The impact of metformin on hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis activity in postmenopausal women with untreated non-autoimmune subclinical hypothyroidism

EVALUATION OF DIFFICULTY IN WOMEN’S AEROBIC GYMNASTICS COMPETITIONS

ABSTRACT Introduction Feminine aerobic gymnastics is a highly artistic competition, and analyzing its difficulties is fundamental. Objective This work analyzes the difficulty of the movements of feminine aerobic gymnastics. This study aims to explore the choreographic characteristics of the difficulty of the movements and evaluate their difficulties. Methods Several female aerobics athletes are selected as volunteers for the research. The women’s aerobic gymnastics video points are classified, grouped, scored, and their actions combined, recorded, and organized. Mathematical statistics are used to analyze the difficulty of aerobics movements. Results The difficulty factor is the best quantitative scoring criterion to judge the competition results. The highest frequency in Group B was the right-angle split leg combination to support the 720° twist. The highest frequency in Group C was the 180° scissor transformation. The highest frequency in Group D was the unsupported vertical split. The five-person project difficulty score choice tended to be stable and high. Conclusion The transition types of difficulty action space in the competition of the women’s aerobics team are B-C-B, B-C-A, B, A. The difficulty score of the women’s aerobics team competition was significantly correlated with the final score. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigating treatment outcomes.

Rosuvastatin potentiates the thyrotropin-lowering effect of metformin in men with non-autoimmune subclinical hypothyroidism and prediabetes

WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE

Metformin treatment decreases thyrotropin levels in individuals with hypothyroidism and this effect seems to be mediated by the 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase pathway in the pituitary. The activity of this pathway is also stimulated by statins. The current study was aimed at investigating whether the impact of metformin on hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis activity is affected by statin use.

METHODS

The study included three matched groups of men with non-autoimmune hypothyroidism and prediabetes: patients treated for at least 6 months with high-intensity rosuvastatin therapy (20-40 mg daily) [groups A (n = 24) and C (n = 19)] and men not receiving statin therapy [group B (n = 24)]. Over the entire study period (6 months), groups A and B received metformin (2.55-3 g daily). Moreover, groups A and C continued rosuvastatin therapy. The lipid profile, glucose homeostasis markers, and plasma concentrations of thyrotropin, total and free thyroid hormones, prolactin, FSH, LH, ACTH and insulin-like growth factor-1 were determined at baseline and 6 months later.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Fifty-nine patients completed the study. There were differences between groups A and C and group B in baseline values of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, gonadotropins and ACTH. Although observed in both groups of metformin-treated patients, the effect on thyrotropin levels was more pronounced in group A than in group B. The impact on fasting glucose and insulin sensitivity was stronger in group B than group A. In turn, only in group A metformin tended to reduce gonadotropin levels. There were no differences between follow-up and baseline values of lipids, total and free thyroid hormones, prolactin, ACTH and insulin-like growth factor-1 in both these groups. In group C, all assessed variables remained at a similar level.

WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION

The results of the current study suggest that rosuvastatin potentiates the inhibitory effect of metformin on thyrotrope secretory function.