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Arcadi E, Buschi E, Rastelli E, Tangherlini M, De Luca P, Esposito V, Calogero R, Andaloro F, Romeo T, Danovaro R. Novel Insights on the Bacterial and Archaeal Diversity of the Panarea Shallow-Water Hydrothermal Vent Field. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2464. [PMID: 37894122 PMCID: PMC10608945 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Current knowledge of the microbial diversity of shallow-water hydrothermal vents is still limited. Recent evidence suggests that these peculiar and heterogeneous systems might host highly diversified microbial assemblages with novel or poorly characterized lineages. In the present work, we used 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding to provide novel insights into the diversity of the bacterial and archaeal assemblages in seawater and sediments of three shallow-water hydrothermal systems of Panarea Island (Tyrrhenian Sea). The three areas were characterized by hot, cold, or intermediate temperatures and related venting activities. Microbial biodiversity in seawater largely differed from the benthic one, both in α-diversity (i.e., richness of amplicon sequence variants-ASVs) and in prokaryotic assemblage composition. Furthermore, at the class level, the pelagic prokaryotic assemblages were very similar among sites, whereas the benthic microbial assemblages differed markedly, reflecting the distinct features of the hydrothermal activities at the three sites we investigated. Our results show that ongoing high-temperature emissions can influence prokaryotic α-diversity at the seafloor, increasing turnover (β-)diversity, and that the intermediate-temperature-venting spot that experienced a violent gas explosion 20 years ago now displays the highest benthic prokaryotic diversity. Overall, our results suggest that hydrothermal vent dynamics around Panarea Island can contribute to an increase in the local heterogeneity of physical-chemical conditions, especially at the seafloor, in turn boosting the overall microbial (γ-)diversity of this peculiar hydrothermal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Arcadi
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Sicily Marine Centre, Contrada Porticatello, 29, 98167 Messina, Italy; (E.A.); (R.C.); (F.A.)
| | - Emanuela Buschi
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Fano Marine Centre, Viale Adriatico 1-N, 61032 Fano, Italy;
| | - Eugenio Rastelli
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Fano Marine Centre, Viale Adriatico 1-N, 61032 Fano, Italy;
| | - Michael Tangherlini
- Department of Research Infrastructures for Marine Biological Resources, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Fano Marine Centre, Viale Adriatico 1-N, 61032 Fano, Italy
| | - Pasquale De Luca
- Department of Research Infrastructures for Marine Biological Resources, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Valentina Esposito
- Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale—OGS Borgo Grotta Gigante 42/C, 34010 Sgonico, Italy;
| | - Rosario Calogero
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Sicily Marine Centre, Contrada Porticatello, 29, 98167 Messina, Italy; (E.A.); (R.C.); (F.A.)
| | - Franco Andaloro
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Sicily Marine Centre, Contrada Porticatello, 29, 98167 Messina, Italy; (E.A.); (R.C.); (F.A.)
| | - Teresa Romeo
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Sicily Marine Centre, Via dei Mille 46, 98057 Milazzo, Italy
- National Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Via dei Mille 46, 98057 Milazzo, Italy
| | - Roberto Danovaro
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy;
- National Biodiversity Future Centre (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
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2
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Tong D, Wang Y, Yu H, Shen H, Dahlgren RA, Xu J. Viral lysing can alleviate microbial nutrient limitations and accumulate recalcitrant dissolved organic matter components in soil. THE ISME JOURNAL 2023:10.1038/s41396-023-01438-5. [PMID: 37248401 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-023-01438-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are critical for regulating microbial communities and biogeochemical processes affecting carbon/nutrient cycling. However, the role of soil phages in controlling microbial physiological traits and intrinsic dissolved organic matter (DOM) properties remains largely unknown. Herein, microcosm experiments with different soil phage concentrates (including no-added phages, inactive phages, and three dilutions of active phages) at two temperatures (15 °C and 25 °C) were conducted to disclose the nutrient and DOM dynamics associated with viral lysing. Results demonstrated three different phases of viral impacts on CO2 emission at both temperatures, and phages played a role in maintaining Q10 within bounds. At both temperatures, microbial nutrient limitations (especially P limitation) were alleviated by viral lysing as determined by extracellular enzyme activity (decreased Vangle with active phages). Additionally, the re-utilization of lysate-derived DOM by surviving microbes stimulated an increase of microbial metabolic efficiency and recalcitrant DOM components (e.g., SUV254, SUV260 and HIX). This research provides direct experimental evidence that the "viral shuttle" exists in soils, whereby soil phages increase recalcitrant DOM components. Our findings advance the understanding of viral controls on soil biogeochemical processes, and provide a new perspective for assessing whether soil phages provide a net "carbon sink" vs. "carbon source" in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Tong
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Youjing Wang
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Haodan Yu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Haojie Shen
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Randy A Dahlgren
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jianming Xu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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3
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Su J, Li J, Gao X, Yao Y, Jiang C. Comprehensive analysis of waterlogging control and carbon emission reduction for optimal LID layout: a case study in campus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:87802-87816. [PMID: 35821326 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21877-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, sponge city reconstruction has become the focus of research because of the increasingly serious urban waterlogging. Carbon emission reduction, waterlogging area reduction, cost, and other indicators were considered to explore the optimal sponge allocation scheme in the study area. The two-dimensional coupled model MIKE FLOOD was established to analyze the causes of waterlogging through numerical simulation. Low-impact development (LID) combination scenarios were set to analyze the control effects of waterlogging water and total runoff. The carbon emission reduction capacity and economic benefit of each scenario were calculated and evaluated. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to comprehensively evaluate the LID combination scenario and explore the optimal cost-benefit LID configuration scheme. The results show that the campus rainwater pipe network is under overload operation, and the number of overflow nodes accounts for up to 58.1% under the 3a rainfall return periods. After setting up LID measures, the runoff control rate can be increased by 26.15-42.84%, and the waterlogging area where the depth exceeds 15 cm can be reduced by 72.87-100%. If the energy conservation and emission reduction benefits and costs are considered at the same time, the layout scenario of 9% bioretention facility + 3% green roof + 3% permeable pavement can achieve the best benefits. The research can provide a reference for planning and reconstruction of sponge campus and residential areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Su
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China
| | - Jiake Li
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China.
| | - Xujun Gao
- PowerChina Northwest Engineering Corporation Limited, Xi'an, 710065, China
| | - Yutong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China
| | - Chunbo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China
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Arcadi E, Rastelli E, Tangherlini M, Rizzo C, Mancuso M, Sanfilippo M, Esposito V, Andaloro F, Romeo T. Shallow-Water Hydrothermal Vents as Natural Accelerators of Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance in Marine Coastal Areas. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020479. [PMID: 35208933 PMCID: PMC8877554 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental contamination by heavy metals (HMs) poses several indirect risks to human health, including the co-spreading of genetic traits conferring resistance to both HMs and antibiotics among micro-organisms. Microbial antibiotic resistance (AR) acquisition is enhanced at sites anthropogenically polluted by HMs, as well as in remote systems naturally enriched in HMs, such as hydrothermal vents in the deep sea. However, to date, the possible role of hydrothermal vents at shallower water depths as hot spots of microbial AR gain and spreading has not been tested, despite the higher potential risks associated with the closer vicinity of such ecosystems to coasts and human activities. In this work, we collected waters and sediments at the Panarea shallow-water hydrothermal vents, testing the presence of culturable marine bacteria and their sensitivity to antibiotics and HMs. All of the bacterial isolates showed resistance to at least one antibiotic and one HM and, most notably, 80% of them displayed multi-AR on average to 12 (min 8, max 15) different antibiotics, as well as multi-HM tolerance. We show that our isolates displayed high similarity (≥99%) to common marine bacteria, affiliating with Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria and Firmicutes, and all displayed wide growth ranges for temperature and salinity during in vitro physiological tests. Notably, the analysis of the genomes available in public databases for their closest relatives highlighted the lack of genes for AR, posing new questions on the origin of multi-AR acquisition in this peculiar HM-rich environment. Overall, our results point out that shallow-water hydrothermal vents may contribute to enhance AR acquisition and spreading among common marine bacteria in coastal areas, highlighting this as a focus for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Arcadi
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica “Anton Dohrn”, Sicily Marine Centre, Contrada Porticatello, 29, 98167 Messina, Italy;
- Correspondence: (E.A.); (E.R.)
| | - Eugenio Rastelli
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica “Anton Dohrn”, Fano Marine Centre, Viale Adriatico 1-N, 61032 Fano, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.A.); (E.R.)
| | - Michael Tangherlini
- Department of Research Infrastructures for Marine Biological Resources, Stazione Zoologica “Anton Dohrn”, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Carmen Rizzo
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn–Marine Biotechnology Department, Sicily Marine Centre, Villa Pace, Contrada Porticatello 29, 98167 Messina, Italy;
- Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council (CNR-ISP), Spianata S. Raineri 86, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Monique Mancuso
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica “Anton Dohrn”, Sicily Marine Centre, Contrada Porticatello, 29, 98167 Messina, Italy;
- Institute for Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology (IRBIM), National Research Country (CNR), Messina, Spianata S. Raineri 86, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Marilena Sanfilippo
- Department of Research Infrastructures for Marine Biological Resources, Stazione Zoologica “Anton Dohrn”, Sicily Marine Centre, Contrada Porticatello, 29, 98167 Messina, Italy;
| | - Valentina Esposito
- Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale—OGS Borgo Grotta Gigante 42/C, 34010 Sgonico, Italy;
| | - Franco Andaloro
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica “Anton Dohrn”, Sicily Marine Centre, Lungomare Cristoforo Colombo (Complesso Roosevelt), 90149 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Teresa Romeo
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica “Anton Dohrn”, Sicily Marine Centre, Via dei Mille 46, 98057 Milazzo, Italy;
- National Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Via dei Mille 46, 98057 Milazzo, Italy
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5
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Chen X, Wei W, Xiao X, Wallace D, Hu C, Zhang L, Batt J, Liu J, Gonsior M, Zhang Y, LaRoche J, Hill P, Xu D, Wang J, Jiao N, Zhang R. Heterogeneous viral contribution to dissolved organic matter processing in a long-term macrocosm experiment. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106950. [PMID: 34715430 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Viruses saturate environments throughout the world and play key roles in microbial food webs, yet how viral activities affect dissolved organic matter (DOM) processing in natural environments remains elusive. We established a large-scale long-term macrocosm experiment to explore viral dynamics and their potential impacts on microbial mortality and DOM quantity and quality in starved and stratified ecosystems. High viral infection dynamics and the virus-induced cell lysis (6.23-64.68% d-1) was found in the starved seawater macrocosm, which contributed to a significant transformation of microbial biomass into DOM (0.72-5.32 μg L-1 d-1). In the stratified macrocosm, a substantial amount of viral lysate DOM (2.43-17.87 μg L-1 d-1) was released into the upper riverine water, and viral lysis and DOM release (0.35-5.75 μg L-1 d-1) were reduced in the mixed water layer between riverine water and seawater. Viral lysis was stimulated at the bottom of stratified macrocosm, potentially fueled by the sinking of particulate organic carbon. Significant positive and negative associations between lytic viral production and different fluorescent DOM components were found in the starved and stratified macrocosm, indicating the potentially complex viral impacts on the production and utilization of DOM. Results also revealed the significant viral contribution to pools of both relatively higher molecular weight labile DOM and lower molecular weight recalcitrant DOM. Our study suggests that viruses have heterogeneous impact on the cycling and fate of DOM in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, PR China; Joint Lab for Ocean Research and Education (LORE) of Dalhousie University, Canada, and Shandong University and Xiamen University, PR China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, PR China; Joint Lab for Ocean Research and Education (LORE) of Dalhousie University, Canada, and Shandong University and Xiamen University, PR China; College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Xilin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, PR China; Joint Lab for Ocean Research and Education (LORE) of Dalhousie University, Canada, and Shandong University and Xiamen University, PR China
| | - Douglas Wallace
- Joint Lab for Ocean Research and Education (LORE) of Dalhousie University, Canada, and Shandong University and Xiamen University, PR China; Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Chen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, PR China; Joint Lab for Ocean Research and Education (LORE) of Dalhousie University, Canada, and Shandong University and Xiamen University, PR China
| | - Lianbao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, PR China; Joint Lab for Ocean Research and Education (LORE) of Dalhousie University, Canada, and Shandong University and Xiamen University, PR China
| | - John Batt
- Joint Lab for Ocean Research and Education (LORE) of Dalhousie University, Canada, and Shandong University and Xiamen University, PR China; Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jihua Liu
- Joint Lab for Ocean Research and Education (LORE) of Dalhousie University, Canada, and Shandong University and Xiamen University, PR China; Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Michael Gonsior
- Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, MD 20688, United States
| | - Yao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, PR China; Joint Lab for Ocean Research and Education (LORE) of Dalhousie University, Canada, and Shandong University and Xiamen University, PR China
| | - Julie LaRoche
- Joint Lab for Ocean Research and Education (LORE) of Dalhousie University, Canada, and Shandong University and Xiamen University, PR China; Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Paul Hill
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Dapeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, PR China; Joint Lab for Ocean Research and Education (LORE) of Dalhousie University, Canada, and Shandong University and Xiamen University, PR China
| | - Jianning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, PR China; Joint Lab for Ocean Research and Education (LORE) of Dalhousie University, Canada, and Shandong University and Xiamen University, PR China
| | - Nianzhi Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, PR China; Joint Lab for Ocean Research and Education (LORE) of Dalhousie University, Canada, and Shandong University and Xiamen University, PR China.
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, PR China; Joint Lab for Ocean Research and Education (LORE) of Dalhousie University, Canada, and Shandong University and Xiamen University, PR China.
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Benthic Foraminiferal Assemblages and Rhodolith Facies Evolution in Post-LGM Sediments from the Pontine Archipelago Shelf (Central Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy). GEOSCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences11040179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The seabed of the Pontine Archipelago (Tyrrhenian Sea) insular shelf is peculiar as it is characterized by a mixed siliciclastic–carbonate sedimentation. In order to reconstruct the Late Quaternary paleoenvironmental evolution of the Pontine Archipelago, this study investigates the succession of facies recorded by two sediment cores. For this purpose, benthic foraminifera and rhodoliths assemblages were considered. The two cores (post-Last Glacial Maximum in age) were collected at 60 (CS1) and 122 m (Caro1) depth on the insular shelf off Ponza Island. The paleontological data were compared with seismo-stratigraphic and lithological evidence. The cores show a deepening succession, with a transition from a basal rhodolith-rich biodetritic coarse sand to the surface coralline-barren silty sand. This transition is more evident along core Caro1 (from the bottom to the top), collected at a deeper water depth than CS1. In support of this evidence, along Caro1 was recorded a fairly constant increase in the amount of planktonic foraminiferal and a marked change in benthic foraminiferal assemblages (from Asterigerinata mamilla and Lobatula lobatula assemblage to Cassidulina carinata assemblage). Interestingly, the dating of the Caro1 bottom allowed us to extend to more than 13,000 years BP the rhodolith record in the Pontine Archipelago, indicating the possible presence of an active carbonate factory at that time.
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Li XG, Zhang WJ, Qi XQ, Wu LF. Genome analysis of Crassaminicella sp. SY095, an anaerobic mesophilic marine bacterium isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent on the Southwest Indian Ridge. Mar Genomics 2020; 52:100733. [PMID: 32571576 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2019.100733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Crassaminicella sp. strain SY095 is an anaerobic mesophilic marine bacterium that was recently isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent on the Southwest Indian Ridge. Here, we present the complete genome sequence of strain SY095. The genome consists of a chromosome of 3,046,753 bp (G + C content of 30.81%) and a plasmid of 36,627 bp (G + C content of 31.29%), encodes 2966 protein, 135 tRNA genes, and 34 rRNA genes. Numerous genes are related to peptide transport, amino acid metabolism, motility, and sporulation. This agrees with the observation that strain SY095 is a spore-forming, motile, and chemoheterotrophic bacterium. Further, the genome harbors multiple prophages that carry all the genes necessary for viral particle synthesis. Some prophages carry additional genes that may be involved in the regulation of sporulation. This is the first reported genome of a bacterium from the genus Crassaminicella, providing insights into the microbial adaptation strategies to the deep-sea hydrothermal vent environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Gong Li
- Laboratory of Deep-Sea microbial cell biology, Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; France-China Joint Laboratory for Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Multicellular Organisms (LIA-MagMC), Marseille, France, IDSSE-CAS, Sanya, China; Laboratory for Experimental Study under Deep-sea Extreme Conditions, Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
| | - Wei-Jia Zhang
- Laboratory of Deep-Sea microbial cell biology, Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; France-China Joint Laboratory for Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Multicellular Organisms (LIA-MagMC), Marseille, France, IDSSE-CAS, Sanya, China; Laboratory for Experimental Study under Deep-sea Extreme Conditions, Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Qi
- Laboratory of Deep-Sea microbial cell biology, Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; France-China Joint Laboratory for Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Multicellular Organisms (LIA-MagMC), Marseille, France, IDSSE-CAS, Sanya, China; Laboratory for Experimental Study under Deep-sea Extreme Conditions, Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Long-Fei Wu
- France-China Joint Laboratory for Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Multicellular Organisms (LIA-MagMC), Marseille, France, IDSSE-CAS, Sanya, China; Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LCB UMR 7257, IMM, Marseille, France
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8
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Rastelli E, Corinaldesi C, Dell'Anno A, Tangherlini M, Lo Martire M, Nishizawa M, Nomaki H, Nunoura T, Danovaro R. Drivers of Bacterial α- and β-Diversity Patterns and Functioning in Subsurface Hadal Sediments. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2609. [PMID: 31798555 PMCID: PMC6868121 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Oceanic trenches at hadal (>6,000 m) depths are hot spots of organic matter deposition and mineralization and can host abundant and active bacterial assemblages. However, the factors able to shape their biodiversity and functioning remain largely unexplored, especially in subsurface sediments. Here, we investigated the patterns and drivers of benthic bacterial α- and β-diversity (i.e., OTU richness and turnover diversity) along the vertical profile down to 1.5 m sediment depth in the Izu-Bonin Trench (at ~10,000 m water depth). The protease and glucosidase enzymatic activity rates were also determined, as a proxy of organic matter degradation potential in the different sediment layers. Molecular fingerprinting based on automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA) indicated that the α-diversity of bacterial assemblages remained high throughout the vertical profile and that the turnover (β-) diversity among sediment horizons reached values up to 90% of dissimilarity. Multivariate distance-based linear modeling (DISTLM) pointed out that the diversity and functioning of the hadal bacterial assemblages were influenced by the variability of environmental conditions (including the availability of organic resources and electron donors/acceptors) and of viral production rates along the sediment vertical profile. Based on our results, we can argue that the heterogeneity of physical-chemical features of the hadal sediments of the Izu-Bonin Trench contribute to increase the niches availability for different bacterial taxa, while viruses contribute to maintain high levels of bacterial turnover diversity and to enhance organic matter cycling in these extremely remote and isolated ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Rastelli
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Cinzia Corinaldesi
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Antonio Dell'Anno
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Michael Tangherlini
- Department of Research Infrastructures for Marine Biological Resources, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Lo Martire
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Manabu Nishizawa
- Institute for Extra-cutting-edge Science and Technology Avant-garde Research (X-star), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Nomaki
- Institute for Extra-cutting-edge Science and Technology Avant-garde Research (X-star), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Takuro Nunoura
- Research Center for Bioscience and Nanoscience (CeBN), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Roberto Danovaro
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy.,Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Manea E, Dell’Anno A, Rastelli E, Tangherlini M, Nunoura T, Nomaki H, Danovaro R, Corinaldesi C. Viral Infections Boost Prokaryotic Biomass Production and Organic C Cycling in Hadal Trench Sediments. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1952. [PMID: 31507564 PMCID: PMC6716271 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hadal trenches are among the most remote and least explored ecosystems on Earth and can support high benthic microbial standing stocks and activities. However, information on the role of viruses in such ecosystems and their interactions with prokaryotic hosts is very limited. Here, we investigated activities of benthic viruses and prokaryotes and their interactions in three hadal trenches (Japan, Izu-Ogasawara and Mariana trenches) and in their nearby abyssal sites. Our findings reveal that these hadal trenches, compared with the surrounding abyssal sites, support higher abundances and biomasses of prokaryotes. In addition, the high prokaryotic biomasses of hadal trenches could favor high rates of viral infection and cell lysis, especially in the Japan Trench. Hadal viruses can release large amounts of highly labile and promptly available organic material by inducing cell lysis, which could contribute to sustain benthic prokaryotes and decrease their dependency on the enzymatic digestion of the more refractory fraction of sediment organic matter. Our results suggest that this process can contribute to explain the discrepancy between high prokaryote biomass and apparent low efficiency in the utilization of the sedimentary organic matter in the hadal ecosystems. Concluding, hadal trenches may be characterized by a highly dynamic viral component, which can boost prokaryotic biomass production, thereby profoundly influencing the functioning of these remote and extreme ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Manea
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Antonio Dell’Anno
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | | | | | - Takuro Nunoura
- Research Center for Bioscience and Nanoscience (CeBN), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Nomaki
- Institute for Extra-Cutting-Edge Science and Technology Avant-Garde Research (X-star), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Roberto Danovaro
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Cinzia Corinaldesi
- Department of Sciences and Engineering of Materials, Environment and Urbanistics, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
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10
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Chen X, Ma R, Yang Y, Jiao N, Zhang R. Viral Regulation on Bacterial Community Impacted by Lysis-Lysogeny Switch: A Microcosm Experiment in Eutrophic Coastal Waters. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1763. [PMID: 31417537 PMCID: PMC6685395 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine viruses are major drivers of global biogeochemical cycles and energy fluxes, yet the importance of viral impacts on the succession and diversity of the bacterial community remains largely unexplored. Here, we explored viral life strategy and its potential effect on the bacterial community by experimental incubations of eutrophic coastal waters under lysogen-induced and non-induced treatments. The lysogen-induced treatment showed relatively constant viral and bacterial abundances, lytic and lysogenic viral production throughout the experimental period, together with the progressive declines in not only the relative abundances for SAR11, Rhodobacteraceae, Alteromonadaceae, and SAR86 but the bacterial community diversity. Conversely, the non-induced treatment observed the marked variation in the abundances of viruses, bacteria and cells with high nucleic acid content over the time course of incubation, which was congruent with the drastic shift in lytic and lysogenic viral production as well as the succession of bacterial community. Our results supported the hypotheses that a high level of lysogeny would occur with the increasing density of bacteria with rapid growth rate, which may contribute to a relatively lower host community diversity, whereas the lysogeny to lysis switching would fuel growth opportunities for less-active or initially rare bacterial taxa and generate a more diverse bacterial community. Altogether, the present study underscored the crucial regulatory role of the viral lysis-lysogeny pattern in bacterial community dynamics, composition and diversity, highlighting the viral impact on the microbial food web and biogeochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Institute of Marine Microbes and Ecospheres, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ruijie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Institute of Marine Microbes and Ecospheres, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yunlan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Institute of Marine Microbes and Ecospheres, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Nianzhi Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Institute of Marine Microbes and Ecospheres, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Institute of Marine Microbes and Ecospheres, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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11
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Castelán-Sánchez HG, Lopéz-Rosas I, García-Suastegui WA, Peralta R, Dobson ADW, Batista-García RA, Dávila-Ramos S. Extremophile deep-sea viral communities from hydrothermal vents: Structural and functional analysis. Mar Genomics 2019; 46:16-28. [PMID: 30857856 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ten publicly available metagenomic data sets from hydrothermal vents were analyzed to determine the taxonomic structure of the viral communities present, as well as their potential metabolic functions. The type of natural selection on two auxiliary metabolic genes was also analyzed. The structure of the virome in the hydrothermal vents was quite different in comparison with the viruses present in sediments, with specific populations being present in greater abundance in the plume samples when compared with the sediment samples. ssDNA genomes such as Circoviridae and Microviridae were predominantly present in the sediment samples, with Caudovirales which are dsDNA being present in the vent samples. Genes potentially encoding enzymes that participate in carbon, nitrogen and sulfur metabolic pathways were found in greater abundance, than those involved in the oxygen cycle, in the hydrothermal vents. Functional profiling of the viromes, resulted in the discovery of genes encoding proteins involved in bacteriophage capsids, DNA synthesis, nucleotide synthesis, DNA repair, as well as viral auxiliary metabolic genes such as cytitidyltransferase and ribonucleotide reductase. These auxiliary metabolic genes participate in the synthesis of phospholipids and nucleotides respectively and are likely to contribute to enhancing the fitness of their bacterial hosts within the hydrothermal vent communities. Finally, evolutionary analysis suggested that these auxiliary metabolic genes are highly conserved and evolve under purifying selection, and are thus maintained in their genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo G Castelán-Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Morelos. Av. Universidad 1001. Col. Chamilpa. Cuernavca, Morelos. C.P, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico
| | - Itzel Lopéz-Rosas
- CONACyT Research fellow-Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Campeche, Carretera Haltunchén - Edzná Km 17.5. Colonia Sihochac. Champotón, Campeche 24450, Mexico
| | - Wendy A García-Suastegui
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Departamento de Biología y Toxicología de la Reproducción, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla C.P., 72570, Mexico
| | - Raúl Peralta
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Morelos. Av. Universidad 1001. Col. Chamilpa. Cuernavca, Morelos. C.P, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico
| | - Alan D W Dobson
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork. Cork, Ireland; Environmental Research Institute, University College, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ramón Alberto Batista-García
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Morelos. Av. Universidad 1001. Col. Chamilpa. Cuernavca, Morelos. C.P, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico
| | - Sonia Dávila-Ramos
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Morelos. Av. Universidad 1001. Col. Chamilpa. Cuernavca, Morelos. C.P, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico.
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12
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Harrison AO, Moore RM, Polson SW, Wommack KE. Reannotation of the Ribonucleotide Reductase in a Cyanophage Reveals Life History Strategies Within the Virioplankton. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:134. [PMID: 30804913 PMCID: PMC6370689 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs) are ancient enzymes that catalyze the reduction of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides. They are required for virtually all cellular life and are prominent within viral genomes. RNRs share a common ancestor and must generate a protein radical for direct ribonucleotide reduction. The mechanisms by which RNRs produce radicals are diverse and divide RNRs into three major classes and several subclasses. The diversity of radical generation methods means that cellular organisms and viruses typically contain the RNR best-suited to the environmental conditions surrounding DNA replication. However, such diversity has also fostered high rates of RNR misannotation within subject sequence databases. These misannotations have resulted in incorrect translative presumptions of RNR biochemistry and have diminished the utility of this marker gene for ecological studies of viruses. We discovered a misannotation of the RNR gene within the Prochlorococcus phage P-SSP7 genome, which caused a chain of misannotations within commonly observed RNR genes from marine virioplankton communities. These RNRs are found in marine cyanopodo- and cyanosiphoviruses and are currently misannotated as Class II RNRs, which are O2-independent and require cofactor B12. In fact, these cyanoviral RNRs are Class I enzymes that are O2-dependent and may require a di-metal cofactor made of Fe, Mn, or a combination of the two metals. The discovery of an overlooked Class I β subunit in the P-SSP7 genome, together with phylogenetic analysis of the α and β subunits confirms that the RNR from P-SSP7 is a Class I RNR. Phylogenetic and conserved residue analyses also suggest that the P-SSP7 RNR may constitute a novel Class I subclass. The reannotation of the RNR clade represented by P-SSP7 means that most lytic cyanophage contain Class I RNRs, while their hosts, B12-producing Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus, contain Class II RNRs. By using a Class I RNR, cyanophage avoid a dependence on host-produced B12, a more effective strategy for a lytic virus. The discovery of a novel RNR β subunit within cyanopodoviruses also implies that some unknown viral genes may be familiar cellular genes that are too divergent for homology-based annotation methods to identify.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia O. Harrison
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Ryan M. Moore
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Shawn W. Polson
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - K. Eric Wommack
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
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13
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Parvathi A, Jasna V, Aparna S, Pradeep Ram AS, Aswathy VK, Balachandran KK, Muraleedharan KR, Mathew D, Sime-Ngando T. High Incidence of Lysogeny in the Oxygen Minimum Zones of the Arabian Sea (Southwest Coast of India). Viruses 2018; 10:v10110588. [PMID: 30373217 PMCID: PMC6267222 DOI: 10.3390/v10110588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Though microbial processes in the oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) of the Arabian Sea (AS) are well documented, prokaryote-virus interactions are less known. The present study was carried out to determine the potential physico-chemical factors influencing viral abundances and their life strategies (lytic and lysogenic) along the vertical gradient in the OMZ of the AS (southwest coast of India). Water samples were collected during the southwest monsoon (SWM) season in two consecutive years (2015 and 2016) from different depths, namely, the surface layer, secondary chlorophyll a maxima (~30–40 m), oxycline (~70–80 m), and hypoxic/suboxic layers (~200–350 m). The high viral abundances observed in oxygenated surface waters (mean ± SD = 6.1 ± 3.4 × 106 viral-like particles (VLPs) mL−1), drastically decreased with depth in the oxycline region (1.2 ± 0.5 × 106 VLPs mL−1) and hypoxic/suboxic waters (0.3 ± 0.3 × 106 VLPs mL−1). Virus to prokaryote ratio fluctuated in the mixed layer (~10) and declined significantly (p < 0.001) to 1 in the hypoxic layer. Viral production (VP) and frequency of virus infected cells (FIC) were maximum in the surface and minimum in the oxycline layer, whereas the viral lysis was undetectable in the suboxic/hypoxic layer. The detection of a high percentage of lysogeny in suboxic (48%) and oxycline zones (9–24%), accompanied by undetectable rates of lytic viral infection support the hypothesis that lysogeny may represent the major survival strategy for viruses in unproductive or harsh nutrient/host conditions in deoxygenated waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammini Parvathi
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre (CSIR), Kochi 682 018, India.
| | - Vijayan Jasna
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre (CSIR), Kochi 682 018, India.
| | - Sreekumar Aparna
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre (CSIR), Kochi 682 018, India.
| | - Angia Sriram Pradeep Ram
- Laboratoire Microorganismes, Génome et Environnement, UMR CNRS 6023, Université Clermont-Auvergne, 1 Impasse Amélie Murat, 63178 Aubière CEDEX, France.
| | | | | | | | - Dayana Mathew
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre (CSIR), Kochi 682 018, India.
| | - Telesphore Sime-Ngando
- Laboratoire Microorganismes, Génome et Environnement, UMR CNRS 6023, Université Clermont-Auvergne, 1 Impasse Amélie Murat, 63178 Aubière CEDEX, France.
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14
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Danovaro R, Corinaldesi C, Dell'Anno A, Rastelli E. Potential impact of global climate change on benthic deep-sea microbes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2018; 364:4553516. [PMID: 29045616 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Benthic deep-sea environments are the largest ecosystem on Earth, covering ∼65% of the Earth surface. Microbes inhabiting this huge biome at all water depths represent the most abundant biological components and a relevant portion of the biomass of the biosphere, and play a crucial role in global biogeochemical cycles. Increasing evidence suggests that global climate changes are affecting also deep-sea ecosystems, both directly (causing shifts in bottom-water temperature, oxygen concentration and pH) and indirectly (through changes in surface oceans' productivity and in the consequent export of organic matter to the seafloor). However, the responses of the benthic deep-sea biota to such shifts remain largely unknown. This applies particularly to deep-sea microbes, which include bacteria, archaea, microeukaryotes and their viruses. Understanding the potential impacts of global change on the benthic deep-sea microbial assemblages and the consequences on the functioning of the ocean interior is a priority to better forecast the potential consequences at global scale. Here we explore the potential changes in the benthic deep-sea microbiology expected in the coming decades using case studies on specific systems used as test models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Danovaro
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.,Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Cinzia Corinaldesi
- Department of Sciences and Engineering of Materials, Environment and Urbanistics, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Antonio Dell'Anno
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Eugenio Rastelli
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.,Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
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