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Feng G, Deng M, Li R, Hou G, Ouyang Q, Jiang X, Liu X, Tang H, Chen F, Pu S, Wan D, Yin Y. Gastrointestinal microbiota and metabolites responses to dietary cereal grains in an adult pig model. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1442077. [PMID: 39355428 PMCID: PMC11442370 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1442077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 10/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Corn (C), wheat (W), and paddy rice (PR) are important energy sources and are commonly used in feed production for swine. This study mainly focuses on the variation and regularities of microbiota and metabolites in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of pigs in response to C, W, and PR. A total of 18 pigs were allotted into three dietary groups with six replicated pigs and received diets containing C, W, or PR as the sole energy source, respectively. The results showed that digestive parts significantly affected the diversity of microbial communities. Cereal grain sources significantly influenced the β-diversity of microbial communities in the colon and rectum. Campylobacterota and Proteobacteria are mainly distributed in the duodenum, Lactobacillus in the jejunum, and Bacteroidota in the colon and rectum. The W diet increased the Bacteroidota, Spirochaetota, and Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group abundances and showed the highest concentrations of all short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the hindgut. Fibrobacterota, Bacteroidota, Spirochaetota, Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group, Prevotella, and Treponema in the colon or rectum were positively correlated with acetate, propionate, butyrate, and total SCFAs. These findings suggested that aerobic bacteria and facultative anaerobes in the foregut will gradually be replaced by anaerobes in the hindgut. The W diet had the best fermentability and was beneficial to the colonization of microbial communities that mainly used carbohydrates. The hindgut flora of the PR diet group may be more balanced with fewer potential pathogenic bacteria. Many microbial communities have been identified to contribute positively to the SCFA production of the hindgut. Collectively, our study revealed the spatial variation regularities of GIT microbial communities in an adult pig model and provided new insights into GIT microbiota and responses of metabolites to cereal grain diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganyi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Hunan Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Sciences, South Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Poultry Breeding Pollution Control and Resource Technology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Menglong Deng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Hunan Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Sciences, South Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Poultry Breeding Pollution Control and Resource Technology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Gaifeng Hou
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Hunan Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Sciences, South Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Poultry Breeding Pollution Control and Resource Technology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Qing Ouyang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xianji Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Hunan Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Sciences, South Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Poultry Breeding Pollution Control and Resource Technology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaojie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Hunan Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Sciences, South Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Poultry Breeding Pollution Control and Resource Technology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Hunan Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Sciences, South Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Poultry Breeding Pollution Control and Resource Technology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Fengming Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of the TCM Agricultural Biogenomics, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China
| | - Shihua Pu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Rongchang, Chongqing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Wan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Hunan Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Sciences, South Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Poultry Breeding Pollution Control and Resource Technology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Hunan Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Sciences, South Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Poultry Breeding Pollution Control and Resource Technology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
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Zhang X, Lv J, Hui J, Wu A, Zhao L, Feng L, Deng L, Yu M, Liu F, Yao J, Lei X. Dietary saccharin sodium supplementation improves the production performance of dairy goats without residue in milk in summer. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 18:166-176. [PMID: 39263440 PMCID: PMC11389551 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary saccharin sodium supplementation on production performance, serum biochemical indicators, and rumen fermentation of dairy goats in summer. Twelve Guanzhong dairy goats with similar body weight, days in milk, and milk yield were randomly divided into two dietary treatments: (1) CON: basal diet; (2) SS: basal diet + 150 mg/kg saccharin sodium on the basis of dry matter. The experiment lasted 35 d, including 7 d for adaptation and 28 d for dietary treatments, sampling and data collection. Each dairy goat was housed individually in a clean separate pen with ad libitum access to diet and water. The goats fed SS diet had increased dry matter intake (DMI; P = 0.037), 4% fat corrected milk yield (P = 0.049), energy corrected milk yield (P = 0.037), milk protein yield (P = 0.031), and total solids yield (P = 0.036). Serum activity of aspartate aminotransferase (P = 0.047) and concentrations of 70-kDa heat shock protein (P = 0.090), malondialdehyde (P = 0.092), and total protein (P = 0.057) were lower in goats fed SS diet than those fed CON diet. Supplementation of saccharin sodium tended to increase activity of glutathione peroxidase in serum (P = 0.079). The concentrations of rumen total volatile fatty acid (P = 0.042) and butyrate (P = 0.038) were increased by saccharin sodium supplementation. Dietary supplementation of saccharin sodium increased the relative abundance of Lachnobacterium (P = 0.022), Pseudoramibacter (P = 0.022), Shuttleworthia (P = 0.025), and Syntrophococcus (P = 0.037), but reduced the relative abundance of Prevotella_1 (P = 0.037) and Lachnospiraceae_UCG_008 (P = 0.037) in rumen. Saccharin sodium was observed in feces and urine of goats fed diet supplemented with saccharin sodium, but saccharin sodium was undetectable in the milk of goats receiving SS diet. In conclusion, administration of saccharin sodium was effective in increasing fat and energy corrected milk yield by increasing DMI and improving rumen fermentation and antioxidant capacity of dairy goats in summer. In addition, saccharin sodium residue was undetectable in the milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongfei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jirong Lv
- Sichuan Provincial Animal Feeding Regulation Center, DadHank Biotechnology Corporation, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Jingtao Hui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ao Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lichao Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Linyu Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lu Deng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Sichuan Provincial Animal Feeding Regulation Center, DadHank Biotechnology Corporation, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Sichuan Provincial Animal Feeding Regulation Center, DadHank Biotechnology Corporation, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Junhu Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xinjian Lei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Zhang S, Zhang H, Zhang C, Wang G, Shi C, Li Z, Gao F, Cui Y, Li M, Yang G. Composition and evolutionary characterization of the gut microbiota in pigs. Int Microbiol 2024; 27:993-1008. [PMID: 37982990 PMCID: PMC11300507 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00449-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota plays significant role in the physiology and functioning of host organisms. However, there is limited knowledge of the composition and evolution of microbiota-host relationships from wild ancestors to modern domesticated species. In this study, the 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 in the intestinal contents of different pig breeds was analyzed and was compared using high-throughput sequencing. This identified 18 323 amplicon sequence variants, of which the Firmicutes and Actinobacteria phyla and Bifidobacterium and Allobaculum genera were most prevalent in wild pigs (WP). In contrast, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes predominated in Chinese Shanxi Black pigs (CSB), while Firmicutes were the most prevalent phylum in Large White pigs (LW) and Iberian pigs (IB), followed by Bacteroidetes in IB and Proteobacteria in LW. At the genus level, Shigella and Lactobacillus were most prevalent in CSB and LW, while Actinobacillus and Sarcina predominated in IB. Differential gene expression together with phylogenetic and functional analyses indicated significant differences in the relative abundance of microbial taxa between different pig breeds. Although many microbial taxa were common to both wild and domestic pigs, significant diversification was observed in bacterial genes that potentially influence host phenotypic traits. Overall, these findings suggested that both the composition and functions of the microbiota were closely associated with domestication and the evolutionary changes in the host. The members of the microbial communities were vertically transmitted in pigs, with evidence of co-evolution of both the hosts and their intestinal microbial communities. These results enhance our understanding and appreciation of the complex interactions between intestinal microbes and hosts and highlight the importance of applying this knowledge in agricultural and microbiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhong Zhang
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, 476000, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, 476000, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, 476000, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Guan Wang
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, 476000, China
| | - Chuanxing Shi
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, 476000, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, 476000, China
| | - Fengyi Gao
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, 476000, China
| | - Yanyan Cui
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, 476000, China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Guangli Yang
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, 476000, China.
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Liao SF, Ji F, Fan P, Denryter K. Swine Gastrointestinal Microbiota and the Effects of Dietary Amino Acids on Its Composition and Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1237. [PMID: 38279233 PMCID: PMC10816286 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Many researchers consider gut microbiota (trillions of microorganisms) an endogenous organ of its animal host, which confers a vast genetic diversity in providing the host with essential biological functions. Particularly, the gut microbiota regulates not only gut tissue structure but also gut health and gut functionality. This paper first summarized those common bacterial species (dominated by the Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, and Proteobacteria phyla) in swine gut and then briefly discussed their roles in swine nutrition and health, which include roles in nutrient metabolism, pathogen exclusion, and immunity modulation. Secondly, the current knowledge on how dietary nutrients and feed additives affect the gut bacterial composition and nutrient metabolism in pigs was discussed. Finally, how dietary amino acids affect the relative abundances and metabolism of bacteria in the swine gut was reviewed. Tryptophan supplementation promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria and suppresses pathogens, while arginine metabolism affects nitrogen recycling, impacting gut immune response and health. Glutamate and glutamine supplementations elevate the levels of beneficial bacteria and mitigate pathogenic ones. It was concluded that nutritional strategies to manipulate gut microbial ecosystems are useful measures to optimize gut health and gut functions. For example, providing pigs with nutrients that promote the growth of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium can lead to better gut health and growth performance, especially when dietary protein is limited. Further research to establish the mechanistic cause-and-effect relationships between amino acids and the dynamics of gut microbiota will allow swine producers to reap the greatest return on their feed investment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengfa F. Liao
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA; (P.F.)
| | - Feng Ji
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China;
| | - Peixin Fan
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA; (P.F.)
| | - Kristin Denryter
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA; (P.F.)
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Yu SJ, Morris A, Kayal A, Milošević I, Van TTH, Bajagai YS, Stanley D. Pioneering gut health improvements in piglets with phytogenic feed additives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:142. [PMID: 38231265 PMCID: PMC10794284 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12925-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
This research investigates the effects of phytogenic feed additives (PFAs) on the growth performance, gut microbial community, and microbial metabolic functions in weaned piglets via a combined 16S rRNA gene amplicon and shotgun metagenomics approach. A controlled trial was conducted using 200 pigs to highlight the significant influence of PFAs on gut microbiota dynamics. Notably, the treatment group revealed an increased gut microbiota diversity, as measured with the Shannon and Simpson indices. The increase in diversity is accompanied by an increase in beneficial bacterial taxa, such as Roseburia, Faecalibacterium, and Prevotella, and a decline in potential pathogens like Clostridium sensu stricto 1 and Campylobacter. Shotgun sequencing at the species level confirmed these findings. This modification in microbial profile was coupled with an altered profile of microbial metabolic pathways, suggesting a reconfiguration of microbial function under PFA influence. Significant shifts in overall microbial community structure by week 8 demonstrate PFA treatment's temporal impact. Histomorphological examination unveiled improved gut structure in PFA-treated piglets. The results of this study indicate that the use of PFAs as dietary supplements can be an effective strategy, augmenting gut microbiota diversity, reshaping microbial function, enhancing gut structure, and optimising intestinal health of weaned piglets providing valuable implications for swine production. KEY POINTS: • PFAs significantly diversify the gut microbiota in weaned piglets, aiding balance. • Changes in gut structure due to PFAs indicate improved resistance to weaning stress. • PFAs show potential to ease weaning stress, offering a substitute for antibiotics in piglet diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Joon Yu
- Central Queensland Innovation and Research Precinct (CQIRP), Institute for Future Farming Systems, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, 4701, Australia
| | - Andrew Morris
- Riverbend Pork Group, 487-489 Ruthven Street, Toowoomba, 4350, Australia
| | - Advait Kayal
- Central Queensland Innovation and Research Precinct (CQIRP), Institute for Future Farming Systems, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, 4701, Australia
| | - Ivan Milošević
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 18, 11999, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Thi Thu Hao Van
- Central Queensland Innovation and Research Precinct (CQIRP), Institute for Future Farming Systems, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, 4701, Australia
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Yadav Sharma Bajagai
- Central Queensland Innovation and Research Precinct (CQIRP), Institute for Future Farming Systems, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, 4701, Australia
| | - Dragana Stanley
- Central Queensland Innovation and Research Precinct (CQIRP), Institute for Future Farming Systems, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, 4701, Australia.
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Eiamsam-ang T, Tadee P, Buddhasiri S, Chuammitri P, Kittiwan N, Pascoe B, Patchanee P. Commercial farmed swine harbour a variety of pathogenic bacteria and antimicrobial resistance genes. J Med Microbiol 2024; 73:001787. [PMID: 38230911 PMCID: PMC11418424 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction. The northern region of Thailand serves as a crucial area for swine production, contributing to the Thai community food supply. Previous studies have highlighted the presence of foodborne bacterial pathogens originating from swine farms in this region, posing a threat to both human and animal health.Gap statement. Multiple swine bacterial pathogens have been studied at a species level, but the distribution and co-occurrence of bacterial pathogens in agricultural swine has not been well established.Aim. Our study employed the intestinal scraping technique to directly examine the bacterial micro-organisms interacting with the swine host.Methodology. We used shotgun metagenomic sequencing to analyse the bacterial pathogens inhabiting the caecal microbiome of swine from five commercial farms in northern Thailand.Results. A variety of pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria were identified, including Escherichia coli, Clostridium botulinum, Staphylococcus aureus and the Corynebacterium genus. From a One Health perspective, these species are important foodborne and opportunistic pathogens in both humans and agricultural animals, making swine a critical pathogen reservoir that can cause illness in humans, especially farm workers. Additionally, the swine caecal microbiome contains commensal bacteria such as Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium, which are associated with normal physiology and feed utilization in healthy swine. Antimicrobial resistance genes were also detected in all samples, specifically conferring resistance to tetracycline and aminoglycosides, which have historically been used extensively in swine farming.Conclusion. The findings further support the need for improved sanitation standards in swine farms, and additional monitoring of agricultural animals and farm workers to reduce contamination and improved produce safety for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanaporn Eiamsam-ang
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pakpoom Tadee
- Veterinary Academic Office, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Songphon Buddhasiri
- Veterinary Academic Office, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Phongsakorn Chuammitri
- Veterinary Academic Office, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nattinee Kittiwan
- Veterinary Research and Development Center (Upper Northern Region), Hang Chat, Lampang, Thailand
| | - Ben Pascoe
- Veterinary Academic Office, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance, Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Ineos Oxford Istitute for Antimicrobial Research, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Prapas Patchanee
- Veterinary Academic Office, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Kiernan DP, O’Doherty JV, Sweeney T. The Effect of Maternal Probiotic or Synbiotic Supplementation on Sow and Offspring Gastrointestinal Microbiota, Health, and Performance. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2996. [PMID: 37835602 PMCID: PMC10571980 DOI: 10.3390/ani13192996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens has prompted the reduction in antibiotic and antimicrobial use in commercial pig production. This has led to increased research efforts to identify alternative dietary interventions to support the health and development of the pig. The crucial role of the GIT microbiota in animal health and performance is becoming increasingly evident. Hence, promoting an improved GIT microbiota, particularly the pioneer microbiota in the young pig, is a fundamental focus. Recent research has indicated that the sow's GIT microbiota is a significant contributor to the development of the offspring's microbiota. Thus, dietary manipulation of the sow's microbiota with probiotics or synbiotics, before farrowing and during lactation, is a compelling area of exploration. This review aims to identify the potential health benefits of maternal probiotic or synbiotic supplementation to both the sow and her offspring and to explore their possible modes of action. Finally, the results of maternal sow probiotic and synbiotic supplementation studies are collated and summarized. Maternal probiotic or synbiotic supplementation offers an effective strategy to modulate the sow's microbiota and thereby enhance the formation of a health-promoting pioneer microbiota in the offspring. In addition, this strategy can potentially reduce oxidative stress and inflammation in the sow and her offspring, enhance the immune potential of the milk, the immune system development in the offspring, and the sow's feed intake during lactation. Although many studies have used probiotics in the maternal sow diet, the most effective probiotic or probiotic blends remain unclear. To this extent, further direct comparative investigations using different probiotics are warranted to advance the current understanding in this area. Moreover, the number of investigations supplementing synbiotics in the maternal sow diet is limited and is an area where further exploration is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon P. Kiernan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 C1P1 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - John V. O’Doherty
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, D04 C1P1 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Torres Sweeney
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 C1P1 Dublin, Ireland;
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Wang C, Huang L, Jin S, Hou R, Chen M, Liu Y, Tang W, Li T, Yin Y, He L. d-Aspartate in Low-Protein Diets Improves the Pork Quality by Regulating Energy and Lipid Metabolism via the Gut Microbes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:12417-12430. [PMID: 37578298 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
d-Aspartate is critical in maintaining hormone secretion and reproductive development in mammals. This study investigated the mechanism of different d-aspartate levels (0, 0.005, 0.05, and 0.5% d-aspartate) in low-protein diets on growth performance and meat quality by mediating the gut microbiota alteration in pigs. We found that adding 0.005% d-aspartate to a low-protein diet could dramatically improve the growth performance during the weaned and growing periods. Dietary d-aspartate with different levels markedly increased the back fat, and 0.5% d-aspartate significantly increased the redness in 24 h and reduced the shear force of the longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle. Moreover, d-aspartate treatments decreased the mRNA expression of MyHC II a and MyHC IIx in the LD muscle. The protein expression of MyH1, MyH7, TFAM, FOXO1, CAR, UCP2, and p-AMPK was upregulated by 0.005% d-aspartate. Additionally, the abundance of Alistipes, Akkermansia, and the [Eubacterium]_coprostanoligenes_group in the intestinal chyme of pigs was significantly decreased by d-aspartate treatments at the genus level, which was also accompanied by a significant decrease in acetate content. These differential microorganisms were significantly correlated with meat quality characteristics. These results indicated that d-aspartate in low-protein diets could improve the growth performance and meat quality in pigs by regulating energy and lipid metabolism via the alteration of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Le Huang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Shunshun Jin
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Ruoxin Hou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Mingzhe Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Yonghui Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Wenjie Tang
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Liuqin He
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
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9
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Panah FM, Lauridsen C, Højberg O, Jensen HE, Nielsen TS. Composition of mucus- and digesta-associated bacteria in growing pigs with and without diarrhea differed according to the presence of colonic inflammation. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:145. [PMID: 37210480 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02874-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the pig production, diarrhea can occur during different growth stages including the period 4-16 weeks post weaning, during which a diarrheal outbreak also termed as colitis-complex diarrhea (CCD) can occur and it is distinct from post-weaning diarrhea (1-2 weeks post weaning). We hypothesized that CCD in growing pigs is associated with changes in colonic microbiota composition and fermentation patterns, and the aim of the present observational study was to identify changes in digesta-associated bacteria (DAB) and mucus-associated bacteria (MAB) in the colon of growing pigs with and without diarrhea. A total number of 30 pigs (8, 11, and 12 weeks of age) were selected; 20 showed clinical signs of diarrhea and 10 appeared healthy. Based on histopathological examination of colonic tissues, 21 pigs were selected for further studies and classified as follows: without diarrhea, no colon inflammation (NoDiar; n = 5), with diarrhea, without colonic inflammation (DiarNoInfl; n = 4), and with diarrhea, with colonic inflammation (DiarInfl; n = 12). Composition (based on 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing) and fermentation pattern (short-chain fatty acids; SCFA profile) of the DAB and MAB communities were characterized. RESULTS The DAB showed higher alpha diversity compared to MAB in all pigs, and both DAB and MAB showed lowest alpha diversity in the DiarNoInfl group. Beta diversity was significantly different between DAB and MAB as well as between diarrheal groups in both DAB and MAB. Compared to NoDiar, DiarInfl showed increased abundance of various taxa, incl. certain pathogens, in both digesta and mucus, as well as decreased digesta butyrate concentration. However, DiarNoInfl showed reduced abundance of different genera (mainly Firmicutes) compared to NoDiar, but still lower butyrate concentration. CONCLUSION Diversity and composition of MAB and DAB changed in diarrheal groups depending on presence/absence of colonic inflammation. We also suggest that DiarNoInfl group was at the earlier stage of diarrhea compared with DiarInfl, with a link to dysbiosis of colonic bacterial composition as well as reduced butyrate concentration, which plays a pivotal role in gut health. This could have led to diarrhea with inflammation due to a dysbiosis, associated with an increase in e.g., Escherichia-Shigella (Proteobacteria), Helicobacter (Campylobacterota), and Bifidobacterium (Actinobacteriota), which may tolerate or utilize oxygen and cause epithelial hypoxia and inflammation. The increased consumption of oxygen in epithelial mucosal layer by infiltrated neutrophils may also have added up to this hypoxia. Overall, the results confirmed that changes in DAB and MAB were associated with CCD and reduced butyrate concentration in digesta. Moreover, DAB might suffice for future community-based studies of CCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad M Panah
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Lauridsen
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Ole Højberg
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark.
| | - Henrik Elvang Jensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Skau Nielsen
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
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10
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Koester LR, Hayman K, Anderson CJ, Tibbs-Cortes BW, Daniels KM, Seggerman FM, Gorden PJ, Lyte M, Schmitz-Esser S. Influence of a sodium-saccharin sweetener on the rumen content and rumen epithelium microbiota in dairy cattle during heat stress. J Anim Sci 2022; 101:6894547. [PMID: 36511453 PMCID: PMC9838801 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of a saccharin-based artificial sweetener was tested on animal performance measures and on the microbial communities associated with the rumen content and with the rumen epithelium during heat stress. Ten cannulated Holstein-Friesian milking dairy cattle were supplemented with 2 g of saccharin-based sweetener per day, top-dressed into individual feeders for a 7-day adaptation period followed by a 14-day heat stress period. A control group of ten additional cows subjected to the same environmental conditions but not supplemented with sweetener were included for comparison. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was performed on rumen content and rumen epithelium samples from all animals, and comparisons of rumen content microbiota and rumen epithelial microbiota were made between supplemented and control populations. Supplementation of the saccharin-based sweetener did not affect the rumen content microbiota, but differences in the rumen epithelial microbiota beta-diversity (PERMANOVA, P = 0.003, R2 = 0.12) and alpha-diversity (Chao species richness, P = 0.06 and Shannon diversity, P = 0.034) were detected between the supplemented and control experimental groups. Despite the changes detected in the microbial community, animal performance metrics including feed intake, milk yield, and short-chain fatty acid (acetic, propionic, and butyric acid) concentrations were not different between experimental groups. Thus, under the conditions applied, supplementation with a saccharin-based sweetener does not appear to affect animal performance under heat stress. Additionally, we detected differences in the rumen epithelial microbiota due to heat stress when comparing initial, prestressed microbial communities to the communities after heat stress. Importantly, the changes occurring in the rumen epithelial microbiota may have implications on barrier integrity, oxygen scavenging, and urease activity. This research adds insight into the impact of saccharin-based sweeteners on the rumen microbiota and the responsivity of the rumen epithelial microbiota to different stimuli, providing novel hypotheses for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas R Koester
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA,Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Kris Hayman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Chiron J Anderson
- Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA,Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Bienvenido W Tibbs-Cortes
- Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA,Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Karrie M Daniels
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Faith M Seggerman
- Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA,Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Patrick J Gorden
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Mark Lyte
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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11
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Springer A, Wagner L, Koehler S, Klinger S, Breves G, Brüggemann DA, Strube C. Modulation of the porcine intestinal microbiota in the course of Ascaris suum infection. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:433. [PMID: 36397169 PMCID: PMC9673396 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05535-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The porcine roundworm Ascaris suum impairs feed conversion and weight gain, but its effects on intestinal microbiota remain largely unexplored. Methods Modulation of the intestinal microbiota was assessed in pigs that were infected once with 10,000 A. suum eggs and pigs that received a trickle infection (1000 eggs/day over 10 days), compared with a non-infected control group. Six pigs each were sacrificed per group at days 21, 35 and 49 post-infection (p.i.). Faecal samples taken weekly until slaughter and ingesta samples from different intestinal compartments were subjected to next-generation sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Results The results revealed marked differences between the single- and the trickle-infected group. Single infection caused a remarkable but transient decrease in microbial diversity in the caecum, which was not observed in the trickle-infected group. However, an increase in short-chain fatty acid-producing genera in the caecum on day 21 p.i., which shifted to a decrease on day 35 p.i., was common to both groups, possibly related to changes in excretory–secretory products following the parasite’s final moult. Faecal microbial interaction networks were more similar between the single-infected and control group than the trickle-infected group. In addition, a lower degree of similarity over time indicated that A. suum trickle infection prevented microbiota stabilization. Conclusions These different patterns may have important implications regarding the comparability of experimental infections with natural scenarios characterized by continuous exposure, and should be confirmed by further studies. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05535-w.
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12
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Huang Y, Peng Y, Yang Z, Chen S, Liu J, Wang Z, Wang G, Lan S. Effects of Fermented Bamboo Shoot Processing Waste on Growth Performance, Serum Parameters, and Gut Microbiota of Weaned Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12202728. [PMID: 36290114 PMCID: PMC9597720 DOI: 10.3390/ani12202728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota (GM) plays a vital role in the nutrition and metabolism of weaned piglets. Some feed additives can be used to adjust the composition of GM to improve the health of weaned piglets. In this study, we investigated the effects of adding fermented bamboo shoot processing waste (FBSPW) to diet on growth performance, serum parameters, and GM of weaned piglets. Seventy-two piglets were divided into four groups and were fed diets containing 0% (control), 4% (group A), 8% (group B), and 12% (group C) FBSPW for 50 days. We found that the addition of FBSPW significantly decreased the average daily feed intake, serum triglyceride content, and urea nitrogen of weaned piglets compared to the control. The cecum and cecal microbiota of weaned piglets fed the basal diet with 12% FBSPW were significantly different compared to the control. A basal diet with 12% FBSPW significantly reduced the taxon feature number, and the relative abundance of Tenericutes in the cecum and cecal microbiota of weaned piglets compared with the control. The addition of 12% FBSPW to weaned piglet feed could improve their nitrogen and lipid metabolisms and have beneficial effects on GM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhao Huang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yingjie Peng
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zheng Yang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Siyu Chen
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Hunan Huajun Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd., Taojiang 413000, China
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (S.L.)
| | - Shile Lan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (S.L.)
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13
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Song Y, Chen K, Lv L, Xiang Y, Du X, Zhang X, Zhao G, Xiao Y. Uncovering the biogeography of the microbial commmunity and its association with nutrient metabolism in the intestinal tract using a pig model. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1003763. [PMID: 36238459 PMCID: PMC9552906 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1003763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem that is essential for the metabolism, immunity and health of the host. The gut microbiota also plays a critical role in nutrient absorption and metabolism, and nutrients can influence the growth and composition of the gut microbiota. To gain a better understanding of the relationship between the gut microbial composition and nutrient metabolism, we used a pig model by collecting the contents of the different intestinal locations from six pigs to investigate microbial composition in different intestinal locations based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), amino acids, fat, and crude ash in different intestinal locations using gas chromatography and chemical analysis. The results showed that the richness and diversity of intestinal microbial communities gradually increased from the small intestine to the large intestine. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria was higher in the jejunum and ileum, whereas the proportion of Firmicutes was higher in the cecum and colon. The concentrations of SCFAs were higher in the cecum and colon (P < 0.05). The concentrations of amino acids were higher in the small intestine than in the large intestine, while the amino acid content was significantly higher in the ascending colon than in the transverse colon and descending colon. The correlation analysis revealed that Ruminococcaceae UCG-005, Coriobacteriaceae_uncultured, [Eubacterium] hallii group, Mogibacterium and Lachnospiraceae AC2044 group had a higher positive correlation with SCFAs, crude ash and fat but had a negative correlation with amino acids in different gut locations of pigs. These findings may serve as fundamental data for using nutrient metabolism to regulate human and animal gut microbes and health and provide guidance for exploring host-microbe bidirectional interaction mechanisms and driving pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Song
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Quality and Safety of Animal Products Group, Zhejiang Center of Animal Disease Control, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun Xiang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinhua, China
| | - Xizhong Du
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinhua, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinhua, China
| | - Guangmin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingping Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yingping Xiao
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14
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Changes in the Mucosa-Associated Microbiome and Transcriptome across Gut Segments Are Associated with Obesity in a Metabolic Syndrome Porcine Model. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0071722. [PMID: 35862956 PMCID: PMC9430857 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00717-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major risk factor for metabolic syndrome, which is the most common cause of death worldwide, especially in developed countries. The link between obesity and gut mucosa-associated microbiota is unclear due to challenges associated with the collection of intestinal samples from humans.
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15
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Significance of Mucosa-Associated Microbiota and Its Impacts on Intestinal Health of Pigs Challenged with F18 +E. coli. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11050589. [PMID: 35631110 PMCID: PMC9145386 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the significance of jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota and its impacts on the intestinal health of pigs challenged with F18+ Escherichia coli. Forty-four newly-weaned pigs were allotted to two treatments in a randomized complete block design with sex as blocks. Pigs were fed common diets for 28 d. At d 7 post-weaning, pigs were orally inoculated with saline solution or F18+ E. coli. At d 21 post-challenge, feces and blood were collected and pigs were euthanized to collect jejunal tissue to evaluate microbiota and intestinal health parameters. The relative abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes was lower (p < 0.05) in jejunal mucosa than in feces, whereas Proteobacteria was greater (p < 0.05) in jejunal mucosa. F18+ E. coli increased (p < 0.05) protein carbonyl, Helicobacteraceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Xanthomonadaceae, and Peptostreptococcaceae and reduced (p < 0.05) villus height, Enterobacteriaceae, Campylobacteraceae, Brachyspiraceae, and Caulobacteraceae in jejunal mucosa, whereas it reduced (p < 0.05) Spirochaetaceae and Oscillospiraceae in feces. Collectively, jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota differed from those in feces. Compared with fecal microbiota, the change of mucosa-associated microbiota by F18+ E. coli was more prominent, and it was mainly correlated with increased protein carbonyl and reduced villus height in jejunal mucosa impairing the intestinal health of nursery pigs.
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16
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Kelly J, Al-Rammahi M, Daly K, Flanagan PK, Urs A, Cohen MC, di Stefano G, Bijvelds MJC, Sheppard DN, de Jonge HR, Seidler UE, Shirazi-Beechey SP. Alterations of mucosa-attached microbiome and epithelial cell numbers in the cystic fibrosis small intestine with implications for intestinal disease. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6593. [PMID: 35449374 PMCID: PMC9023491 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10328-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. Defective CFTR leads to accumulation of dehydrated viscous mucus within the small intestine, luminal acidification and altered intestinal motility, resulting in blockage. These changes promote gut microbial dysbiosis, adversely influencing the normal proliferation and differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells. Using Illumina 16S rRNA gene sequencing and immunohistochemistry, we assessed changes in mucosa-attached microbiome and epithelial cell profile in the small intestine of CF mice and a CF patient compared to wild-type mice and non-CF humans. We found increased abundance of pro-inflammatory Escherichia and depletion of beneficial secondary bile-acid producing bacteria in the ileal mucosa-attached microbiome of CFTR-null mice. The ileal mucosa in a CF patient was dominated by a non-aeruginosa Pseudomonas species and lacked numerous beneficial anti-inflammatory and short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria. In the ileum of both CF mice and a CF patient, the number of absorptive enterocytes, Paneth and glucagon-like peptide 1 and 2 secreting L-type enteroendocrine cells were decreased, whereas stem and goblet cell numbers were increased. These changes in mucosa-attached microbiome and epithelial cell profile suggest that microbiota-host interactions may contribute to intestinal CF disease development with implications for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Kelly
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Miran Al-Rammahi
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.,Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al Diwaniyah, 58002, Iraq
| | - Kristian Daly
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Paul K Flanagan
- Arrowe Park University Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Wirral, CH49 5PE, UK.,Gastrointestinal and Liver Services, Aintree University Hospital, Lower Lane, Liverpool, Merseyside, L9 7AL, UK
| | - Arun Urs
- Sheffield Children's Hospital NHS Trust, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TH, UK
| | - Marta C Cohen
- Histopathology Department, Sheffield Children's Hospital NHS Trust, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TH, UK
| | - Gabriella di Stefano
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marcel J C Bijvelds
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David N Sheppard
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Hugo R de Jonge
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ursula E Seidler
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Soraya P Shirazi-Beechey
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.
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17
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Holanda DM, Kim SW. Impacts of weaning weights and mycotoxin challenges on jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota, intestinal and systemic health, and growth performance of nursery pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:43. [PMID: 35413935 PMCID: PMC9006406 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00691-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed at investigating the effects of mycotoxin challenge on the growth and physiology of nursery pigs with different weaning weights. Results At weaning, 10 pigs were euthanized to collect jejunal mucosa and 90 pigs were assigned following a randomized complete block design in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with 3 pigs per pen. Factors were: weaning weight (light: body weight, BW < 7.5 kg or heavy: BW > 9.0 kg); and dietary mycotoxins (supplementation of 0.2 mg/kg aflatoxins, 2.0 mg/kg deoxynivalenol). All diets had titanium dioxide as an external marker at 0.5%. Growth performance and fecal score were recorded until pigs achieved 20 kg BW (light pigs average BW = 21.1 kg and heavy pigs average BW = 20.5 kg). Pigs were sampled for blood, ileal digesta, jejunal tissue and mucosa at 20 kg BW. Data were analyzed using the mixed procedure of SAS. At weaning, light pigs had decreased (P < 0.05) jejunal interleukin-8, increased (P < 0.05) tumor necrosis factor-α, and increased (P < 0.05) α-diversity indexes of jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota. At 20 kg of BW, light pigs had decreased (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain to feed ratio (G/F). Mycotoxins decreased (P < 0.05) BW, ADG, ADFI, and G/F. Light pigs tended to have increased fecal score on d 0 (P = 0.080), d 10 (P = 0.069), and increased (P < 0.05) fecal score at 20 kg. Mycotoxins decreased the apparent ileal digestibility of nitrogen (P < 0.05). Light pigs had increased (P < 0.05) intestinal malondialdehydes and interleukin 8. Mycotoxins tended to increase (P = 0.060) intestinal tumor necrosis factor-α. Conclusions Nursery pigs with light weaning weight were more susceptible to jejunal inflammation and had impaired intestinal health due to weaning stress, whereas mycotoxins diminished the health and growth of nursery pigs regardless of weaning weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Holanda
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27695, USA
| | - S W Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27695, USA.
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18
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Chen X, Huang L, Cheng L, Hu B, Liu H, Hu J, Hu S, Han C, He H, Kang B, Xu H, Wang J, Li L. Effects of floor- and net-rearing systems on intestinal growth and microbial diversity in the ceca of ducks. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:76. [PMID: 35296244 PMCID: PMC8925166 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02478-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rearing systems can affect livestock production directly, but whether they have effects on intestinal growth states and ceca microorganisms in ducks is largely unclear. The current study used Nonghua ducks to estimate the effects of rearing systems on the intestines by evaluating differences in intestinal growth indices and cecal microorganisms between ducks in the floor-rearing system (FRS) and net-rearing system (NRS). RESULTS The values of relative weight (RW), relative length (RL) and RW/RL of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum and ceca in the FRS were significantly higher than those in the NRS during weeks 4, 8 and 13 (p < 0.05). A total of 157 genera were identified from ducks under the two systems, and the dominant microorganisms in both treatments were Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria at the phylum level. The distribution of microorganisms in the ceca of the two treatments showed significant separation during the three time periods, and the value of the Simpson index in the FRS was significantly higher than that in the NRS at 13 weeks (p < 0.05). Five differential microorganisms and 25 differential metabolic pathways were found in the ceca at week 4, seven differential microorganisms and 25 differential metabolic pathways were found in the ceca at week 8, and four differential microorganisms and two differential metabolic pathways were found in the ceca at week 13. CONCLUSIONS The rearing system influences duck intestinal development and microorganisms. The FRS group had higher intestinal RL, RW and RW/RL and obviously separated ceca microorganisms compared to those of the NRS group. The differential metabolic pathways of cecal microorganisms decreased with increasing age, and the abundance of translation pathways was higher in the NRS group at week 13, while cofactor and vitamin metabolism were more abundant in the FRS group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Chen
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Liansi Huang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Lumin Cheng
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Hu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Hehe Liu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiwei Hu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Shenqiang Hu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunchun Han
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua He
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Kang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Hengyong Xu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiwen Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
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Choudhury R, Kleerebezem M. Assessing the Impact of Diet on the Mucosa-Adhered Microbiome in Piglets Using Comparative Analysis of Rectal Swabs and Colon Content. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:804986. [PMID: 35273582 PMCID: PMC8902596 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.804986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that rectal swabs provide a legitimate alternative to faecal sampling for the assessment of the intestinal microbiota in young piglets. However, we also reported that mucosa-adhered microbial populations were more represented in rectal swabs compared to faecal samples, albeit to a degree that varied per swab-sample. Here, we explored the possibility to exploit this variable enrichment of adhered populations in the rectal swabs to assess the impact of diet on mucosa-adhered microbiota in pre-weaning piglets. Paired samples of rectal swabs and colon luminal contents were collected from piglets just before weaning during two independent but similarly designed animal experiments [n = 28 piglets (experiment 1); n = 16 piglets (experiment 2)], with an early feeding treatment (EF) group that had access to customised fibrous feed in addition to sow's milk and a control (CON) group exclusively reared on sow's milk. The intestinal microbiome composition in rectal swabs and colon samples collected at 29 days of age were subjected to metataxonomic analysis. The results identified the genera Escherichia-Shigella, Anaerococcus, Peptostreptococcus, Enterococcus, Trueperella, Actinomyces, and Peptoniphilus as discriminative taxa enriched in rectal swabs compared to colon. Apart from Escherichia-Shigella (10-11% average relative abundance), most of these mucosa-adhered microbial genera display relatively low abundance. Rectal swab microbiota was found to be more variable, which is likely due to variable enrichment of mucosa-adhered microbes. Although almost exclusively driven by one of the experiments, the post-weaning diarrhoea-associated taxa Escherichia-Shigella, was enriched in CON compared to the EF group, suggesting that early life feeding may suppress post-weaning-diarrhoea-related problems in piglets. Our findings demonstrate that rectal swabs allow the investigation of the mucosa-adhered microbial populations as a function of dietary treatment in piglets. This offers opportunities to further study dietary approaches that suppress the abundance of the post-weaning diarrhoea associated adherent microbes like Escherichia-Shigella. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the paired swab-colon microbiota information (obtained from a subset of animals) can predict the mucosa-adhered populations or "mucosity factor" in rectal swab samples, facilitating the analysis of the adhered microbiota in large animal cohort studies using readily obtainable rectal swabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raka Choudhury
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Michiel Kleerebezem
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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20
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Eisenhofer R, D’Agnese E, Taggart D, Carver S, Penrose B. Microbial biogeography of the wombat gastrointestinal tract. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12982. [PMID: 35228910 PMCID: PMC8881912 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Most herbivorous mammals have symbiotic microbes living in their gastrointestinal tracts that help with harvesting energy from recalcitrant plant fibre. The bulk of research into these microorganisms has focused on samples collected from faeces, representing the distal region of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. However, the GI tract in herbivorous mammals is typically long and complex, containing different regions with distinct physico-chemical properties that can structure resident microbial communities. Little work has been done to document GI microbial communities of herbivorous animals at these sites. In this study, we use 16S rRNA gene sequencing to characterize the microbial biogeography along the GI tract in two species of wombats. Specifically, we survey the microbes along four major gut regions (stomach, small intestine, proximal colon, distal colon) in a single bare-nosed wombat (Vombatus ursinus) and a single southern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons). Our preliminary results show that GI microbial communities of wombats are structured by GI region. For both wombat individuals, we observed a trend of increasing microbial diversity from stomach to distal colon. The microbial composition in the first proximal colon region was more similar between wombat species than the corresponding distal colon region in the same species. We found several microbial genera that were differentially abundant between the first proximal colon (putative site for primary plant fermentation) and distal colon regions (which resemble faecal samples). Surprisingly, only 10.6% (98) and 18.8% (206) of amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were shared between the first proximal colon region and the distal colon region for the bare-nosed and southern hairy-nosed wombat, respectively. These results suggest that microbial communities in the first proximal colon region-the putative site of primary plant fermentation in wombats-are distinct from the distal colon, and that faecal samples may have limitations in capturing the diversity of these communities. While faeces are still a valuable and effective means of characterising the distal colon microbiota, future work seeking to better understand how GI microbiota impact the energy economy of wombats (and potentially other hindgut-fermenting mammals) may need to take gut biogeography into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Eisenhofer
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Erin D’Agnese
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia,School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - David Taggart
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia,FAUNA Research Alliance, Institute for Land, Water and Society, Kahibah, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Scott Carver
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Beth Penrose
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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21
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Gryaznova MV, Dvoretskaya YD, Syromyatnikov MY, Shabunin SV, Parshin PA, Mikhaylov EV, Strelnikov NA, Popov VN. Changes in the Microbiome Profile in Different Parts of the Intestine in Piglets with Diarrhea. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030320. [PMID: 35158643 PMCID: PMC8833389 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The most common genera in the piglet microbiome were Lactobacillus, Escherichia-Shigella, Enterococcus, Bacteroides, and Fusobacterium. Bacteria of the Lactobacillus genus dominated in healthy piglets. An increased number of Escherichia-Shigella and Enterococcus was detected in diarrheal pigs. This indicates an important role of these bacteria in the pathogenesis of diarrhea. A decreased number of Bacteroides was detected in diarrheal pigs. According to the assessment of the microbiome composition in different sections of the intestine, bacteria of the Lactobacillus genus were the most common in the ileum, while Fusobacterium and Bacteroides were more common in the rectum. Our results show that the gut microbiome may make a significant contribution to the pathogenesis of diarrhea. Abstract Determining the taxonomic composition of microbial consortia of the piglet intestine is of great importance for pig production. However, knowledge on the variety of the intestinal microbiome in newborn piglets is limited. Piglet diarrhea is a serious gastrointestinal disease with a high morbidity and mortality that causes great economic damage to the pig industry. In this study, we investigated the microbiome of various sections of the piglet intestine and compared the microbiome composition of healthy and diarrheal piglets using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The results showed that bacteria of the Lactobacillus genus were the most common in the ileum, while Fusobacterium and Bacteroides dominated in the rectum. Comparing the microbiome composition of healthy and diarrheal piglets revealed a reduced number of Lactobacillus bacteria as a hallmark of diarrhea, as did an increased content of representatives of the Escherichia-Shigella genus and a reduced number of Bacteroides, which indicates the contribution of these bacteria to the development of diarrhea in piglets. The relative abundance of Enterococcus bacteria was higher in the diarrhea group. Although some bacteria of this genus are commensals, a small number of species may be associated with the development of diarrhea in piglets. Therefore, our results indicate that the gut microbiome may be an important factor in the development of diarrhea in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya V. Gryaznova
- Laboratory of Metagenomics and Food Biotechnology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, 394036 Voronezh, Russia; (M.V.G.); (Y.D.D.); (V.N.P.)
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Yuliya D. Dvoretskaya
- Laboratory of Metagenomics and Food Biotechnology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, 394036 Voronezh, Russia; (M.V.G.); (Y.D.D.); (V.N.P.)
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Mikhail Y. Syromyatnikov
- Laboratory of Metagenomics and Food Biotechnology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, 394036 Voronezh, Russia; (M.V.G.); (Y.D.D.); (V.N.P.)
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
- FSBSI All-Russian Veterinary Research Institute of Pathology, Pharmacology and Therapy, 394061 Voronezh, Russia; (S.V.S.); (P.A.P.); (E.V.M.); (N.A.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-473-220-0876
| | - Sergey V. Shabunin
- FSBSI All-Russian Veterinary Research Institute of Pathology, Pharmacology and Therapy, 394061 Voronezh, Russia; (S.V.S.); (P.A.P.); (E.V.M.); (N.A.S.)
| | - Pavel A. Parshin
- FSBSI All-Russian Veterinary Research Institute of Pathology, Pharmacology and Therapy, 394061 Voronezh, Russia; (S.V.S.); (P.A.P.); (E.V.M.); (N.A.S.)
| | - Evgeniy V. Mikhaylov
- FSBSI All-Russian Veterinary Research Institute of Pathology, Pharmacology and Therapy, 394061 Voronezh, Russia; (S.V.S.); (P.A.P.); (E.V.M.); (N.A.S.)
| | - Nikolay A. Strelnikov
- FSBSI All-Russian Veterinary Research Institute of Pathology, Pharmacology and Therapy, 394061 Voronezh, Russia; (S.V.S.); (P.A.P.); (E.V.M.); (N.A.S.)
| | - Vasily N. Popov
- Laboratory of Metagenomics and Food Biotechnology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, 394036 Voronezh, Russia; (M.V.G.); (Y.D.D.); (V.N.P.)
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
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22
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Duarte ME, Kim SW. Intestinal microbiota and its interaction to intestinal health in nursery pigs. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 8:169-184. [PMID: 34977387 PMCID: PMC8683651 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota has gained increased attention from researchers within the swine industry due to its role in promoting intestinal maturation, immune system modulation, and consequently the enhancement of the health and growth performance of the host. This review aimed to provide updated scientific information on the interaction among intestinal microbiota, dietary components, and intestinal health of pigs. The small intestine is a key site to evaluate the interaction of the microbiota, diet, and host because it is the main site for digestion and absorption of nutrients and plays an important role within the immune system. The diet and its associated components such as feed additives are the main factors affecting the microbial composition and is central in stimulating a beneficial population of microbiota. The microbiota–host interaction modulates the immune system, and, concurrently, the immune system helps to modulate the microbiota composition. The direct interaction between the microbiota and the host is an indication that the mucosa-associated microbiota can be more effective in evaluating its effect on health parameters. It was demonstrated that the mucosa-associated microbiota should be evaluated when analyzing the interaction among diets, microbiota, and health. In addition, supplementation of feed additives aimed to promote the intestinal health of pigs should consider their roles in the modulation of mucosa-associated microbiota as biomarkers to predict the response of growth performance to dietary interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Elias Duarte
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, United States
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, United States
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23
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He Y, Jinno C, Li C, Johnston SL, Xue H, Liu Y, Ji P. Effects of a blend of essential oils, medium-chain fatty acids and a toxin-adsorbing mineral on diarrhea and gut microbiome of weanling pigs experimentally infected with a pathogenic E. coli. J Anim Sci 2021; 100:6468858. [PMID: 34919701 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A proprietary antimicrobial feed additive comprised of essential oils, medium-chain fatty acids, and a toxin-adsorbing mineral showed promising bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects in vitro. This study investigated the impacts of supplementing this blend on growth, gut microbiome, and enteric disease resilience in weaned pigs experimentally challenged with an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Thirty-six weanling pigs (6.88 ± 0.30 kg body weight (BW)) blocked by weight and gender were assigned to one of three dietary treatments: control or dietary supplementation with 0.25% or 0.50% of the antimicrobial blend. This study lasted 28 d with 7 d before and 21 d after the first ETEC inoculation (d 0). All pigs were orally inoculated with 10 10 cfu F18+ ETEC/3-mL dose for 3 consecutive days. Growth performance data and diarrhea scores were recorded throughout the experiment. Fecal samples collected on d -7, 0, 7 and 21 post first inoculation (PI), and ileal digesta and mucosal tissue collected on d 21 PI were further analyzed for gut microbiome using 16S rRNA sequencing. All data, except for frequency of diarrhea and gut microbiome, were analyzed by ANOVA using the PROC MIXED of SAS. The Chi-square test was used for analyzing frequency of diarrhea. Gut microbiome data were analyzed using QIIME2 and visualized using the R program. Dietary supplementation of 0.25% or 0.5% of the antimicrobial blend increased (P < 0.05) feed efficiency on d 14 to 21 PI of ETEC and reduced (P < 0.05) frequency of diarrhea during the study. Compared to the control group, adding 0.5% dietary antimicrobial blend increased (P < 0.05) relative abundance of Firmicutes but reduced (P < 0.05) Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria in feces on d 7 PI. Pigs that received the antimicrobial blend also had higher (P < 0.05) relative abundance of Lactobacillaceae, but lower (P < 0.05) relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae in feces on d 7 PI than pigs in control. In conclusion, supplementation of this antimicrobial blend at 0.5% reduced incidence of severe diarrhea in weaned pigs challenged with F18 ETEC and enhanced feed efficiency of weaned pigs at the last week of the experiment. Supplementation of this antimicrobial blend also modified the microbiota diversity in feces and ileal mucosa of weaned pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie He
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Cynthia Jinno
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Chong Li
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA
| | | | | | - Yanhong Liu
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Peng Ji
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA
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24
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Kurz A, Seifert J. Factors Influencing Proteolysis and Protein Utilization in the Intestine of Pigs: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3551. [PMID: 34944326 PMCID: PMC8698117 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs are among the most important farm animals for meat production worldwide. In order to meet the amino acid requirements of the animals, pigs rely on the regular intake of proteins and amino acids with their feed. Unfortunately, pigs excrete about two thirds of the used protein, and production of pork is currently associated with a high emission of nitrogen compounds resulting in negative impacts on the environment. Thus, improving protein efficiency in pigs is a central aim to decrease the usage of protein carriers in feed and to lower nitrogen emissions. This is necessary as the supply of plant protein sources is limited by the yield and the cultivable acreage for protein plants. Strategies to increase protein efficiency that go beyond the known feeding options have to be investigated considering the characteristics of the individual animals. This requires a deep understanding of the intestinal processes including enzymatic activities, capacities of amino acid transporters and the microbiome. This review provides an overview of these physiological factors and the respective analyses methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Kurz
- HoLMIR—Hohenheim Center for Livestock Microbiome Research, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany;
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 8, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jana Seifert
- HoLMIR—Hohenheim Center for Livestock Microbiome Research, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany;
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 8, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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25
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Anders JL, Moustafa MAM, Mohamed WMA, Hayakawa T, Nakao R, Koizumi I. Comparing the gut microbiome along the gastrointestinal tract of three sympatric species of wild rodents. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19929. [PMID: 34620922 PMCID: PMC8497572 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99379-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Host-microbe interactions within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) play a pivotal role in shaping host physiology, ecology, and life history. However, these interactions vary across gut regions due to changes in the physical environment or host immune system activity, thereby altering the microbial community. Each animal species may harbor their own unique microbial community due to host species-specific ecological traits such as dietary habits, micro-habitat preferences, and mating behavior as well as physiological traits. While the gut microbiota in wild animals has received much attention over the last decade, most studies comparing closely related species only utilized fecal or colon samples. In this study, we first compared the gut microbial community from the small intestine, cecum, colon, and rectum within three sympatric species of wild rodents (i.e. Apodemus speciosus, A. argenteus, and Myodes rufocanus). We then compared each gut region among host species to determine the effect of both gut region and host species on the gut microbiota. We found that the small intestine harbored a unique microbiome as compared to the lower GIT in all three host species, with the genus Lactobacillus in particular having higher abundance in the small intestine of all three host species. There were clear interspecific differences in the microbiome within all gut regions, although some similarity in alpha diversity and community structure within the small intestine was found. Finally, fecal samples may be appropriate for studying the lower GIT in these species, but not the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L. Anders
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, N10W5, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810 Japan
| | - Mohamed Abdallah Mohamed Moustafa
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Laboratory of Parasitology, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818 Japan ,grid.412707.70000 0004 0621 7833Department Animal Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523 Egypt
| | - Wessam Mohamed Ahmed Mohamed
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Laboratory of Parasitology, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818 Japan
| | - Takashi Hayakawa
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, N10W5, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810 Japan ,grid.471626.00000 0004 4649 1909Japan Monkey Centre, Inuyama, Aichi 484-0081 Japan
| | - Ryo Nakao
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Laboratory of Parasitology, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818 Japan
| | - Itsuro Koizumi
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, N10W5, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810 Japan
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26
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Matsui H, Imai T, Kondo M, Ban-Tokuda T, Yamada Y. Effects of the supplementation of a calcium soap containing medium-chain fatty acids on the fecal microbiota of pigs, lactating cows, and calves. Anim Sci J 2021; 92:e13636. [PMID: 34608725 PMCID: PMC9286607 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) have antialgal, antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoan, and antiviral activities. However, antibacterial activities of MCFAs in the hindgut of pigs and cattle are still unknown. We report the effects of the supplementation of MCFAs on fecal bacteria of pigs, lactating cows, and Japanese Black calves. Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., eaeA(+) Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter jejuni, and Clostridium perfringens in the feces of animals were quantified by real-time PCR assay. There was no significant increase or decrease in Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. in the three animals. In the pig feces, eaeA(+) E. coli was reduced to less than a third in the treatment group (P < 0.01). C. jejuni in the pig feces was also significantly less in the treatment group compared with the control (P < 0.01). In the lactating cow, eaeA(+) E. coli was reduced to one fifth of that in the control (P < 0.01). Salmonella spp. was halved in calf feces (P < 0.01). Thus, a reduction in Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria was observed. In conclusion, supplementation of a MCFA calcium soap in the diet would be beneficial to growing pigs, lactating cow, and calves by reducing pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Matsui
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Taichi Imai
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Makoto Kondo
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | | | - Yutaka Yamada
- Agromedic group, R&D Lab., Yuka Sangyo Co., Ltd, Amagasaki, Japan
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Different Responses of Microbiota across Intestinal Tract to Enterococcus faecium HDRsEf1 and Their Correlation with Inflammation in Weaned Piglets. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081767. [PMID: 34442847 PMCID: PMC8402050 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecium HDRsEf1 (HDRsEf1) was identified to reduce the incidence of diarrhea in weaned piglets, but the mechanism has not been elucidated yet. Based on the fact that gut microbiota plays a crucial role in regulating inflammatory responses, the effects of HDRsEf1 on microbiota across the intestinal tract in weaned piglets were investigated. Microbiota from the luminal contents and the mucosa of the ileum, cecum, and colon of HDRsEf1-treated piglets were explored by 16S rRNA sequencing and qPCR. It was demonstrated that microbiota in different gut niches responded specifically to HDRsEf1, with major alterations occurring in the ileum and cecum. The total bacterial load of microbiota in ileal luminal contents and the relative abundance of Escherichia-Shigella in the ileal mucosa was significantly down-regulated by HDRsEf1 administration, while the relative abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria (including Clostridiaceae-1, Rumencoccidae, and Erysipelotrichaceae) in cecal luminal contents was significantly up-regulated. Moreover, the utilization of HDRsEf1 improved intestinal morphological development and reduced the inflammatory response, which were negatively correlated with the relative abundance of Escherichia-Shigella in the ileal mucosa and butyrate-producing bacteria in cecal luminal contents, respectively. Collectively, this study suggests that the administration of HDRsEf1 alters gut microbiota, thereby alleviating inflammation and improving intestinal morphological development in weaned piglets.
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28
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A Review of the Effects and Production of Spore-Forming Probiotics for Poultry. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11071941. [PMID: 34209794 PMCID: PMC8300232 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Spore-forming probiotics are widely used in the poultry industry for their beneficial impact on host health. The main feature that separates spore-forming probiotics from the more common lactic acid probiotics is their high resistance to external and internal factors, resulting in higher viability in the host and correspondingly, greater efficiency. Their most important effect is the ability to confront pathogens, which makes them a perfect substitute for antibiotics. In this review, we cover and discuss the interactions of spore-forming probiotic bacteria with poultry as the host, their health promotion effects and mechanisms of action, impact on poultry productivity parameters, and ways to manufacture the probiotic formulation. The key focus of this review is the lack of reproducibility in poultry research studies on the evaluation of probiotics’ effects, which should be solved by developing and publishing a set of standard protocols in the professional community for conducting probiotic trials in poultry. Abstract One of the main problems in the poultry industry is the search for a viable replacement for antibiotic growth promoters. This issue requires a “one health” approach because the uncontrolled use of antibiotics in poultry can lead to the development of antimicrobial resistance, which is a concern not only in animals, but for humans as well. One of the promising ways to overcome this challenge is found in probiotics due to their wide range of features and mechanisms of action for health promotion. Moreover, spore-forming probiotics are suitable for use in the poultry industry because of their unique ability, encapsulation, granting them protection from the harshest conditions and resulting in improved availability for hosts’ organisms. This review summarizes the information on gastrointestinal tract microbiota of poultry and their interaction with commensal and probiotic spore-forming bacteria. One of the most important topics of this review is the absence of uniformity in spore-forming probiotic trials in poultry. In our opinion, this problem can be solved by the creation of standards and checklists for these kinds of trials such as those used for pre-clinical and clinical trials in human medicine. Last but not least, this review covers problems and challenges related to spore-forming probiotic manufacturing.
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Köstlbacher S, Collingro A, Halter T, Schulz F, Jungbluth SP, Horn M. Pangenomics reveals alternative environmental lifestyles among chlamydiae. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4021. [PMID: 34188040 PMCID: PMC8242063 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24294-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydiae are highly successful strictly intracellular bacteria associated with diverse eukaryotic hosts. Here we analyzed metagenome-assembled genomes of the "Genomes from Earth's Microbiomes" initiative from diverse environmental samples, which almost double the known phylogenetic diversity of the phylum and facilitate a highly resolved view at the chlamydial pangenome. Chlamydiae are defined by a relatively large core genome indicative of an intracellular lifestyle, and a highly dynamic accessory genome of environmental lineages. We observe chlamydial lineages that encode enzymes of the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle and for light-driven ATP synthesis. We show a widespread potential for anaerobic energy generation through pyruvate fermentation or the arginine deiminase pathway, and we add lineages capable of molecular hydrogen production. Genome-informed analysis of environmental distribution revealed lineage-specific niches and a high abundance of chlamydiae in some habitats. Together, our data provide an extended perspective of the variability of chlamydial biology and the ecology of this phylum of intracellular microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Köstlbacher
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid Collingro
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tamara Halter
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Matthias Horn
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Gresse R, Chaucheyras-Durand F, Denis S, Beaumont M, Van de Wiele T, Forano E, Blanquet-Diot S. Weaning-associated feed deprivation stress causes microbiota disruptions in a novel mucin-containing in vitro model of the piglet colon (MPigut-IVM). J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:75. [PMID: 34078434 PMCID: PMC8170946 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00584-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risk factors for the etiology of post-weaning diarrhea, a major problem in swine industry associated with enormous economic losses, remain to be fully elucidated. In concordance with the ethical concerns raised by animal experiments, we developed a new in vitro model of the weaning piglet colon (MPigut-IVM) including a mucin bead compartment to reproduce the mucus surface from the gut to which gut microbes can adhere. RESULTS Our results indicated that the MPigut-IVM is able to establish a representative piglet archaeal and bacterial colon microbiota in terms of taxonomic composition and function. The MPigut-IVM was consequently used to investigate the potential effects of feed deprivation, a common consequence of weaning in piglets, on the microbiota. The lack of nutrients in the MPigut-IVM led to an increased abundance of Prevotellaceae and Escherichia-Shigella and a decrease in Bacteroidiaceae and confirms previous in vivo findings. On top of a strong increase in redox potential, the feed deprivation stress induced modifications of microbial metabolite production such as a decrease in acetate and an increase in proportional valerate, isovalerate and isobutyrate production. CONCLUSIONS The MPigut-IVM is able to simulate luminal and mucosal piglet microbiota and represent an innovative tool for comparative studies to investigate the impact of weaning stressors on piglet microbiota. Besides, weaning-associated feed deprivation in piglets provokes disruptions of MPigut-IVM microbiota composition and functionality and could be implicated in the onset of post-weaning dysbiosis in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaële Gresse
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 454 MEDIS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Lallemand SAS, F-31702 Blagnac, Cedex France
| | - Frédérique Chaucheyras-Durand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 454 MEDIS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Lallemand SAS, F-31702 Blagnac, Cedex France
| | - Sylvain Denis
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 454 MEDIS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Martin Beaumont
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Ghent University, Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelyne Forano
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 454 MEDIS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Fan L, Liu B, Han Z, Ren W. Insights into host-microbe interaction: What can we do for the swine industry? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:17-23. [PMID: 33997327 PMCID: PMC8110873 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent discoveries have underscored the cross-talk between intestinal microbes and their hosts. Notably, intestinal microbiota impacts the development, physiological function and social behavior of hosts. This influence usually revolves around the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA). In this review, we firstly outline the impacts of the host on colonization of intestinal microorganisms, and then highlight the influence of intestinal microbiota on hosts focusing on short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and tryptophan metabolite-mediated MGBA. We also discuss the intervention of intestinal microbial metabolism by dietary supplements, which may provide new strategies for improving the welfare and production of pigs. Overall, we summarize a state-of-the-art theory that gut microbiome affects brain functions via metabolites from dietary macronutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Bingnan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ziyi Han
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wenkai Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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Zheng L, Duarte ME, Sevarolli Loftus A, Kim SW. Intestinal Health of Pigs Upon Weaning: Challenges and Nutritional Intervention. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:628258. [PMID: 33644153 PMCID: PMC7906973 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.628258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary goal of nursery pig management is making a smooth weaning transition to minimize weaning associated depressed growth and diseases. Weaning causes morphological and functional changes of the small intestine of pigs, where most of the nutrients are being digested and absorbed. While various stressors induce post-weaning growth depression, the abrupt change from milk to solid feed is one of the most apparent challenges to pigs. Feeding functional feed additives may be viable solutions to promote the growth of nursery pigs by enhancing nutrient digestion, intestinal morphology, immune status, and by restoring intestinal balance. The aim of this review was to provide available scientific information on the roles of functional feed additives in enhancing intestinal health and growth during nursery phase. Among many potential functional feed additives, the palatability of the ingredient and the optimum supplemental level are varied, and these should be considered when applying into nursery pig diets. Considering different stressors pigs deal with in the post-weaning period, research on nutritional intervention using a single feed additive or a combination of different additives that can enhance feed intake, increase weight gain, and reduce mortality and morbidity are needed to provide viable solutions for pig producers. Further research in relation to the feed palatability, supplemental level, as well as interactions between different ingredients are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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Lo Verso L, Talbot G, Morissette B, Guay F, Matte JJ, Farmer C, Gong J, Wang Q, Bissonnette N, Beaulieu C, Lessard M. The combination of nutraceuticals and functional feeds as additives modulates gut microbiota and blood markers associated with immune response and health in weanling piglets. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5889921. [PMID: 32783055 PMCID: PMC7419736 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a combination of feed additives with complementary functional properties on the intestinal microbiota, homocysteine, and vitamins E and B status as well as systemic immune response of weanling piglets. At weaning, 32 litters were assigned to one of the following dietary treatments (DT): 1) conventional diet (CTRL); 2) CTRL diet supplemented with antibiotics (ATB); 3) a cocktail of feed additives containing cranberry extract, encapsulated carvacrol, yeast-derived products, and extra vitamins A, D, E, and B complex (CKTL); or 4) CKTL diet with bovine colostrum in replacement of plasma proteins (CKTL + COL). Within each litter, the piglets with lowest and highest birth weights (LBW and HBW, respectively) and two piglets of medium birth weight (MBW) were identified. The MBW piglets were euthanized at 42 d of age in order to characterize the ileal and colonic microbiota. Blood samples were also collected at weaning and at 42 d of age from LBW and HBW piglets to measure insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), cysteine, homocysteine, and vitamins E, B6, and B12, and to characterize the leukocyte populations. At 42 d of age, cytokine production by stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells was also measured. In a second experiment, piglets were reared under commercial conditions to evaluate the effects of the DT on the growth performance. At the indicator species analysis, the highest indicator value (IV) for Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens was found in the CKTL group, whereas the highest IV for Lactobacillus reuteri and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii was evidenced in the CKTL + COL group (P < 0.05). Compared with the other DT, CTRL piglets had higher concentrations of homocysteine, whereas the CKTL and CKTL + COL supplementations increased the concentrations of vitamins E and B12 (P < 0.05). DT had no effect on IGF-1 concentration and on blood leukocytes populations; however, compared with HBW piglets, LBW animals had lower values of IGF-1, whereas the percentages of γδ T lymphocytes and T helper were decreased and increased, respectively (P < 0.05). CKTL + COL also improved the growth performance of piglets reared under commercial conditions (P < 0.05). This study highlights the impact of birth weight on piglet systemic immune defenses and the potential of weaning diet supplemented with feed additives and bovine colostrum to modulate the homocysteine metabolism and the intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Lo Verso
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Guylaine Talbot
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Bruno Morissette
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC , Canada
| | - Frédéric Guay
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC , Canada
| | - J Jacques Matte
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Chantal Farmer
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Joshua Gong
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Qi Wang
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Nathalie Bissonnette
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Carole Beaulieu
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC , Canada
| | - Martin Lessard
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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Li N, Zuo B, Huang S, Zeng B, Han D, Li T, Liu T, Wu Z, Wei H, Zhao J, Wang J. Spatial heterogeneity of bacterial colonization across different gut segments following inter-species microbiota transplantation. MICROBIOME 2020; 8:161. [PMID: 33208178 PMCID: PMC7677849 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00917-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microbiota presents a compartmentalized distribution across different gut segments. Hence, the exogenous microbiota from a particular gut segment might only invade its homologous gut location during microbiota transplantation. Feces as the excreted residue contain most of the large-intestinal microbes but lack small-intestinal microbes. We speculated that whole-intestinal microbiota transplantation (WIMT), comprising jejunal, ileal, cecal, and colonic microbiota, would be more effective for reshaping the entire intestinal microbiota than conventional fecal microbiota transplantation fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). RESULTS We modeled the compartmentalized colonization of the gut microbiota via transplanting the microbiota from jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colon, respectively, into the germ-free mice. Transplanting jejunal or ileal microbiota induced more exogenous microbes' colonization in the small intestine (SI) of germ-free mice rather than the large intestine (LI), primarily containing Proteobacteria, Lactobacillaceae, and Cyanobacteria. Conversely, more saccharolytic anaerobes from exogenous cecal or colonic microbiota, such as Bacteroidetes, Prevotellaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Ruminococcaceae, established in the LI of germ-free mice that received corresponding intestinal segmented microbiota transplantation. Consistent compartmentalized colonization patterns of microbial functions in the intestine of germ-free mice were also observed. Genes related to nucleotide metabolism, genetic information processing, and replication and repair were primarily enriched in small-intestinal communities, whereas genes associated with the metabolism of essential nutrients such as carbohydrates, amino acids, cofactors, and vitamins were mainly enriched in large-intestinal communities of germ-free mice. Subsequently, we compared the difference in reshaping the community structure of germ-free mice between FMT and WIMT. FMT mainly transferred LI-derived microorganisms and gene functions into the recipient intestine with sparse SI-derived microbes successfully transplanted. However, WIMT introduced more SI-derived microbes and associated microbial functions to the recipient intestine than FMT. Besides, WIMT also improved intestinal morphological development as well as reduced systematic inflammation responses of recipients compared with FMT. CONCLUSIONS Segmented exogenous microbiota transplantation proved the spatial heterogeneity of bacterial colonization along the gastrointestinal tract, i.e., the microbiota from one specific location selectively colonizes its homologous gut region. Given the lack of exogenous small-intestinal microbes during FMT, WIMT may be a promising alternative for conventional FMT to reconstitute the microbiota across the entire intestinal tract. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Bin Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Shimeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Benhua Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Dandan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Tiantian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Zhenhua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Hong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Jiangchao Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
| | - Junjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
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Ahasan MS, Waltzek TB, Owens L, Ariel E. Characterisation and comparison of the mucosa-associated bacterial communities across the gastrointestinal tract of stranded green turtles, Chelonia mydas. AIMS Microbiol 2020; 6:361-378. [PMID: 33364533 PMCID: PMC7755585 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chelonia mydas are primarily herbivorous long-distance migratory sea turtles that contribute to marine ecosystems. Extensive research has been conducted to restore the populations of green turtles. Little is known about their gut microbiota which plays a vital role in their health. We investigated the mucosa-associated bacterial communities across the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of a total four (3, juvenile and 1, adult) stranded green turtles. Samples taken from four GI regions including oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine were analysed by high-throughput sequencing targeting hypervariable V1-V3 regions of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Bacterial diversity and richness decreased longitudinally along the GI tract from oesophagus to the small intestine of stranded turtles. The large intestine showed a higher bacterial diversity and richness compared to small intestine. The bacterial community of green turtles' GI tract was largely dominated by Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria. Aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria prevailed primarily in the oesophagus while anaerobes (Lachnospiraceae, Peptostreptococcaceae and Ruminococcaceae) constituted the bulk of large intestinal microbiota. Firmicutes dominated the GI tract except within the small intestine where Proteobacteria prevailed. At the OTU level, six percent of the total OTUs (>1% relative abundance) were common in all GI regions. This is a comprehensive characterisation of bacterial microbiota across the GI tract in green turtles which will provide a reference for future studies on turtle gut microbiome and their metabolism to improve their health and nutrition during rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shamim Ahasan
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Qld, Australia.,Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Rangpur, Bangladesh
| | - Thomas B Waltzek
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Leigh Owens
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Qld, Australia
| | - Ellen Ariel
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Qld, Australia
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Geng T, Su S, Sun K, Zhao L, Zhao Y, Bao N, Pan L, Sun H. Effects of feeding a Lactobacillus plantarum JL01 diet on caecal bacteria and metabolites of weaned piglets. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 72:24-35. [PMID: 32989746 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Currently, knowledge is limited concerning the impact of a Lactobacillus plantarum JL01 diet for weaned piglets on caecal bacteria and metabolite profiles. In our experiments, 24 weaned piglets were randomly divided into two groups; each piglet in the treatment groups (Cec-Lac) was fed a basic diet and administered 10 ml of L. plantarum JL01 (1·0 × 109 CFU per ml) every day. The control group (Cec-Con) was fed a basic diet. After feeding for 28 days, we analysed the parameters of the caecal digesta of weaned piglets. We used 16S rDNA gene sequencing and mass spectrometry (MS)-based metabolomics techniques to investigate the effect of a L. plantarum JL01 diet on intestinal microbial composition and its metabolite profiles in the caecum contents of weaned piglets. The results showed that the richness estimators (ACE and Chao indices) in the caecal bacteria increased in the Cec-Lac group. Prevotella_2 and Desulfovibrio decreased significantly, while Pantoea and Rectale_group increased in the caecum of weaned piglets in the Cec-Lac group. Furthermore, Pearson's correlation analysis revealed that the genus Rectale_group was positively correlated with indole-3-acetic acid (P < 0·05), and the genus Pantoea had the same correlation with 1-palmitoyl lysophosphatidic acid. The metabolomics analysis revealed that the L. plantarum JL01 diet supplementation had significant effects on tryptophan metabolism and fat digestion and absorption. The results indicated that the L. plantarum JL01 dietary supplementation not only altered the microbial composition but also mediated tryptophan metabolism and fat digestion and absorption in the caecum, factors that may further affect the health of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Geng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - S Su
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - K Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - L Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Y Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - N Bao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - L Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - H Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Temporally Modulates the Enteric Microbiota and Host Responses To Overcome Colonization Resistance in Swine. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.01569-20. [PMID: 32859592 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01569-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a prevalent incitant of enteritis in human beings and nonhuman animals. It has been proposed that host defense responses incited by Salmonella allow the bacterium to overcome colonization resistance. Piglets (n = 24) were orally inoculated with S. enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 or buffer alone, and the host and microbial responses were temporally examined at the acute (2 days postinoculation [dpi]), subacute (6 dpi), and recovery (10 dpi) stages of salmonellosis. At the acute stage of disease, body temperatures were elevated, and feed consumption and weight gain were reduced. The densities of Salmonella associated with the gut mucosa decreased over time, with higher densities of the bacterium in the ileum and the large intestine. Moreover, substantive histopathological changes were observed as a function of time, with prominent epithelial injury and neutrophil infiltration observed at 2 dpi. Correspondingly, a variety of host metrics were temporally affected in piglets with salmonellosis (e.g., TNFα, IFNγ, PR39, βD2, iNOS, IL8, REGIIIγ). The enteric microbiota was characterized using culture-independent and -dependent methods in concert, and taxon- and location-specific changes to the microbiota were observed in infected piglets. Bacteroides spp. (e.g., Bacteroides uniformis, Bacteroides fragilis), Streptococcus spp. (e.g., Streptococcus gallolyticus), and various Gammaproteobacteria were highly associated with inflamed tissues, while bacteria within the Ruminococcaceae and Veillonellaceae families were mainly associated with healthy mucosae. In conclusion, the study findings showed that S Typhimurium incited temporal and spatial modifications to the swine autochthonous microbiota, and to host defense responses, that were consistent with overcoming colonization resistance to incite salmonellosis in swine.IMPORTANCE Limited information is available on host and enteric microbiota responses incited by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in swine and on possible mechanisms by which the bacterium overcomes colonization resistance to incite salmonellosis. Temporal characterization of a variety of host metrics in piglets (e.g., physiological, histopathological, and immunological) showed the importance of studying the progression of salmonellosis. A number of host responses integrally associated with disease development were identified. Utilization of next-generation sequence analysis to characterize the enteric microbiota was found to lack sufficient resolution; however, culture-dependent and -independent methods in combination identified taxon- and location-specific changes to bacterial communities in infected piglets. The study identified bacterial and host responses associated with salmonellosis, which will be beneficial in understanding colonization resistance and in the development of effective alternatives to antibiotics to mitigate salmonellosis.
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Chen J, Lei Y, Zhang Y, He S, Liu L, Dong X. Beyond sweetness: The high-intensity sweeteners and farm animals. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Maturational Changes Alter Effects of Dietary Phytase Supplementation on the Fecal Microbiome in Fattening Pigs. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8071073. [PMID: 32708445 PMCID: PMC7409029 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8071073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related successions in the porcine gut microbiome may modify the microbial response to dietary changes. This may especially affect the bacterial response to essential nutrients for bacterial metabolism, such as phosphorus (P). Against this background, we used phytase supplementation (0 or 650 phytase units/kg complete feed) to alter the P availability in the hindgut and studied the dietary response of the fecal bacterial microbiome from the early to late fattening period. Fecal DNA were isolated after 0, 3, 5 and 10 weeks and the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was sequenced. Permutational analysis of variance showed distinct bacterial communities for diet and week. Alpha-diversity and taxonomy indicated progressing maturation of the bacterial community with age. Prevotellaceae declined, whereas Clostridiaceae and Ruminococcaceae increased from weeks 0 to 3, 5, and 10, indicating changes in fiber-digesting capacities with age. Phytase affected all major bacterial taxa but reduced species richness (Chao1) and diversity (Shannon and Simpson). To conclude, present results greatly support the importance of available P for bacterial proliferation, including fibrolytic, lactic acid- and butyrate-producing genera, in pigs. Results also emphasize the necessity to assess bacterial responses to dietary manipulation at several time points throughout the fattening period.
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Johnstone AM, Kelly J, Ryan S, Romero-Gonzalez R, McKinnon H, Fyfe C, Naslund E, Lopez-Nicolas R, Bosscher D, Bonnema A, Frontela-Saseta C, Ros-Berruezo G, Horgan G, Ze X, Harrold J, Halford J, Gratz SW, Duncan SH, Shirazi-Beechey S, Flint HJ. Nondigestible Carbohydrates Affect Metabolic Health and Gut Microbiota in Overweight Adults after Weight Loss. J Nutr 2020; 150:1859-1870. [PMID: 32510158 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The composition of diets consumed following weight loss (WL) can have a significant impact on satiety and metabolic health. OBJECTIVE This study was designed to test the effects of including a nondigestible carbohydrate to achieve weight maintenance (WM) following a period of WL. METHODS Nineteen volunteers [11 females and 8 males, aged 20-62 y; BMI (kg/m2): 27-42] consumed a 3-d maintenance diet (15%:30%:55%), followed by a 21-d WL diet (WL; 30%:30%:40%), followed by 2 randomized 10-d WM diets (20%:30%:50% of energy from protein:fat:carbohydrate) containing either resistant starch type 3 (RS-WM; 22 or 26 g/d for females and males, respectively) or no RS (C-WM) in a within-subject crossover design without washout periods. The primary outcome, WM after WL, was analyzed by body weight. Secondary outcomes of fecal microbiota composition and microbial metabolite concentrations and gut hormones were analyzed in fecal samples and blood plasma, respectively. All outcomes were assessed at the end of each dietary period. RESULTS Body weight was similar after the RS-WM and C-WM diets (90.7 and 90.8 kg, respectively), with no difference in subjectively rated appetite. During the WL diet period plasma ghrelin increased by 36% (P < 0.001), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) decreased by 33% (P < 0.001), and insulin decreased by 46% (P < 0.001), but no significant differences were observed during the RS-WM and C-WM diet periods. Fasting blood glucose was lower after the RS-WM diet (5.59 ± 0.31 mmol/L) than after the C-WM diet [5.75 ± 0.49 mmol/L; P = 0.015; standard error of the difference between the means (SED): 0.09]. Dietary treatments influenced the fecal microbiota composition (R2 = 0.054, P = 0.031) but not diversity. CONCLUSIONS The metabolic benefits, for overweight adults, from WL were maintained through a subsequent WM diet with higher total carbohydrate intake. Inclusion of resistant starch in the WM diet altered gut microbiota composition positively and resulted in lower fasting glucose compared with the control, with no apparent change in appetite. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01724411.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Kelly
- Functional and Comparative Genomics, and Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sheila Ryan
- Functional and Comparative Genomics, and Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hannah McKinnon
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Fyfe
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ruben Lopez-Nicolas
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | - Carmen Frontela-Saseta
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Gaspar Ros-Berruezo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Graham Horgan
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaolei Ze
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, United Kingdom
| | - Jo Harrold
- Appetite and Obesity Research Group, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Halford
- Appetite and Obesity Research Group, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia W Gratz
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvia H Duncan
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, United Kingdom
| | - Soraya Shirazi-Beechey
- Functional and Comparative Genomics, and Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Harry J Flint
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, United Kingdom
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Yang G, Shi C, Zhang S, Liu Y, Li Z, Gao F, Cui Y, Yan Y, Li M. Characterization of the bacterial microbiota composition and evolution at different intestinal tract in wild pigs ( Sus scrofa ussuricus). PeerJ 2020; 8:e9124. [PMID: 32518722 PMCID: PMC7258971 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Commensal microorganisms are essential to the normal development and function of many aspects of animal biology, including digestion, nutrient absorption, immunological development, behaviors, and evolution. The specific microbial composition and evolution of the intestinal tracts of wild pigs remain poorly characterized. This study therefore sought to assess the composition, distribution, and evolution of the intestinal microbiome of wild pigs. For these analyses, 16S rRNA V3-V4 regions from five gut sections prepared from each of three wild sows were sequenced to detect the microbiome composition. These analyses revealed the presence of 6,513 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) mostly distributed across 17 phyla and 163 genera in these samples, with Firmicutes and Actinobacteria being the most prevalent phyla of microbes present in cecum and jejunum samples, respectively. Moreover, the abundance of Actinobacteria in wild pigs was higher than that in domestic pigs. At the genus level the Bifidobacterium and Allobaculum species of microbes were most abundant in all tested gut sections, with higher relative abundance in wild pigs relative to domestic pigs, indicating that in the process of pig evolution, the intestinal microbes also evolved, and changes in the intestinal microbial diversity could have been one of the evolutionary forces of pigs. Intestinal microbial functional analyses also revealed the microbes present in the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) and large intestine (cecum and colon) of wild pigs to engage distinct metabolic spatial structures and pathways relative to one another. Overall, these results offer unique insights that would help to advance the current understanding of how the intestinal microbes interact with the host and affect the evolution of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangli Yang
- Department of Biology and Food Sciences, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu City, Henan Province, China
| | - Chuanxin Shi
- Department of Biology and Food Sciences, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu City, Henan Province, China
| | - Shuhong Zhang
- Department of Biology and Food Sciences, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu City, Henan Province, China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Animal Husbandry Engineering, Henan Vocational College of Agricultural, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Department of Biology and Food Sciences, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu City, Henan Province, China
| | - Fengyi Gao
- Department of Biology and Food Sciences, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu City, Henan Province, China
| | - Yanyan Cui
- Department of Biology and Food Sciences, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu City, Henan Province, China
| | - Yongfeng Yan
- Department of Biology and Food Sciences, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu City, Henan Province, China
| | - Ming Li
- Engineering College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
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Berlemont R, Winans N, Talamantes D, Dang H, Tsai HW. MetaGeneHunt for protein domain annotation in short-read metagenomes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7712. [PMID: 32382098 PMCID: PMC7205989 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63775-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The annotation of short-reads metagenomes is an essential process to understand the functional potential of sequenced microbial communities. Annotation techniques based solely on the identification of local matches tend to confound local sequence similarity and overall protein homology and thus don't mirror the complex multidomain architecture and the shuffling of functional domains in many protein families. Here, we present MetaGeneHunt to identify specific protein domains and to normalize the hit-counts based on the domain length. We used MetaGeneHunt to investigate the potential for carbohydrate processing in the mouse gastrointestinal tract. We sampled, sequenced, and analyzed the microbial communities associated with the bolus in the stomach, intestine, cecum, and colon of five captive mice. Focusing on Glycoside Hydrolases (GHs) we found that, across samples, 58.3% of the 4,726,023 short-read sequences matching with a GH domain-containing protein were located outside the domain of interest. Next, before comparing the samples, the counts of localized hits matching the domains of interest were normalized to account for the corresponding domain length. Microbial communities in the intestine and cecum displayed characteristic GH profiles matching distinct microbial assemblages. Conversely, the stomach and colon were associated with structurally and functionally more diverse and variable microbial communities. Across samples, despite fluctuations, changes in the functional potential for carbohydrate processing correlated with changes in community composition. Overall MetaGeneHunt is a new way to quickly and precisely identify discrete protein domains in sequenced metagenomes processed with MG-RAST. In addition, using the sister program "GeneHunt" to create custom Reference Annotation Table, MetaGeneHunt provides an unprecedented way to (re)investigate the precise distribution of any protein domain in short-reads metagenomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Berlemont
- Department of biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, California, USA.
| | - N Winans
- Department of biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, California, USA
| | - D Talamantes
- Department of biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, California, USA
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia Athens, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - H Dang
- Department of biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, California, USA
| | - H-W Tsai
- Department of biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, California, USA
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Parois SP, Duttlinger AW, Richert BT, Lindemann SR, Johnson JS, Marchant-Forde JN. Effects of Three Distinct 2-Week Long Diet Strategies After Transport on Weaned Pigs' Short and Long-Term Welfare Markers, Behaviors, and Microbiota. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:140. [PMID: 32258069 PMCID: PMC7090170 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative feed supplements have shown promising effects in terms of performance, but their effects on welfare have had little evaluation. In the present study, we aimed at evaluating the effect of diet supplementation on welfare indicators. A total of 246 piglets were weaned and transported for 12 h. After transport, they were assigned to one of 3 diets for a 14-day period: A-an antibiotic diet including chlortetracycline and tiamulin, NA-a control diet without any antibiotic or feed supplement, GLN-a diet including 0.20% L-glutamine. After the 14-day period, all piglets were fed the same diet. Tear staining was measured 11 times post-weaning (from d0 to 147). Skin lesions were counted before and after weaning (d-2, 2, and 36). Novel object tests (NOT) were done in groups 4 times post-weaning (d17, 47, 85, 111). Samples for 16S rRNA gene composition were collected prior to transport (d0), following the 14-day period (d14) and at the conclusion of the nursery phase (d34). The NA pigs appeared less interested in novel objects. On d17, they avoided the object less than A pigs (P < 0.05). They spent less time exploring the object on d85 and took longer to interact with the object on d111 than A and GLN pigs (P < 0.05). NA pigs also appeared more sensitive to environment and management. They had larger tear stains than GLN pigs on d84 and 110 (P < 0.05). On d2, NA pigs had more lesions than A and GLN (P < 0.01). In terms of microbiota composition, GLN had higher α-diversity than A and NA (P < 0.001). Differences between dietary treatments were absent at d0, were demonstrated at d14 and disappeared at d34. Pearson correlations between aggression, stress and anxiety indicators and bacterial populations were medium to high from 0.31 to 0.69. The results demonstrate that short-term feeding strategy can have both short- and long-term effects on behavior and welfare, that may partly be explained by changes in gut microbiota composition. Supplementation with GLN appears to confer similar benefits to dietary antibiotics and thus could be a viable alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severine P. Parois
- PEGASE, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, Saint-Gilles, France
- USDA-ARS, Livestock Behavior Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Alan W. Duttlinger
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Brian T. Richert
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Stephen R. Lindemann
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Jay S. Johnson
- USDA-ARS, Livestock Behavior Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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Alterations of the Viable Ileal Microbiota of the Gut Mucosa-Lymph Node Axis in Pigs Fed Phytase and Lactic Acid-Treated Cereals. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.02128-19. [PMID: 31757823 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02128-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut-lymph node axis is a critical player in the symbiotic relationship between gut microbiota and the host. However, little is known about the impact of diet-related bacterial shifts in the gut lumen on bacterial translocation into lymph nodes. Here, we (i) characterized changes in the viable microbiota composition along the ileal digesta-mucosa-lymph node axis and (ii) examined the effect of dietary phytase supplementation and lactic acid (LA) soaking of cereals on the bacterial taxonomy along this axis, together with their effect on the mucosal expression of innate immune and barrier function genes in pigs (n = 8/diet). After 18 days on diets, ileal digesta, mucosa, and ileocecal lymph nodes (ICLNs) were collected for RNA isolation and 16S rRNA-based high-resolution community profiling. Bacterial communities were dominated by Lactobacillaceae and Clostridiaceae, with clearly distinguishable profiles at the three sampling sites. Specific bacterial subsampling was indicated by enrichment of the ICLNs with Lactobacillaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Veillonellaceae, and Methanobacteriaceae and less Clostridiaceae, Pasteurellaceae, Helicobacteraceae, and Enterobacteriaceae compared to that of the mucosa. LA treatment of cereals reduced proteolytic taxa in the lumen, including pathobionts like Helicobacteraceae, Campylobacteraceae, and Fusobacteriaceae When combined, phytase- and LA-treated cereals largely increased species richness, while the single treatments reduced Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes in ICLNs and increased mucosal MUC2 expression. In contrast, phytase reduced mucosal CDH1 expression, indicating altered barrier function with potential effects on bacterial translocation. Overall, both treatments, although often differently, changed the viable microbiome along the digesta-mucosa-lymph node axis in the ileum, probably due to altered substrate availability and microbial-host interactions.IMPORTANCE A host's diet largely determines the gut microbial composition and therefore may influence bacterial translocation into ICLNs. Due to its importance for cell metabolism, the intestinal phosphorus availability, which was modified here by phytase and LA treatment of cereals, affects the intestinal microbiota. Previous studies mainly focused on bacteria in the lumen. The novelty of this work resides mainly in that we report diet-microbe effects along the digesta-mucosa-ICLN axis and linked those effects to mucosal expression of barrier function genes as crucial components for host health. Lymph nodes can serve as reservoir of pathobionts; therefore, present diet-microbiome-host interactions have implications for food safety.
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Badman J, Daly K, Kelly J, Moran AW, Cameron J, Watson I, Newbold J, Shirazi-Beechey SP. The Effect of Milk Replacer Composition on the Intestinal Microbiota of Pre-ruminant Dairy Calves. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:371. [PMID: 31709269 PMCID: PMC6821647 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of dietary composition and prebiotics, in promoting the growth of beneficial groups of gut bacteria, is increasingly apparent. Using Illumina MiSeq sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes, this study has aimed to characterize and compare the establishment of the gastrointestinal microbiota in dairy calves given two different commercial milk replacer (MR) diets. MR1 and MR2 contain different levels of macronutrients such as protein and fat. Moreover, differences in manufacturing methods infer that MR2 may contain a greater proportion of conjugated milk oligosaccharides (OS), while MR1 contains more free milk OS. A total of 10 dairy calves, five in each group, were assigned to one of the two MR diets. Freshly voided fecal samples were taken at 0, 7, 14, 28, and 49 days after first consumption of milk replacer. The relative abundance of two individual Bifidobacterium species, which are known to utilize milk OS, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii were significantly higher at day 7 in the fecal microbiome of calves fed MR2 compared with MR1. These commensal bacteria are widely regarded as probiotic organisms that confer a health benefit on the host. Our findings suggest that the composition of bovine milk replacers can have significant effects on the establishment of the gut microbiota in pre-weaned (neonatal) dairy calves. Better understanding of milk composition-microbiota-host interactions in early life will inform targeted interventions to increase growth and reduce mortality in young animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Badman
- Epithelial Function and Development Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Kristian Daly
- Epithelial Function and Development Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Kelly
- Epithelial Function and Development Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew W Moran
- Epithelial Function and Development Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - John Cameron
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Watson
- Volac International Ltd, Orwell, United Kingdom
| | | | - Soraya P Shirazi-Beechey
- Epithelial Function and Development Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Klinsoda J, Vötterl J, Zebeli Q, Metzler-Zebeli BU. Lactic Acid Treatment of Cereals and Dietary Phytase Modified Fecal Microbiome Composition Without Affecting Expression of Virulence Factor Genes in Growing Pigs. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2345. [PMID: 31681210 PMCID: PMC6808178 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides the major nutrients, phosphorus (P) is an essential mineral for both the host animal and the porcine gut microbiota. Different strategies including phytase supplementation and more recently lactic acid (LA) are used to enhance the P availability from cereals in pig diets; however, their impact on the gut microbiota has been rarely related to fecal shedding of opportunistic pathogens. The present study investigated the effect of phytase supplementation and the treatment of dietary cereals with 2.5% LA on the fecal microbiome composition of metabolic active bacteria and expression of virulence factor genes of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens in growing pigs. Phytase supplementation reduced the fecal abundance of the most abundant Lactobacillaceae family, whereas the LA-treatment of cereals had a stronger impact on the bacterial community, reducing amylolytic, pullulanolytic and hemicellulolytic Lactobacillaceae, Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae as well as the fecal bacterial species richness (Chao1) and diversity (Shannon index). Mainly the family Clostridiaceae benefited from the decline in the aforementioned families, being enriched by both dietary treatments. Multigroup data integration using sparse partial least squares-discriminant analysis showed that among the most discriminative operational taxonomic units (OTU) especially two unclassified Clostridiaceae-OTUs, one Prevotella copri-like OTU and one OTU within the vadinCA11 group were associated with calcium and P levels but were negatively linked with complex carbohydrates in feces. Heat-stable toxin A (Sta) of enterotoxigenic E. coli and Stx2e of Shiga-toxin producing E. coli were expressed in feces but were similar among feeding groups. Without modifying the total bacterial gene copies and virulence factor expression of E. coli, both dietary phytase supplementation and LA-treatment of cereals drastically altered the bacterial community composition in pig feces. Results thereby allowed for the characterization of bacterial nutrient dependencies, indicating a link between fecal P availability, complex carbohydrate composition and alterations in the predominant genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutamat Klinsoda
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Food Research and Product Development, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Julia Vötterl
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara U Metzler-Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Arfken AM, Frey JF, Ramsay TG, Summers KL. Yeasts of Burden: Exploring the Mycobiome-Bacteriome of the Piglet GI Tract. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2286. [PMID: 31649634 PMCID: PMC6792466 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between the bacteria and fungi in the gut microbiome can result in altered nutrition, pathogenicity of infection, and host development, making them a crucial component in host health. Associations between the mycobiome and bacteriome in the piglet gut, in the context of weaning, remain unknown. Weaning is a time of significant stress, dietary changes, microbial alterations, and a predisposition to infection. The loss of animal health and growth makes potential microbial interventions of interest to the swine industry. Recent studies have demonstrated the diversity and development of the microbiome in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of piglets during weaning, resulting from the dietary and physiological changes. Despite these advances, the role of the mycobiota in piglet health and its contribution to overall microbiome development remains mostly unknown. In this study we investigated the bacteriome and the mycobiome after weaning in the GI tract organs and feces from 35-day old piglets. Following weaning, the α-diversity and amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) counts of the bacteriome increased, proximally to distally, from the stomach to the feces along the GI tract, while the mycobiome α-diversity and ASV counts were highest in the porcine stomach. β-diversity analyses show distinct clusters based on organ type in the bacteriome and mycobiome, but dispersion remained relatively constant in the mycobiome between organ/fecal sites. Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Epsilonbacteraeota were the most abundant bacterial phyla present in the GI tract and feces based on mean taxonomic composition with high variation of composition found in the stomach. In the mycobiome, the dominant phyla were Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, and the stomach mycobiome did not demonstrate the same high level of variation observed in the bacteriome. Potential interactions between genera were found in the lower piglet GI bacteriome and mycobiome with positive correlations found between the fungus, Kazachstania, and several bacterial species, including Lactobacillus. Aspergillus demonstrated negative correlations with the short chain fatty acid-producing bacteria Butyricoccus, Subdoligranulum, and Fusicatenibacter. This study demonstrates the distinct colonization dynamics between fungi and bacteria in the GI tract and feces of piglets directly following weaning and the potential interactions of these microbes in the porcine gut ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Arfken
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Juli Foster Frey
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Timothy G Ramsay
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Katie Lynn Summers
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
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48
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Maltecca C, Bergamaschi M, Tiezzi F. The interaction between microbiome and pig efficiency: A review. J Anim Breed Genet 2019; 137:4-13. [PMID: 31576623 DOI: 10.1111/jbg.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The existence of genetic control over the abundance of particular taxa and the link of these to energy balance and growth has been documented in model organisms and humans as well as several livestock species. Preliminary evidence of the same mechanisms is currently under investigation in pigs. Future research should expand these results and elicit the extent of genetic control of the gut microbiome population in swine and its relationship with growth efficiency. The quest for a more efficient pig at the interface between the host and its metagenome rests on the central hypothesis that the gut microbiome is an essential component of the variability of growth in all living organisms. Swine do not escape this general rule, and the identification of the significance of the interaction between host and its gut microbiota in the growth process could be a game-changer in the achievement of sustainable and efficient lean meat production. Standard sampling protocols, sequencing techniques, bioinformatic pipelines and methods of analysis will be paramount for the portability of results across experiments and populations. Likewise, characterizing and accounting for temporal and spatial variability will be a necessary step if microbiome is to be utilized routinely as an aid to selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Maltecca
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Matteo Bergamaschi
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Francesco Tiezzi
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Microbiota Composition and Functional Profiling Throughout the Gastrointestinal Tract of Commercial Weaning Piglets. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7090343. [PMID: 31547478 PMCID: PMC6780805 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary, environmental, and social stresses induced by weaning transition in pig production are associated with alterations of gut microbiota, diarrhea, and enteric infections. With the boom of -omic technologies, numerous studies have investigated the dynamics of fecal bacterial communities of piglets throughout weaning but much less research has been focused on the composition and functional properties of microbial communities inhabiting other gastrointestinal segments. The objective of the present study was to bring additional information about the piglet bacterial and archaeal microbiota throughout the entire digestive tract, both at the structural level by using quantitative PCR and high-throughput sequencing, and on functionality by measurement of short-chain fatty acids and predictions using Tax4Fun tool. Our results highlighted strong structural and functional differences between microbial communities inhabiting the fore and the lower gut as well as a quantitatively important archaeal community in the hindgut. The presence of opportunistic pathogens was also noticed throughout the entire digestive tract and could trigger infection emergence. Understanding the role of the intestinal piglet microbiota at weaning could provide further information about the etiology of post-weaning infections and lead to the development of effective preventive solutions.
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50
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Firrman J, Liu L, Tanes C, Bittinger K, Mahalak K, Rinaldi W. Metagenomic assessment of the Cebus apella gut microbiota. Am J Primatol 2019; 81:e23023. [PMID: 31240754 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cebus Apella (C. apella) is a species of Nonhuman Primate (NHP) used for biomedical research because it is phylogenetically similar and shares anatomical commonalities with humans. Here, the gut microbiota of three C. apella were examined in the different regions of the intestinal tract. Using metagenomics, the gut microbiota associated with the luminal content and mucus layer for each intestinal region was identified, and functionality was investigated by quantifying the levels of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced. The results of this study show a high degree of similarity in the intestinal communities among C. apella subjects, with multiple shared characteristics. First, the communities in the lumen were more phylogenetically diverse and rich compared to the mucus layer communities throughout the entire intestinal tract. The small intestine communities in the lumen displayed a higher Shannon diversity index compared to the colon communities. Second, all the communities were dominated by aero-tolerant taxa such as Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Abiotrophia, and Lactobacillus, although there was preferential colonization of specific taxa observed. Finally, the primary SCFA produced throughout the intestinal tract was acetic acid, with some propionic acid and butyric acid detected in the colon regions. The small intestine microbiota produced significantly less SCFAs compared to the communities in the colon. Collectively, these data provide an in-depth report on the composition, distribution, and SCFA production of the gut microbiota along the intestinal tract of the C. apella NHP animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Firrman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania
| | - LinShu Liu
- United States Department of Agriculture, Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania
| | - Ceylan Tanes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kyle Bittinger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Karley Mahalak
- United States Department of Agriculture, Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania
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