively associated with advanced tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage, lymph node metastasis and poor overall survival of patients with NSCLC. Function assays demonstrated that knockdown of CRNDE significantly inhibited NSCLC cell proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasionin vitro, and decreased the xenograft tumor volume and weight in vitro. We uncovered that miR-338-3p is a downstream target of CRNDE and that miR-338-3p inhibition partially reversed the CRNDE depletion-mediated inhibitory effect on cell proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion in NSCLC cells.

CONCLUSION

These findings indicated that CRNDE functions as an oncogene that exerts important regulatory roles in NSCLC progression via sponging miR-338-3p.

Knockdown of lncRNA GHET1 suppresses cell proliferation, invasion and LATS1/YAP pathway in non small cell lung cancer

BACKGROUND

The aim in this study was to explore the role of long non-coding RNA GHET1 in development of non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

METHODS

LncRNA GHET1 expression levels were analyzed by qRT-PCR in tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues in NSCLC. Measuring the cell proliferation and invasion abilities by CCK8, cell colony formation and transwell invasion assays. Relative protein expression was analyzed by western blot assays.

RESULTS

Expression of lncRNA GHET1 was notably higher in NSCLC tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues by using qRT-PCR analyses. Higher lncRNA GHET1 expression associated with lymph node metastasis, TNM stage and showed poor outcome in NSCLC patients. Knockdown of lncRNA GHET1 suppressed cell proliferation and invasion capacity and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) phenomenon of NSCLC cells. Moreover, we demonstrated that knockdown of lncRNA GHET1 suppresses LATS1/YAP pathway signaling pathway by downregulating YAP1 expression in NSCLC cells.

CONCLUSIONS

GHET1 predicted a poor outcome and acted as a tumor-promoting gene in NSCLC. Thus, inhibition of GHET1 may be a potential target of NSCLC treatment.

LncRNA CRNDE is a biomarker for clinical progression and poor prognosis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Colorectal neoplasia differentially expressed (CRNDE) served as an oncogenic long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) to be involved in the initialization and development of human cancers. However, the clinical significance and biological function of CRNDE in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) was not fully understood. In our study, we found CRNDE levels were increased in ccRCC tissue specimens and cell lines, and corrected with advanced clinical stage, large tumor size, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, and poor pathological grade in patients with ccRCC. Furthermore, levels of CRNDE were negatively correlated with overall survival of patients with ccRCC, and high-expression of CRNDE was an independent poor prognostic factor for patients with ccRCC. Moreover, loss-of-function and gain-of-function approaches showed CRNDE-enhanced ccRCC cell migration and invasion through modulating EMT-associated genes. In conclusion, CRNDE acts as an oncogenic lncRNA in ccRCC.

Colorectal neoplasia differentially expressed: a long noncoding RNA with an imperative role in cancer

Colorectal neoplasia differentially expressed (CRNDE), as a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), has attracted increasing attention in recent years and has been documented to be at abnormally high expression in various types of cancer, such as colorectal cancer, glioma, hepatocellular carcinoma, lung cancer, and breast cancer. It could not only be used as a clinical biomarker for the early diagnosis and prognosis evaluation in a variety of cancers but also promote the development and progress of various tumor cells. Moreover, it is involved in the targeting regulation of multiple microRNAs and the activation/inhibition of multiple signaling pathways. In this review, we presented a systematic summary of the potential carcinogenicity and clinical value of CRNDE in the current evidence, so as to provide reference for early diagnosis, prognosis evaluation, and targeted therapy of various clinical cancers.

Long noncoding RNA SNHG1 promotes cell proliferation through PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the most common causes of cancer-related death. Recently, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as significant regulators in numerous cancers, including PDAC. LncRNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 1 (SNHG1) has been reported in the development of several tumors, but the biological roles of it in PDAC remain to be illuminated. This study aims to investigate the function of lncRNA SNHG1, revealing its molecular mechanism and clinical significance in PDAC. Herein, we found that SNHG1 was highly expressed in PDAC tissues in comparison with adjacent noncancerous tissues, being closely related to tumor size and TNM stage. Functionally, silencing of SNHG1 could significantly inhibit cell proliferation, promote cell apoptosis, as well as alter cell cycle progression, whereas the contrary results could be presented in the overexpression of SNHG1. In addition, in vivo xenograft experiment also further confirmed the above results. Finally, an activator (740Y-P) and inhibitor (LY294002) of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway were used in the western blot assays and the following rescue experiments, demonstrating that SNHG1 facilitates cell proliferation and tumorigenicity partly via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in PDAC. Hence, SNHG1 may be a prospective therapeutic target.

Long noncoding RNAs: Undeciphered cellular codes encrypting keys of colorectal cancer pathogenesis

Long noncoding RNAs are non-protein coding transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides in length. By the advance in genetic and bioinformatic technologies, the new genomic landscape including noncoding transcripts has been revealed. Despite their non-capacity to be translated into proteins, lncRNAs have a versatile functions through various mechanisms interacting with other cellular molecules including DNA, protein, and RNA. Recent research interest and endeavor have identified the functional role of lncRNAs in various diseases including cancer. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is not only one of the most frequent cancer but also one of the cancer types with remarkable achievements in lncRNA research. Of the numerous notable lncRNAs identified and characterized in CRC, we will focus on key lncRNAs with the high potential as CRC-specific biomarkers in this review.

Long non-coding RNA CRNDE as a potential prognostic biomarker in solid tumors: A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Long non-coding RNA colorectal neoplasia differentially expressed (CRNDE) has been demonstrated to be highly expressed in many malignant tumors; however, the role of CRNDE in cancer remains undetermined because of limitations in sample size. We conducted a meta-analysis to assess the role of CRNDE in cancer.

METHODS

PubMed, Medline, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, EMBASE database, Ovid, Chinese CNKI, and Chinese WanFang database were systematically searched. The relation between CRNDE and the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of patients with cancer was determined using pooled odds ratios (ORs) and hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence interval (CI).

RESULTS

Thirteen studies with 1570 patients were included. The pooled results indicated that high CRNDE expression was related to lymph node metastasis (YES vs. NO: OR = 3.50, 95% CI = [1.05, 8.09]) and TNM stage (I + II vs. III + IV: OR = 0.26, 95% CI = [0.18, 0.37]) but not to gender, tumor size, and differentiation. High CRNDE expression indicated poor overall survival (OS) (HR = 2.06, 95% CI = [1.66, 2.47]). CRNDE could be an independent predictive factor for OS (HR = 1.62, 95% CI = [1.15, 2.08]) in patients with cancer.

CONCLUSION

Therefore, high CRNDE expression was associated with advanced clinicopathological characteristics, and CRNDE could be used as a reliable prognostic biomarker in human cancer. However, more high-quality studies with a large sample size are needed to support this meta-analysis.

CRNDE: An important oncogenic long non-coding RNA in human cancers

Aberrant overexpression of long non-coding RNA CRNDE (Colorectal Neoplasia Differentially Expressed) is confirmed in various human cancers, which is correlated with advanced clinicopathological features and poor prognosis. CRNDE promotes cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and suppresses apoptosis in complicated mechanisms, which result in the initialization and development of human cancers. In this review, we provide an overview of the oncogenic role and potential clinical applications of CRNDE.