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The apelin/APJ signaling system and cytoprotection: Role of its cross-talk with kappa opioid receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 936:175353. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Targeting the elabela/apelin-apelin receptor axis as a novel therapeutic approach for hypertension. Chin Med J (Engl) 2021; 135:1019-1026. [PMID: 34608073 PMCID: PMC9276310 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Hypertension is the leading risk factor for global mortality and morbidity and those with hypertension are more likely to develop severe symptoms in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular system, which is closely related to abnormal renin-angiotensin system and elabela/apelin-apelin receptor (APJ) axis. The elabela/apelin-APJ axis exerts essential roles in regulating blood pressure levels, vascular tone, and cardiovascular dysfunction in hypertension by counterbalancing the action of the angiotensin II/angiotensin II type 1 receptor axis and enhancing the endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase/NO signaling. Furthermore, the elabela/apelin-APJ axis demonstrates beneficial effects in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology, including angiogenesis, cellular proliferation, fibrosis, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and cardiovascular remodeling and dysfunction during hypertension. More importantly, effects of the elabela/apelin-APJ axis on vascular tone may depend upon blood vessel type or various pathological conditions. Intriguingly, the broad distribution of elabela/apelin and alternative isoforms implicated its distinct functions in diverse cardiac and vascular cells and tissue types. Finally, both loss-of-function and gain-of-function approaches have defined critical roles of the elabela/apelin-APJ axis in reducing the development and severity of hypertensive diseases. Thus, targeting the elabela/apelin-APJ axis has emerged as a pre-warning biomarker and a novel therapeutic approach against progression of hypertension, and an increased understanding of cardiovascular actions of the elabela/apelin-APJ axis will help to develop effective interventions for hypertension. In this review, we focus on the physiology and biochemistry, diverse actions, and underlying mechanisms of the elabela/apelin-APJ axis, highlighting its role in hypertension and hypertensive cardiovascular injury and dysfunction, with a view to provide a prospective strategy for hypertensive disease therapy.
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Dehe L, Shaqura M, Nordine M, Habazettl H, von Kwiatkowski P, Schluchter H, Shakibaei M, Mousa SA, Schäfer M, Treskatsch S. Chronic Naltrexone Therapy Is Associated with Improved Cardiac Function in Volume Overloaded Rats. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2021; 35:733-743. [PMID: 33484395 PMCID: PMC8266787 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-020-07132-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Myocardial opioid receptors were demonstrated in animals and humans and seem to colocalize with membranous and sarcolemmal calcium channels of the excitation-contraction coupling in the left ventricle (LV). Therefore, this study investigated whether blockade of the cardiac opioid system by naltrexone would affect cardiac function and neurohumoral parameters in Wistar rats with volume overload-induced heart failure. METHODS Volume overload in Wistar rats was induced by an aortocaval fistula (ACF). Left ventricular cardiac opioid receptors were identified by immunohistochemistry and their messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) as well as their endogenous ligand mRNA quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Following continuous delivery of either the opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone or vehicle via minipumps (n = 5 rats each), hemodynamic and humoral parameters were assessed 28 days after ACF induction. Sham-operated animals served as controls. RESULTS In ACF rats mu-, delta-, and kappa-opioid receptors colocalized with voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channels in left ventricular cardiomyocytes. Chronic naltrexone treatment of ACF rats reduced central venous pressure (CVP) and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), and improved systolic and diastolic left ventricular functions. Concomitantly, rat brain natriuretic peptide (rBNP-45) and angiotensin-2 plasma concentrations which were elevated during ACF were significantly diminished following naltrexone treatment. In parallel, chronic naltrexone significantly reduced mu-, delta-, and kappa-opioid receptor mRNA, while it increased the endogenous opioid peptide mRNA compared to controls. CONCLUSION Opioid receptor blockade by naltrexone leads to improved LV function and decreases in rBNP-45 and angiotensin-2 plasma levels. In parallel, naltrexone resulted in opioid receptor mRNA downregulation and an elevated intrinsic tone of endogenous opioid peptides possibly reflecting a potentially cardiodepressant effect of the cardiac opioid system during volume overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Dehe
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mohammed Shaqura
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Nordine
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Habazettl
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Physiology Campus Charité Mitte, Chariteplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra von Kwiatkowski
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helena Schluchter
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mehdi Shakibaei
- Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Pettenkoferstraße 11, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Shaaban A Mousa
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Schäfer
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Treskatsch
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
This paper is the forty-first consecutive installment of the annual anthological review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, summarizing articles published during 2018 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides and receptors as well as effects of opioid/opiate agonists and antagonists. The review is subdivided into the following specific topics: molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors (2), the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia in animals (3) and humans (4), opioid-sensitive and opioid-insensitive effects of nonopioid analgesics (5), opioid peptide and receptor involvement in tolerance and dependence (6), stress and social status (7), learning and memory (8), eating and drinking (9), drug abuse and alcohol (10), sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (11), mental illness and mood (12), seizures and neurologic disorders (13), electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (14), general activity and locomotion (15), gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (16), cardiovascular responses (17), respiration and thermoregulation (18), and immunological responses (19).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY, 11367, United States.
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Abbasloo E, Najafipour H, Vakili A. Chronic treatment with apelin, losartan and their combination reduces myocardial infarct size and improves cardiac mechanical function. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 47:393-402. [PMID: 31630435 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has a deleterious and apelin/APJ system has protective effect on the ischaemic heart. The collaboration between these systems in the pathophysiology of myocardial infarction is not clear. We determined the effect of chronic pretreatment with apelin, losartan and their combination on ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in the isolated perfused rat heart and on the expression of apelin-13 receptor (APJ) and angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) in the myocardium. During 5 days before the induction of IR, saline (vehicle), apelin-13 (Apl), F13A (apelin antagonist), losartan (Los, AT1R antagonist) and the combination of Apl and Los were administered intraperitoneally in rats. Ischaemia was induced by left anterior descending (LAD) artery occlusion for 30 minutes followed by reperfusion for 55 minutes in the Langendorff isolated heart perfusion system. Pretreatment with Apl, Los and the combination of Apl + Los significantly reduced infarct size by about 30, 33 and 48 percent respectively; and significantly improved the left ventricular function indices such as left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and rate pressure product (RPP). IR increased AT1R protein level but it did not change APJ significantly. AT1R expression was reduced in groups treated with Apl, Los and Apl + Los. Findings showed that chronic pretreatment with apelin along with AT1R antagonist had more protective effects against IR injury. Combination therapy may diminish the risk of IR-induced heart damage, by reducing AT1R expression, in the heart of patients with coronary artery disease that are at the risk of MI and reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Abbasloo
- Physiology, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamid Najafipour
- Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Abedin Vakili
- Physiology Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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Griffiths PR, Lolait SJ, Pearce LE, McBryde FD, Paton JFR, O'Carroll AM. Blockade of Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla Apelin Receptors Does Not Attenuate Arterial Pressure in SHR and L-NAME-Induced Hypertensive Rats. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1488. [PMID: 30459635 PMCID: PMC6232890 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the apelinergic system, comprised of the neuropeptide apelin mediating its effects via the G protein-coupled apelin receptor (APJ), may underlie the onset of cardiovascular disease such as hypertension. Apelin expression is increased in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) compared to Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) normotensive rats, however, evidence that the apelinergic system chronically influences mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) under pathophysiological conditions remains to be established. In this study we investigated, in conscious unrestrained rats, whether APJ contributes to MABP and sympathetic vasomotor tone in the progression of two models of hypertension - SHR and L-NAME-treated rats - and whether APJ contributes to the development of hypertension in pre-hypertensive SHR. In SHR we showed that APJ gene (aplnr) expression was elevated in the RVLM, and there was a greater MABP increase following microinjection of [Pyr1]apelin-13 to the RVLM of SHR compared to WKY rats. Bilateral microinjection of a lentiviral APJ-specific-shRNA construct into the RVLM of WKY, SHR, and L-NAME-treated rats, chronically implanted with radiotelemeters to measure MABP, decreased aplnr expression in the RVLM and abolished acute [Pyr1]apelin-13-induced increases in MABP. However, chronic knockdown of aplnr in the RVLM did not affect MABP in either SHR or L-NAME-treated rats. Moreover, knockdown of aplnr in the RVLM of prehypertensive SHR did not protect against the development of hypertension. These results show that endogenous apelin, acting via APJ, is not involved in the genesis or maintenance of hypertension in either animal model used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Griffiths
- Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Lolait
- Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Louise E Pearce
- Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona D McBryde
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Julian F R Paton
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Anne-Marie O'Carroll
- Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Bülbül M, Travagli RA. Novel transmitters in brain stem vagal neurocircuitry: new players on the pitch. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G20-G26. [PMID: 29597355 PMCID: PMC6109706 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00059.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The last few decades have seen a major increase in the number of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides recognized as playing a role in brain stem neurocircuits, including those involved in homeostatic functions such as stress responsiveness, gastrointestinal motility, feeding, and/or arousal/wakefulness. This minireview will focus on the known physiological role of three of these novel neuropeptides, i.e., apelin, nesfatin-1, and neuropeptide-S, with a special emphasis on their hypothetical roles in vagal signaling related to gastrointestinal motor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Bülbül
- 1Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Akdeniz UniversityAntalya, Turkey
| | - R. Alberto Travagli
- 2Department of Neural and Behavioral Neurosciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Abstract
Apelin is a vasoactive peptide and is an endogenous ligand for APJ receptors, which are widely expressed in blood vessels, heart, and cardiovascular regulatory regions of the brain. A growing body of evidence now demonstrates a regulatory role for the apelin/APJ receptor system in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology, thus making it a potential target for cardiovascular drug discovery and development. Indeed, ongoing studies are investigating the potential benefits of apelin and apelin-mimetics for disorders such as heart failure and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Apelin causes relaxation of isolated arteries, and systemic administration of apelin typically results in a reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and an increase in blood flow. Nonetheless, vasopressor responses and contraction of vascular smooth muscle in response to apelin have also been observed under certain conditions. The goal of the current review is to summarize major findings regarding the apelin/APJ receptor system in blood vessels, with an emphasis on regulation of vascular tone, and to identify areas of investigation that may provide guidance for the development of novel therapeutic agents that target this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amreen Mughal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Stephen T O'Rourke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University Fargo, ND, USA.
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