1
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Álvarez-Lafuente A, Benito-Matías LF, Uscola M, Suz LM. Tuber melanosporum drives the symbiosis with Castanea sativa seedlings under greenhouse conditions and high calcium levels. Symbiosis 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-023-00896-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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2
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Staubli F, Imola L, Dauphin B, Molinier V, Pfister S, Piñuela Y, Schürz L, Sproll L, Steidinger BS, Stobbe U, Tegel W, Büntgen U, Egli S, Peter M. Hidden fairy rings and males-Genetic patterns of natural Burgundy truffle (Tuber aestivum Vittad.) populations reveal new insights into its life cycle. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:6376-6391. [PMID: 35837848 PMCID: PMC10084442 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Burgundy truffles are heterothallic ascomycetes that grow in symbiosis with trees. Despite their esteemed belowground fruitbodies, the species' complex lifecycle is still not fully understood. Here, we present the genetic patterns in three natural Burgundy truffle populations based on genotyped fruitbodies, ascospore extracts and ectomycorrhizal root tips using microsatellites and the mating-type locus. Distinct genetic structures with high relatedness in close vicinity were found for females (forming the fruitbodies) and males (fertilizing partner as inferred from ascospore extracts), with high genotypic diversity and annual turnover of males, suggesting that ephemeral male mating partners are germinating ascospores from decaying fruitbodies. The presence of hermaphrodites and the interannual persistence of a few males suggest that persistent mycelia may sporadically also act as males. Only female or hermaphroditic individuals were detected on root tips. At one site, fruitbodies grew in a fairy ring formed by a large female individual that showed an outward growth rate of 30 cm per year, with the mycelium decaying within the ring and being fertilized by over 50 male individuals. While fairy ring structures have never been shown for truffles, the genetics of Burgundy truffle populations support a similar reproductive biology as those of other highly prized truffles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Staubli
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Lea Imola
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Dauphin
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Virginie Molinier
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Pfister
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Yasmine Piñuela
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain.,Forest Science and Technology Centre of Catalonia, Solsona, Spain
| | - Laura Schürz
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Brian S Steidinger
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,Department of Ecology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Willy Tegel
- Chair of Forest Growth, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulf Büntgen
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Global Change Research Centre (CzechGlobe), Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Simon Egli
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Martina Peter
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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3
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Thomas PW, Thomas HW. Mycorrhizal fungi and invertebrates: Impacts on Tuber melanosporum ascospore dispersal and lifecycle by isopod mycophagy. FOOD WEBS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2022.e00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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4
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Taschen E, Callot G, Savary P, Sauve M, Penuelas-Samaniego Y, Rousset F, Parlade X, Selosse MA, Richard F. Efficiency of the traditional practice of traps to stimulate black truffle production, and its ecological mechanisms. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16201. [PMID: 36171390 PMCID: PMC9519532 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19962-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The black truffle Tuber melanosporum was disseminated all over the world, propelled by the development of a wide variety of empirical practices. A widespread practice, called ‘truffle trap’, consists of placing pieces of truffles into excavations dug under host trees, and of collecting truffle in these traps in the next years. This research aims at (1) evaluating the effect of this practice on fruitbody production based on the analysis of 9924 truffle traps installed in 11 orchards across T. melanosporum native area in France and (2) exploring the mechanisms involved in fruitbody emergence using traps where the genotypes of introduced truffles were compared with those of fruitbodies collected in the same traps. We confirmed that truffle traps provide a major and highly variable part of truffle ground production, representing up to 89% of the collected fruitbodies. We evidenced a genetic link between introduced spores and collected fruitbodies, and then demonstrated that truffle growers provide paternal partners for mating with local maternal mycelia. We also highlighted that soil disturbance stimulate the vegetative development of established maternal mycelia. This research supports that a widely used traditional practice enhances fruitbody production by shaping favorable conditions and providing sexual partners required for fruiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Taschen
- Eco & Sols, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - G Callot
- Eco & Sols, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France.,, 26 chemin des olivettes, 34980, Montferrier sur Lez, France
| | - P Savary
- , Rue des Champs, La Remisière, 17480, Le Château d'Oléron, France.,CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - M Sauve
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Y Penuelas-Samaniego
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - F Rousset
- ISEM CNRS UMR 5554, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, CC 065, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - X Parlade
- Mycorrhizas-Sustainable Plant Protection, IRTA, Ctra. de Cabrils, 08348, Cabrils (Barcelona), Spain
| | - M-A Selosse
- UMR 7205 ISYEB, Institut Systématique Evolution Biodiversité, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, CP 50, 45 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France.,Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - F Richard
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France.
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5
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Gómez-Molina E, Sánchez S, Puig-Pey M, García-Barreda S. Intraspecific Competition Results in Reduced Evenness of Tuber melanosporum Mating-Type Abundance from the Nursery Stage. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022:10.1007/s00248-022-02087-5. [PMID: 35931774 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-02087-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The highly prized black truffle is a fungus mostly harvested in orchards planted with mycorrhizal seedlings. It is an obligatory outcrossing fungus with a single MAT locus containing two alternative mating-type idiomorphs. In the orchards, at the mycorrhizal level, these mating types are frequently spatially segregated. Some studies found that this segregation was pronounced from the nursery stage, whereas others did not find such a marked segregation. Besides, information on the host tree species and nursery conditions used in Spain, one of the main truffle-producing countries, are very scarce. In this study, we investigated the temporal dynamics of mating types in nursery seedlings of Quercus ilex and Quercus faginea, as well as the influence of cultural conditions in the nursery. Our results indicated that at the plant level, there was a trend for one of the mating types to dominate over the other from the first to the second year in the nursery, in both host species and both nursery conditions tested. However, this segregation process was not so sharp as previously reported. Our results support the hypothesis that intraspecific competition results in reduced evenness of mating-type abundance from the nursery stage, although almost all seedlings maintained both mating types and, at the seedling batch scale, the occurrence of both mating types was roughly balanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Gómez-Molina
- Centro de Investigación Y Experimentación en Truficultura (CIET), Diputación Provincial de Huesca. Polígono Fabardo S/N, 22430, Graus, Spain.
| | - Sergio Sánchez
- Departamento de Ciencia Vegetal, Centro de Investigación Y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avenida de Montañana 930, 50059, Saragossa, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Saragossa), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Meritxell Puig-Pey
- Centro de Investigación Y Experimentación en Truficultura (CIET), Diputación Provincial de Huesca. Polígono Fabardo S/N, 22430, Graus, Spain
| | - Sergi García-Barreda
- Departamento de Ciencia Vegetal, Centro de Investigación Y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avenida de Montañana 930, 50059, Saragossa, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Saragossa), Zaragoza, Spain
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6
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Fungal and Bacterial Communities in Tuber melanosporum Plantations from Northern Spain. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13030385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tuber melanosporum (Ascomycota, Pezizales) is an ectomycorrhizal fungus that produces highly appreciated hypogeous fruiting bodies called black truffles. The aim of this paper was to research the composition of ectomycorrhiza-associated fungal and bacterial communities in T. melanosporum oak plantations. Results of this paper showed the competitive effect of T. melanosporum on other fungal species, especially other mycorrhizal and pathogenic species. T. melanosporum was shown to be associated mainly with bacteria, some of them important for their properties as mycorrhizal helper bacteria. A dendrogram analysis of co-occurrence showed that T. melanosporum tended to co-occur with the following bacteria species: Singulisphaera limicola, Nannocistis excedens and Sporosarcina globispora. In addition, it was linked to fungal species such as Mortierella elongata, M. minutissima, Cryptococcus uzbekistanensis, C. chernovii and C. aerius. This study provides an exhaustive analysis of the diversity, structure and composition of fungal and bacterial communities associated with T. melanosporum to enhance understanding of the biology, composition and role of these communities in truffle plantations.
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7
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Microbial communities of ascocarps and soils in a natural habitat of Tuber indicum. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:189. [PMID: 35194691 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02763-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Truffles are the fruiting bodies of hypogeous fungi in the genus Tuber. Some truffle species usually grow in an area devoid of vegetation, called brûlé, but limited knowledge is available on the microbial composition and structure of them. Here, we investigated the bacterial and fungal communities of Tuber indicum ascocarps and soils inside and outside a characteristic brûlé from a poplar plantation with no truffle production history in northeastern China using a high-throughput sequencing approach. A predominance of members of the bacterial phylum Proteobacteria was observed in all samples. Members of Bacillus were the main genera in the ascocarps, while members of Lysobacter and unidentified Acidobacteria were more abundant in the soil. In addition, members of Gibberella, Fusarium, and Absidia were the dominant fungi in the ascocarps, while members of Tuber were enriched in the ascocarps and soils inside the brûlé. Some mycorrhization helper bacteria (Rhizobium) and ectomycorrhiza-associated bacteria (Lysobacter) were detected, indicating their potential roles in the complex development of underground fruiting bodies and brûlé formation. These findings may contribute to the protection and cultivation of truffles.
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8
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Life Cycle and Phylogeography of True Truffles. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13010145. [PMID: 35052485 PMCID: PMC8775154 DOI: 10.3390/genes13010145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
True truffle (Tuber spp.) is one group of ascomycetes with great economic importance. During the last 30 years, numerous fine-scale population genetics studies were conducted on different truffle species, aiming to answer several key questions regarding their life cycles; these questions are important for their cultivation. It is now evident that truffles are heterothallic, but with a prevalent haploid lifestyle. Strains forming ectomycorrhizas and germinating ascospores act as maternal and paternal partners respectively. At the same time, a number of large-scale studies were carried out, highlighting the influences of the last glaciation and river isolations on the genetic structure of truffles. A retreat to southern refugia during glaciation, and a northward expansion post glaciation, were revealed in all studied European truffles. The Mediterranean Sea, acting as a barrier, has led to the existence of several refugia in different peninsulas for a single species. Similarly, large rivers in southwestern China act as physical barriers to gene flow for truffles in this region. Further studies can pay special attention to population genetics of species with a wide distribution range, such as T. himalayense, and the correlation between truffle genetic structure and the community composition of truffle-associated bacteria.
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9
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Büntgen U, Peter M, Tegel W, Stobbe U, Elburg R, Sproll L, Molinier V, Čejka T, Isaac EL, Egli S. Eco-archaeological excavation techniques reveal snapshots of subterranean truffle growth. Fungal Biol 2021; 125:951-961. [PMID: 34776232 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite its status as a highly-prized and coveted fungi in gastronomy, many aspects of the subterranean life cycle of the Burgundy truffle (Tuber aestivum) are still unknown, because in situ observations of the formation and maturation of truffle fruitbodies remain difficult. Here, we adopted a suite of archaeological fine-scale excavating techniques to provide unique spatiotemporal snapshots of Burgundy truffle growth at three sites in southern Germany. We also recorded the relative position, fresh weight, maturity level and genotype composition of all excavated fruitbodies. Varying by a factor of thousand, the fresh weight of 73 truffle ranged from 0.1 to 103.2 g, with individual maturity levels likely representing different life cycle stages from completely unripe to fully ripe and even decaying. While only a slightly positive relationship between fruitbody weight and maturity level was found, our results suggest that genetically distinct specimens can exhibit different life cycle stages at the same period of time and under the same environmental conditions. We therefore argue that truffles are likely able to grow, mature and ripe simultaneously between early summer and late winter of the following year. Our case study should encourage further eco-archaeological truffle excavations under different biogeographic settings and at different seasons of the year to gain deeper insights into the fungi's subterranean ecology. The expected cross-disciplinary findings will help truffle hunters and farmers to improve their harvest practices and management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Büntgen
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK; Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences (CzechGlobe), 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic; Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
| | - Martina Peter
- Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Willy Tegel
- Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg i.Br., Germany
| | | | - Rengert Elburg
- Archaeological Heritage Office Saxony, 01109, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Virginie Molinier
- Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Tomáš Čejka
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences (CzechGlobe), 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Elizabeth L Isaac
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK
| | - Simon Egli
- Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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10
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Ori F, Menotta M, Leonardi M, Amicucci A, Zambonelli A, Covès H, Selosse MA, Schneider-Maunoury L, Pacioni G, Iotti M. Effect of slug mycophagy on Tuber aestivum spores. Fungal Biol 2021; 125:796-805. [PMID: 34537175 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Truffles in the genus Tuber produce subterranean fruiting bodies that are not able to actively discharge their spores in the environment. For this reason, truffles depend on mycophagous animals for reproduction. Fungus consumption (mycophagy) is a behaviour typical of both vertebrates and invertebrates. Mammals, especially rodents, are the most studied group of mycophagists and have been found to consume a great variety of fungi. Among invertebrates, mycophagy is documented in arthropods, but rarely in molluscs. In our study we assessed the effect on the morphology and mycorrhizal colonization of Tuber aestivum spores after passage through the gut of slugs (Deroceras invadens) and, for comparison, of a house mouse (Mus musculus). Light, scanning electron and atomic force microscopy revealed that the digestion, especially by slugs, freed spores from the asci and modified their morphology. These are believed to be the reasons why we observed an improvement in oak mycorrhization with the slug and rodent ingested spores in comparison to a fresh spore inoculation. We also demonstrated by molecular barcoding that slugs' guts sampled on a Tuber melanosporum truffle ground contain spores from this species and Tuber brumale, further suggesting that some invertebrates are efficient Tuber spore dispersers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ori
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Science, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Michele Menotta
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Saffi 2, 61029, Urbino, Italy.
| | - Marco Leonardi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Science, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Antonella Amicucci
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Saffi 2, 61029, Urbino, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Zambonelli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Hervé Covès
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France; Arbre et Paysage 32, 93 Route de Pessan, 32000, Auch, France.
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France; Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Laure Schneider-Maunoury
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Giovanni Pacioni
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Science, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Mirco Iotti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Science, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy.
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Chen J, De la Varga H, Todesco F, Beacco P, Martino E, Le Tacon F, Murat C. Frequency of the two mating types in the soil under productive and non-productive trees in five French orchards of the Périgord black truffle (Tuber melanosporum Vittad.). MYCORRHIZA 2021; 31:361-369. [PMID: 33512580 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-01011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Périgord black truffle (Tuber melanosporum Vittad.) is an ectomycorrhizal fungus forming edible fructifications. The production of T. melanosporum relies mainly on man-made plantations. T. melanosporum is a heterothallic species requiring the meeting of two partners of opposite mating types to fruit. It is common to have productive and non-productive trees in the same orchard. The aim of our study was to assess the distribution of T. melanosporum mating types in soil under productive and non-productive trees to test whether the presence or absence of one or two mating types could be an indicator of productivity. To achieve this aim, five orchards were selected in various French regions. Soils were harvested under productive and non-productive Quercus pubescens; soil characteristics and the distribution of the mating types in the soil were investigated. No significant differences between productive and non-productive soils according to soil parameters were detected. The total content of T. melanosporum DNA in the soil was significantly higher under productive trees compared with non-productive trees, and it was positively correlated only with soil available phosphorous. Under productive trees, it was more frequent to find both mating types than under non-productive trees. Soils with only one mating type were more frequent under non-productive trees than under productive ones. Moreover, no mating type was detected in the soil of 22% of the non-productive trees. These results suggest that the detection of T. melanosporum mating types in soil could be a tool to optimise the management of truffle orchards (e.g. by spore inoculation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Chen
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRAE Grand Est Nancy, Champenoux, France
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Herminia De la Varga
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRAE Grand Est Nancy, Champenoux, France
- R+D+I Department, FERTINAGRO BIOTECH, S.L, 74, Calle Los Enebros, 44002, Teruel, Spain
| | - Flora Todesco
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRAE Grand Est Nancy, Champenoux, France
- WETRUF SAS, 2, avenue de la Forêt de Haye, 54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Pauline Beacco
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRAE Grand Est Nancy, Champenoux, France
| | - Elena Martino
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRAE Grand Est Nancy, Champenoux, France
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - François Le Tacon
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRAE Grand Est Nancy, Champenoux, France
| | - Claude Murat
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRAE Grand Est Nancy, Champenoux, France.
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12
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Truffles: Biodiversity, Ecological Significances, and Biotechnological Applications. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67561-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Genotypic diversity of the Asiatic black truffle, Tuber himalayense, collected in spontaneous and highly productive truffle grounds. Mycol Prog 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-020-01642-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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14
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Meadows I, Gaskill K, Stefanile L, Sharpe S, Davis J. Persistence of Tuber melanosporum in truffle orchards in North Carolina, USA. MYCORRHIZA 2020; 30:705-711. [PMID: 32815065 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-00982-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A survey was conducted to determine the persistence of mycorrhization by Tuber melanosporum in truffle orchards established with European and American species of oak and common hazel trees in North Carolina. The trees had reportedly been inoculated and colonized by T. melanosporum prior to planting. Root samples were collected from 95 trees among seven orchards in 2015 and roots were analyzed by morphology and quantitative PCR. Samples that tested negative for T. melanosporum or where ectomycorrhizal morphology was not observed were analyzed by sequencing to identify the mycorrhizal fungal symbiont present. The presence of T. melanosporum was detected in all seven orchards. In six orchards, T. melanosporum was detected on all trees, but in only two of fifteen trees in one orchard. Other species of Tuber including T. brennemanii, T. canaliculatum, and T. lyonii, species of Scleroderma, and members of the Pezizales were also detected by sequence analysis. Sporocarps of T. aestivum and T. brumale were found in 2017 and 2018 in separate orchards in North Carolina after the survey was conducted. Overall, results indicate that T. melanosporum has persisted in truffle orchards sampled in North Carolina. Indigenous and contaminating fungal species, including Tuber species, were also detected and present a challenge to the truffle industry in North Carolina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Meadows
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Mountain Research Station, Waynesville, NC, 28786, USA.
| | - Kelly Gaskill
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center, Mills River, NC, 28759, USA
| | - Leonora Stefanile
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center, Mills River, NC, 28759, USA
| | - Suzette Sharpe
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Mountain Research Station, Waynesville, NC, 28786, USA
| | - Jeanine Davis
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center, Mills River, NC, 28759, USA
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15
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Zhang X, Li X, Ye L, Huang Y, Kang Z, Zhang B, Zhang X. Colonization by Tuber melanosporum and Tuber indicum affects the growth of Pinus armandii and phoD alkaline phosphatase encoding bacterial community in the rhizosphere. Microbiol Res 2020; 239:126520. [PMID: 32526628 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of truffle ectomycorrhizae and the ecology of truffle-colonized seedlings in the early symbiotic stage are important for the successful truffle cultivation. In this study, two black truffle species, Tuber melanosporum and Tuber indicum, were selected to colonize Pinus armandii seedlings. 2, 4, 6 and 8 months after inoculation, the growth performance of the host and the rhizosphere soil properties were detected. The dynamic changes of two mating type genes in substrate were also monitored to assess the sexual distribution of truffles. Additionally, the variation of soil bacterial communities encoded by phoD alkaline phosphatase genes was investigated through next-generation sequencing. The results indicated that both T. melanosporum and T. indicum colonization promoted the growth of P. armandii seedlings to some extent, including improving their biomass, total root surface area, root superoxide dismutases and peroxidase activity. The organic matter and available phosphorus in rhizosphere soil were also significantly enhanced by two truffles' colonization. The phoD-harboring bacterial community structure was altered by both truffles, and T. melanosporum decreased their diversity or richness on the 6th and 8th month after inoculation. Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas, and Sinorhizobium, a N2-fixer with phoD genes, were found more abundant in truffle-colonized treatments. The mating type distribution of the two truffles was uneven, with MAT1-1-1 gene occupying the majority. Overall, T. melanosporum and T. indicum colonization affected the micro-ecology of truffle symbionts during the early symbiotic stage. These results could give us a better understanding on the truffle-plant-soil-microbe interactions, which would be beneficial to the subsequent truffle cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China.
| | - Lei Ye
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Zongjing Kang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
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16
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Schneider-Maunoury L, Deveau A, Moreno M, Todesco F, Belmondo S, Murat C, Courty PE, Jąkalski M, Selosse MA. Two ectomycorrhizal truffles, Tuber melanosporum and T. aestivum, endophytically colonise roots of non-ectomycorrhizal plants in natural environments. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:2542-2556. [PMID: 31733103 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Serendipitous findings and studies on Tuber species suggest that some ectomycorrhizal fungi, beyond their complex interaction with ectomycorrhizal hosts, also colonise roots of nonectomycorrhizal plants in a loose way called endophytism. Here, we investigate endophytism of T. melanosporum and T. aestivum. We visualised endophytic T. melanosporum hyphae by fluorescent in situ hybridisation on nonectomycorrhizal plants. For the two Tuber species, microsatellite genotyping investigated the endophytic presence of the individuals whose mating produced nearby ascocarps. We quantified the expression of four T. aestivum genes in roots of endophyted, non-ectomycorrhizal plants. Tuber melanosporum hyphae colonised the apoplast of healthy roots, confirming endophytism. Endophytic Tuber melanosporum and T. aestivum contributed to nearby ascocarps, but only as maternal parents (forming the flesh). Paternal individuals (giving only genes found in meiotic spores of ascocarps) were not detected. Gene expression of T. aestivum in non-ectomycorrhizal plants confirmed a living status. Tuber species, and likely other ectomycorrhizal fungi found in nonectomycorrhizal plant roots in this study, can be root endophytes. This is relevant for the ecology (brûlé formation) and commercial production of truffles. Evolutionarily speaking, endophytism may be an ancestral trait in some ectomycorrhizal fungi that evolved from root endophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Schneider-Maunoury
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, SU, EPHE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Deveau
- INRA, UMR IAM, Laboratory of Excellence ARBRE, Université de Lorraine, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Myriam Moreno
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, SU, EPHE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Flora Todesco
- INRA, UMR IAM, Laboratory of Excellence ARBRE, Université de Lorraine, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Simone Belmondo
- INRA, UMR IAM, Laboratory of Excellence ARBRE, Université de Lorraine, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Claude Murat
- INRA, UMR IAM, Laboratory of Excellence ARBRE, Université de Lorraine, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Courty
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 17 rue Sully, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Marcin Jąkalski
- Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, SU, EPHE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
- Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
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17
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Schneider-Maunoury L, Taschen E, Richard F, Selosse MA. Soil spore bank in Tuber melanosporum: up to 42% of fruitbodies remain unremoved in managed truffle grounds. MYCORRHIZA 2019; 29:663-668. [PMID: 31701214 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-019-00912-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fungi fruiting hypogeously are believed to form spore banks in soil especially because some fruitbodies are not removed by animals. However, little is known on the proportion of fruitbodies that are not removed by animals. We took advantage of the brûlé phenomenon, which allows delineation of the mycelium distribution, to assess the proportion of unremoved black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) fruitbodies in the context of plantations where fruitbodies are actively sought and harvested by truffle growers. We inspected portions of the brûlés after the harvest season to find unremoved fruitbodies. On average, from six truffle grounds in which a total of 38 brûlés were investigated, unremoved fruitbodies represented 33% of the whole fruitbody production (42% when averaging all the brûlés). We discuss this value and its high variability among truffle grounds. Beyond the local and variable accidental reasons that may lead to this high proportion, we speculate that the formation of some undetectable fruitbodies may be under selection pressure, given the reproductive biology of T. melanosporum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Schneider-Maunoury
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, SU, EPHE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Elisa Taschen
- INRA, UMR Eco&Sols, Place Viala, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Franck Richard
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, SU, EPHE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France.
- Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
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18
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Leonardi P, Murat C, Puliga F, Iotti M, Zambonelli A. Ascoma genotyping and mating type analyses of mycorrhizas and soil mycelia of Tuber borchii in a truffle orchard established by mycelial inoculated plants. Environ Microbiol 2019; 22:964-975. [PMID: 31393668 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tuber borchii (the Bianchetto truffle) is a heterothallic Ascomycete living in symbiotic association with trees and shrubs. Maternal and paternal genotype dynamics have already been studied for the black truffles Tuber melanosporum and Tuber aestivum but not yet for T. borchii. In this study, we analysed maternal and paternal genotypes in the first truffle orchard realized with plants inoculated with five different T. borchii mycelia. Our aims were to test the persistence of the inoculated mycelia, if maternal and/or paternal genotypes correspond to inoculated mycelia and to assess the hermaphroditism of T. borchii. The mating type of each isolate as well as those of mycorrhizas, ascomata and extraradical soil mycelia was determined. Moreover, simple sequence repeat (SSR) profiles of maternal and paternal genotypes were assessed in 18 fruiting bodies to investigate the sexual behaviour of this truffle. The maternal genotypes of the fruiting bodies corresponded to those of the inoculated mycelia with only two exceptions. This confirmed that the inoculated mycelia persisted 9 years after plantation. As regards paternal partner, only two had the same genotype as those of the inoculated mycelia, suggesting hermaphroditism. Most of the new paternal genotypes originated from a recombination of those of inoculated mycelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Leonardi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, viale Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claude Murat
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, UMR IAM, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Federico Puliga
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, viale Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mirco Iotti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Science, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio, 67100, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Alessandra Zambonelli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, viale Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy
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19
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Splivallo R, Vahdatzadeh M, Maciá-Vicente JG, Molinier V, Peter M, Egli S, Uroz S, Paolocci F, Deveau A. Orchard Conditions and Fruiting Body Characteristics Drive the Microbiome of the Black Truffle Tuber aestivum. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1437. [PMID: 31316485 PMCID: PMC6611097 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Truffle fungi are well known for their enticing aromas partially emitted by microbes colonizing truffle fruiting bodies. The identity and diversity of these microbes remain poorly investigated, because few studies have determined truffle-associated bacterial communities while considering only a small number of fruiting bodies. Hence, the factors driving the assembly of truffle microbiomes are yet to be elucidated. Here we investigated the bacterial community structure of more than 50 fruiting bodies of the black truffle Tuber aestivum in one French and one Swiss orchard using 16S rRNA gene amplicon high-throughput sequencing. Bacterial communities from truffles collected in both orchards shared their main dominant taxa: while 60% of fruiting bodies were dominated by α-Proteobacteria, in some cases the β-Proteobacteria or the Sphingobacteriia classes were the most abundant, suggesting that specific factors (i.e., truffle maturation and soil properties) shape differently truffle-associated microbiomes. We further attempted to assess the influence in truffle microbiome variation of factors related to collection season, truffle mating type, degree of maturation, and location within the truffle orchards. These factors had differential effects between the two truffle orchards, with season being the strongest predictor of community variation in the French orchard, and spatial location in the Swiss one. Surprisingly, genotype and fruiting body maturation did not have a significant effect on microbial community composition. In summary, our results show, regardless of the geographical location considered, the existence of heterogeneous bacterial communities within T. aestivum fruiting bodies that are dominated by three bacterial classes. They also indicate that factors shaping microbial communities within truffle fruiting bodies differ across local conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Splivallo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Maryam Vahdatzadeh
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jose G Maciá-Vicente
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Virginie Molinier
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,UMR 5175 CEFE - CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Martina Peter
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Simon Egli
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Uroz
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 INRA - Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRA-Grand Est-Nancy, Champenoux, France
| | - Francesco Paolocci
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Division of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Aurélie Deveau
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 INRA - Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRA-Grand Est-Nancy, Champenoux, France
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20
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Deveau A, Clowez P, Petit F, Maurice JP, Todesco F, Murat C, Harroué M, Ruelle J, Le Tacon F. New insights into black truffle biology: discovery of the potential connecting structure between a Tuber aestivum ascocarp and its host root. MYCORRHIZA 2019; 29:219-226. [PMID: 30989396 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-019-00892-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
According to isotopic labeling experiments, most of the carbon used by truffle (Tuber sp.) fruiting bodies to develop underground is provided by host trees, suggesting that trees and truffles are physically connected. However, such physical link between trees and truffle fruiting bodies has never been observed. We discovered fruiting bodies of Tuber aestivum adhering to the walls of a belowground quarry and we took advantage of this unique situation to analyze the physical structure that supported these fruiting bodies in the open air. Observation of transversal sections of the attachment structure indicated that it was organized in ducts made of gleba-like tissue and connected to a network of hyphae traveling across soil particles. Only one mating type was detected by PCR in the gleba and in the attachment structure, suggesting that these two organs are from maternal origin, leaving open the question of the location of the opposite paternal mating type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Deveau
- Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRA-Grand Est-Nancy, 54280, Champenoux, France.
| | | | | | - Jean-Paul Maurice
- Groupe mycologique Vosgien, 18 bis, place des Cordeliers, 88300, Neufchâteau, France
| | - Flora Todesco
- Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRA-Grand Est-Nancy, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Claude Murat
- Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRA-Grand Est-Nancy, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Maryline Harroué
- Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1137 INRA-Université de Lorraine, Sylva, Centre INRA-Grand Est-Nancy, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Julien Ruelle
- Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1137 INRA-Université de Lorraine, Sylva, Centre INRA-Grand Est-Nancy, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - François Le Tacon
- Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRA-Grand Est-Nancy, 54280, Champenoux, France
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21
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Inner Workings: The mysterious parentage of the coveted black truffle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:10188-10190. [PMID: 30301871 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1814128115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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22
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Li Q, Fu Y, Sun Q, Sourzat P, Yang M, Liu C, Tan H, Ye L, Zou J, Wu C, Zhang B, Li X. The Uneven Distribution of Mating Type Genes in Natural and Cultivated Truffle Orchards Contributes to the Fructification of Tuber indicum. MYCOBIOLOGY 2018; 46:64-71. [PMID: 29998034 PMCID: PMC6037114 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2018.1454005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the pattern of distribution of mating type (MAT) genes of Tuber indicum in ectomycorhizosphere soils from natural T. indicum-producing areas and cultivated truffle orchards and ascocarp samples from different regions. Quantitative real-time PCR and multiplex PCR were used to weight the copy numbers of MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1 in natural truffle soils and cultivated orchard soils. The effect of limestone on the pattern of truffle MAT genes and the correlation between soil properties and the proportion of MAT genes were also assessed. These results indicated that an uneven and nonrandom distribution of MAT genes was common in truffle-producing areas, cultivated truffle orchards, and ascocarps gleba. The competition between the two mating type genes and the expansion of unbalanced distribution was found to be closely related to truffle fructification. Limestone treatments failed to alter the proportion of the two mating type genes in the soil. The content of available phosphorus in soil was significantly correlated with the value of MAT1-1-1/MAT1-2-1 in cultivated and natural ectomycorhizosphere soils. The application of real-time quantitative PCR can provide reference for monitoring the dynamic changes of mating type genes in soil. This study investigates the distributional pattern of T. indicum MAT genes in the ectomycorhizosphere soil and ascocarp gleba from different regions, which may provide a foundation for the cultivation of T. indicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Pierre Sourzat
- Truffle Research Centre of Cahors-Le Montat, Le Montat, France
| | - Mei Yang
- Panzhihua Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Panzhihua, Sichuan, China
| | - Chengyi Liu
- Panzhihua Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Panzhihua, Sichuan, China
| | - Hao Tan
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Zou
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chenguang Wu
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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23
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Mello A, Balestrini R. Recent Insights on Biological and Ecological Aspects of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi and Their Interactions. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:216. [PMID: 29497408 PMCID: PMC5818412 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The roots of most terrestrial plants are colonized by mycorrhizal fungi. They play a key role in terrestrial environments influencing soil structure and ecosystem functionality. Around them a peculiar region, the mycorrhizosphere, develops. This is a very dynamic environment where plants, soil and microorganisms interact. Interest in this fascinating environment has increased over the years. For a long period the knowledge of the microbial populations in the rhizosphere has been limited, because they have always been studied by traditional culture-based techniques. These methods, which only allow the study of cultured microorganisms, do not allow the characterization of most organisms existing in nature. The introduction in the last few years of methodologies that are independent of culture techniques has bypassed this limitation. This together with the development of high-throughput molecular tools has given new insights into the biology, evolution, and biodiversity of mycorrhizal associations, as well as, the molecular dialog between plants and fungi. The genomes of many mycorrhizal fungal species have been sequenced so far allowing to better understanding the lifestyle of these fungi, their sexual reproduction modalities and metabolic functions. The possibility to detect the mycelium and the mycorrhizae of heterothallic fungi has also allowed to follow the spatial and temporal distributional patterns of strains of different mating types. On the other hand, the availability of the genome sequencing from several mycorrhizal fungi with a different lifestyle, or belonging to different groups, allowed to verify the common feature of the mycorrhizal symbiosis as well as the differences on how different mycorrhizal species interact and dialog with the plant. Here, we will consider the aspects described before, mainly focusing on ectomycorrhizal fungi and their interactions with plants and other soil microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Mello
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Torino Unit, National Research Council, Turin, Italy
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24
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Schneider-Maunoury L, Leclercq S, Clément C, Covès H, Lambourdière J, Sauve M, Richard F, Selosse MA, Taschen E. Is Tuber melanosporum colonizing the roots of herbaceous, non-ectomycorrhizal plants? FUNGAL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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25
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Selosse MA, Schneider-Maunoury L, Taschen E, Rousset F, Richard F. Black Truffle, a Hermaphrodite with Forced Unisexual Behaviour. Trends Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28622845 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The life cycle of the black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) includes a mating before sporulation: although the species is hermaphroditic, mating turns out to involve parents with very different features, that mostly behave as male or female only, suggesting that this species undergoes forced dioecism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-André Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Laure Schneider-Maunoury
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Elisa Taschen
- INRA, UMR Eco&Sols, Place Viala, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - François Rousset
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE CC 065, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France
| | - Franck Richard
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier and Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE - 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
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