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Martín JF. Interaction of calcium responsive proteins and transcriptional factors with the PHO regulon in yeasts and fungi. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1225774. [PMID: 37601111 PMCID: PMC10437122 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1225774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphate and calcium ions are nutrients that play key roles in growth, differentiation and the production of bioactive secondary metabolites in filamentous fungi. Phosphate concentration regulates the biosynthesis of hundreds of fungal metabolites. The central mechanisms of phosphate transport and regulation, mediated by the master Pho4 transcriptional factor are known, but many aspects of the control of gene expression need further research. High ATP concentration in the cells leads to inositol pyrophosphate molecules formation, such as IP3 and IP7, that act as phosphorylation status reporters. Calcium ions are intracellular messengers in eukaryotic organisms and calcium homeostasis follows elaborated patterns in response to different nutritional and environmental factors, including cross-talking with phosphate concentrations. A large part of the intracellular calcium is stored in vacuoles and other organelles forming complexes with polyphosphate. The free cytosolic calcium concentration is maintained by transport from the external medium or by release from the store organelles through calcium permeable transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels. Calcium ions, particularly the free cytosolic calcium levels, control the biosynthesis of fungal metabolites by two mechanisms, 1) direct interaction of calcium-bound calmodulin with antibiotic synthesizing enzymes, and 2) by the calmodulin-calcineurin signaling cascade. Control of very different secondary metabolites, including pathogenicity determinants, are mediated by calcium through the Crz1 factor. Several interactions between calcium homeostasis and phosphate have been demonstrated in the last decade: 1) The inositol pyrophosphate IP3 triggers the release of calcium ions from internal stores into the cytosol, 2) Expression of the high affinity phosphate transporter Pho89, a Na+/phosphate symporter, is controlled by Crz1. Also, mutants defective in the calcium permeable TRPCa7-like of Saccharomyces cerevisiae shown impaired expression of Pho89. This information suggests that CrzA and Pho89 play key roles in the interaction of phosphate and calcium regulatory pathways, 3) Finally, acidocalcisomes organelles have been found in mycorrhiza and in some melanin producing fungi that show similar characteristics as protozoa calcisomes. In these organelles there is a close interaction between orthophosphate, pyrophosphate and polyphosphate and calcium ions that are absorbed in the polyanionic polyphosphate matrix. These advances open new perspectives for the control of fungal metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F. Martín
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de León, León, Spain
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Regulation of secondary metabolism by calmodulin signaling in filamentous fungi. Rev Iberoam Micol 2019; 36:167-168. [PMID: 31530465 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Kim J, Sung GH. Beauvericin synthetase contains a calmodulin binding motif in the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2018; 64:145-147. [PMID: 29553056 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Beauvericin is a mycotoxin which has insecticidal, anti-microbial, anti-viral and anti-cancer activities. Beauvericin biosynthesis is rapidly catalyzed by the beauvericin synthetase (BEAS) in Beauveria bassiana. Ca2+ plays crucial roles in multiple signaling pathways in eukaryotic cells. These Ca2+ signals are partially decoded by Ca2+ sensor calmodulin (CaM). In this report, we describe that B. bassiana BEAS (BbBEAS) can interact with CaM in a Ca2+-dependent manner. A synthetic BbBEAS peptide, corresponding to the putative CaM-binding motif, formed a stable complex with CaM in the presence of Ca2+. In addition, in vitro CaM-binding assay revealed that the His-tagged BbBEAS (amino acids 2421-2538) binds to CaM in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Therefore, this work suggests that BbBEAS is a novel CaM-binding protein in B. bassiana.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gi-Ho Sung
- Institute for Healthcare and Life Science, International St. Mary's Hospital and College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University.,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University.,Institute for Translational and Clinical Research, International St. Mary's Hospital and College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University
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Kim J, Oh J, Yoon DH, Sung GH. Suppression of a methionine synthase by calmodulin under environmental stress in the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017; 9:612-617. [PMID: 28556625 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Methionine synthase (MetE, EC 2.1.1.14) catalyses the final step in the methionine biosynthetic pathway. Methionine biosynthesis plays a major role in protein biogenesis and is the source of S-adenosyl methionine (SAM), the universal donor of methyl groups. In this study, we demonstrated that BbMetE acts as a typical MetE enzyme in the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. In addition, we found that BbMetE binds to calmodulin (CaM) in vitro and in vivo. The functional role of CaM binding to BbMetE was to negatively regulate BbMetE activity in B. bassiana. Our proton-nuclear magnetic resonance data revealed that CaM inhibitor W-7 increases methionine content in B. bassiana, suggesting that CaM negatively regulates the BbMetE activity. Environmental stress stimuli such as salt, H2 O2 and heat suppressed BbMetE activity in B. bassiana. W-7 reversed this effect, suggesting that the inhibitory mechanism is mediated through stimulation of CaM activity. Therefore, this work suggests that BbMetE plays an important role in methionine biosynthesis, which is mediated by environmental stress stimuli via the CaM signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Kim
- Institute for Healthcare and Life Science, International St. Mary's Hospital and College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 22711, Korea
| | - Junsang Oh
- Institute for Healthcare and Life Science, International St. Mary's Hospital and College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 22711, Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Deok-Hyo Yoon
- Institute for Healthcare and Life Science, International St. Mary's Hospital and College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 22711, Korea
| | - Gi-Ho Sung
- Institute for Healthcare and Life Science, International St. Mary's Hospital and College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 22711, Korea
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do 25601, Korea
- Institute for Translational and Clinical Research, International St. Mary's Hospital and College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 22711, Korea
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Kim J, Oh J, Yoon DH, Sung GH. Identification of calmodulin binding proteins in the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2017; 63:13-16. [PMID: 28497337 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-017-0529-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Calmodulin (CaM) is a primary Ca2+ receptor and plays a pivotal role in a variety of cellular responses in eukaryotes. Even though a large number of CaM-binding proteins are well known in yeast, plants, and animals, little is known regarding CaM-targeted proteins in filamentous fungi. To identify CaM-binding proteins in filamentous fungi, we used a proteomics method coupled with co-immunoprecipitation (CoIP) and MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry (MS) in Beauveria bassiana. Through this method, we identified ten CaM-binding proteins in B. bassiana. One of the CaM-targeted proteins was the heat shock protein 70 (BbHSP70) in B. bassiana. Our biochemical study showed that ATP inhibits the molecular interaction between BbHSP70 and CaM, suggesting a regulatory mechanism between CaM and ATP for regulating BbHSP70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Kim
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, International St. Mary's Hospital and College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, 404-834, South Korea.
| | - Junsang Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Deok-Hyo Yoon
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, International St. Mary's Hospital and College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, 404-834, South Korea
| | - Gi-Ho Sung
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, International St. Mary's Hospital and College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, 404-834, South Korea.
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Kim J, Yoon DH, Oh J, Hyun MW, Han JG, Sung GH. Calmodulin-mediated suppression of 2-ketoisovalerate reductase in Beauveria bassiana beauvericin biosynthetic pathway. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:4136-4143. [PMID: 27449895 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ketoisovalerate reductase (KIVR, E.C. 1.2.7.7) mediates the specific reduction of 2-ketoisovalerate (2-Kiv) to d-hydroxyisovalerate (d-Hiv), a precursor for beauvericin biosynthesis. Beauvericin, a famous mycotoxin produced by many fungi, is a cyclooligomer depsipeptide, which has insecticidal, antimicrobial, antiviral, and cytotoxic activities. In this report, we demonstrated that Beauveria bassiana 2-ketoisovalerate reductase (BbKIVR) acts as a typical KIVR enzyme in the entomopathogenic fungus B. bassiana. In addition, we found that BbKIVR interacts with calmodulin (CaM) in vitro and in vivo. The functional role of CaM-binding to BbKIVR was to negatively regulate the BbKIVR activity in B. bassiana. Environmental stimuli such as light and salt stress suppressed BbKIVR activity in B. bassiana. Interestingly, this negative effect of BbKIVR activity by light and salt stress was recovered by CaM inhibitors, suggesting that the inhibitory mechanism is mediated through stimulation of CaM activity. Therefore, this work suggests that BbKIVR plays an important role in the beauvericin biosynthetic pathway mediated by environmental stimuli such as light and salt stress via the CaM signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Kim
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, International St. Mary's Hospital and College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, 404-834, Korea.,Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Deok-Hyo Yoon
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, International St. Mary's Hospital and College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, 404-834, Korea
| | - Junsang Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Woo Hyun
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, 369-873, Korea
| | - Jae-Gu Han
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, 369-873, Korea
| | - Gi-Ho Sung
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, International St. Mary's Hospital and College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, 404-834, Korea
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Regulation of MAP kinase Hog1 by calmodulin during hyperosmotic stress. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:2551-2559. [PMID: 27421986 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (Hog1 in yeast and ortholog p38 in human cells) plays a critical role in the signal transduction pathway that is rapidly activated under multiple stress conditions. Environmental stress stimuli such as hyperosmotic stress cause changes in cellular ATP metabolism required for hyperosmotic stress tolerance. Furthermore, hyperosmotic stress induces rapid Ca2+ signals in eukaryotic cells. These Ca2+ signals can be decoded by Ca2+ sensor calmodulin (CaM). By using genetic and biochemical approaches, we demonstrate that Hog1 is a novel CaM-binding protein, and that CaM-binding to Hog1 is involved in the mediation of the hyperosmotic stress signaling pathway. In addition, we show that p38α, a human ortholog of Hog1, interacts with CaM, suggesting that the CaM-binding feature of Hog1/p38α is evolutionarily conserved in eukaryotic cells. Hog1 is likely involved in cellular ATP regulation through CaM signaling during hyperosmotic stress. Therefore, this work suggests that Hog1 plays an important role in connecting CaM signaling with the hyperosmotic stress pathway by directly interacting with CaM in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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