1
|
Yuan H, Li L, Wang Y, Lin S. Succession of diversity, assembly mechanisms, and activities of the microeukaryotic community throughout Scrippsiella acuminata (Dinophyceae) bloom phases. HARMFUL ALGAE 2024; 134:102626. [PMID: 38705614 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2024.102626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Harmful algal bloom (HAB) is a rapidly expanding marine ecological hazard. Although numerous studies have been carried out about the ecological impact and the ecological mechanism of HAB outbreaks, few studies have comprehensively addressed the shifts of species composition, metabolic activity level, driving factors and community assembly mechanisms of microeukaryotic plankton in the course of the bloom event. To fill the gap of research, we conducted 18S ribosomal DNA and RNA sequencing during the initiation, development, sustenance and decline stages of a Scrippsiella acuminata (S. acuminata) bloom at the coastal sea of Fujian Province, China. We found that the bloom event caused a decrease in microeukaryotic plankton species diversity and increase in community homogeneity. Our results revealed that the RNA- and DNA-inferred communities were similar, but α-diversity was more dynamic in RNA- than in DNA-inferred communities. The main taxa with high projected metabolic activity (with RNA:DNA ratio as the proxy) during the bloom included dinoflagellates, Cercozoa, Chlorophyta, Protalveolata, and diatoms. The role of deterministic processes in microeukaryotic plankton community assembly increased during the bloom, but stochastic processes were always the dominant assembly mechanism throughout the bloom process. Our findings improve the understanding of temporal patterns, driving factors and assembly mechanisms underlying the microeukarytic plankton community in a dinoflagellate bloom.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huatao Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, and Xiamen Key Laboratory of Urban Sea Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Fisheries, Observation and Research Station on Water Ecosystem in Danjiangkou Reservoir of Henan Province, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, and Xiamen Key Laboratory of Urban Sea Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, and Xiamen Key Laboratory of Urban Sea Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Senjie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, and Xiamen Key Laboratory of Urban Sea Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China; Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen T, Chen X, Sun H, Zhang H, Bai J. Unveiling the responses of Alexandrium pacificum to phosphorus utilization by physiological and transcriptomic analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 911:168759. [PMID: 37996019 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient impacting bloom formation of marine dinoflagellates. The dinoflagellate Alexandrium pacificum is a cosmopolitan species known to frequently cause dense blooms in estuarine and coastal waters worldwide, while the physiological and molecular responses of A. pacificum to P utilization are still not well understood. Herein, the growth, P utilization, toxin production and transcriptomes of A. pacificum grown under P-deficient, inorganic P-replete, and organic P-replete conditions were compared. The results indicated that P-deficient adversely affected the growth of A. pacificum and significantly down-regulated the expression of genes related to P transport and material metabolism, but enhanced the production of toxin. On the other hand, no significant differences were observed in growth and toxin production between the organic and inorganic P-replete treatments. However, genes involved in P transport, utilization and TCA cycle were significantly changed in the organic P-replete compared with the inorganic P-replete group, and the mechanisms underlying the use of various organic P compounds were different. These findings suggested that A. pacificum evolved diverse organic P utilization strategies to adapt to low P conditions, which might be a crucial factor driving bloom formation in a low inorganic P environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Huichen Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Han Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jie Bai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wu H, Zhang W, Huang X, Gu P, Li Q, Luo X, Zheng Z. Phosphorus conditions change the cellular responses of Microcystis aeruginosa to perfluorooctanoic acid. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166707. [PMID: 37660808 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a widespread and emerging organic contaminant of aquatic environments, has high bioaccumulation potential and high toxicity. Consequently, major concerns have been raised worldwide regarding the management of this pollutant in aquatic ecosystems. To thoroughly understand PFOA's toxic effects on aquatic organisms, systematic investigations were conducted on the cellular responses of Microcystis aeruginosa to the environmental concentrations of PFOA under various concentrations as well as phosphorus (P) conditions (concentrations and forms). The results showed that P conditions remarkably affected cyanobacterial growth as well as photosynthetic pigment content, triggered oxidative stress to disrupt the function and structure of the cell membrane, and caused changes in the extracellular and intracellular contents of microcystin-LR (MC-LR). Furthermore, PFOA (100 μg/L) was absorbed by cyanobacterial cells through the stimulation of the secretion of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) by M. aeruginosa. After entering the cyanobacterial cells, PFOA inhibited photosynthesis, reduced P absorption, induced oxidative damage, lead to a loss of cell integrity evident in scanning electron microscope images, and increased mcyA gene expression to promote MC-LR production. Moreover, the limited P concentration and forms conditions led to increased PFOA absorption by cyanobacterial cells, which further upregulated mcyA gene expression and increased the risk of MC-LR diffusion into the aquatic environment. Our present study provided a theoretical basis and new ideas for understanding and addressing safety issues related to the presence of PFOA in aquatic environments with varying nutritional statuses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanqi Wu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Weizheng Zhang
- College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, PR China
| | - Xuhui Huang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Peng Gu
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Qi Li
- College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, PR China
| | - Xingzhang Luo
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Zheng Zheng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Huang XL, Zhuang YQ, Xiong YY, Li DW, Ou LJ. Efficient modulation of cellular phosphorus components in response to phosphorus deficiency in the dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0086723. [PMID: 37850723 PMCID: PMC10686090 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00867-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Dinoflagellates are the most common phytoplankton group and account for more than 75% of harmful algal blooms in coastal waters. In recent decades, dinoflagellates seem to prevail in phosphate-depleted waters. However, the underlying acclimation mechanisms and competitive strategies of dinoflagellates in response to phosphorus deficiency are poorly understood, especially in terms of intracellular phosphorus modulation and recycling. Here, we focused on the response of intracellular phosphorus metabolism to phosphorus deficiency in the model dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi. Our work reveals the strong capability of K. mikimotoi to efficiently regulate intracellular phosphorus resources, particularly through membrane phospholipid remodeling and miRNA regulation of energy metabolism. Our research improved the understanding of intracellular phosphorus metabolism in marine phytoplankton and underscored the advantageous strategies of dinoflagellates in the efficient modulation of internal phosphorus resources to maintain active physiological activity and growth under unsuitable phosphorus conditions, which help them outcompete other species in coastal phosphate-depleted environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ling Huang
- College of Life Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Qing Zhuang
- College of Life Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue-Yue Xiong
- College of Life Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da-Wei Li
- College of Life Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin-Jian Ou
- College of Life Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jin WY, Chen XW, Tan JZ, Lin X, Ou LJ. Variation in intracellular polyphosphate and associated gene expression in response to different phosphorus conditions in the dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 129:102532. [PMID: 37951614 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Polyphosphate (polyP) has long been recognized as a crucial intracellular reservoir for phosphorus in microorganisms. However, the dynamics of polyP and its regulatory mechanism in eukaryotic phytoplankton in response to variations in external phosphorus conditions remain poorly understood. A comprehensive investigation was conducted to examine the intracellular polyP-associated metabolic response of the dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi, a harmful algal bloom species, through integrated physiological, biochemical, and transcriptional analyses under varying external phosphorus conditions. Comparable growth curves and Fv/Fm between phosphorus-replete conditions and phosphorus-depleted conditions suggested that K. mikimotoi has a strong capability to mobilize the intracellular phosphorus pool for growth under phosphorus deficiency. Intracellular phosphate (IPi) and polyP contributed approximately 6-23 % and 1-3 %, respectively, to the overall particulate phosphorus (PP) content under different phosphorus conditions. The significant decrease in PP and increase in polyP:PP suggested that cellular phosphorus components other than polyP are preferred for utilization under phosphorus deficiency. Genes involved in polyP synthesis and hydrolysis were upregulated to maintain phosphorus homeostasis in K. mikimotoi. These findings provide novel insights into the specific cellular strategies for phosphorus storage and the transcriptional response in intracellular polyP metabolism in K. mikimotoi. Additionally, these results also indicate that polyP may not play a crucial role in cellular phosphorus storage in phytoplankton, at least in dinoflagellates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Jin
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China; Wenzhou Marine Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Wu Chen
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
| | - Jin-Zhou Tan
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
| | - Xin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| | - Lin-Jian Ou
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wan X, Yao G, Wang K, Liu Y, Wang F, Jiang H. Transcriptomic Analysis of the Response of the Toxic Dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima to Phosphorous Limitation. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2216. [PMID: 37764060 PMCID: PMC10535992 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Some dinoflagellates cause harmful algal blooms, releasing toxic secondary metabolites, to the detriment of marine ecosystems and human health. Phosphorus (P) is a limiting macronutrient for dinoflagellate growth in the ocean. Previous studies have been focused on the physiological response of dinoflagellates to ambient P changes. However, the whole-genome's molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, RNA-Seq was utilized to compare the global gene expression patterns of a marine diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxin-producing dinoflagellate, Prorocentrum lima, grown in inorganic P-replete and P-deficient conditions. A total of 148 unigenes were significantly up-regulated, and 30 unigenes were down-regulated under 1/4 P-limited conditions, while 2708 unigenes were significantly up-regulated, and 284 unigenes were down-regulated under 1/16 P-limited conditions. KEGG enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes shows that genes related to ribosomal proteins, glycolysis, fatty acid biosynthesis, phagosome formation, and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis are found to be up-regulated, while most of the genes related to photosynthesis are down-regulated. Further analysis shows that genes encoding P transporters, organic P utilization, and endocytosis are significantly up-regulated in the P-limited cells, indicating a strong ability of P. lima to utilize dissolved inorganic P as well as intracellular organic P. These transcriptomic data are further corroborated by biochemical and physiological analyses, which reveals that under P deficiency, cellular contents of starch, lipid, and toxin increase, while photosynthetic efficiency declines. Our results indicate that has P. lima evolved diverse strategies to acclimatize to low P environments. The accumulation of carbon sources and DSP toxins could provide protection for P. lima to cope with adverse environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China; (X.W.); (G.Y.); (K.W.); (Y.L.); (F.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yu L, Li T, Li H, Ma M, Li L, Lin S. In Situ Molecular Ecological Analyses Illuminate Distinct Factors Regulating Formation and Demise of a Harmful Dinoflagellate Bloom. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0515722. [PMID: 37074171 PMCID: PMC10269597 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05157-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The development and demise of a harmful algal bloom (HAB) are generally regulated by multiple processes; identifying specific critical drivers for a specific bloom is important yet challenging. Here, we conducted a whole-assemblage molecular ecological study on a dinoflagellate bloom to address the hypothesis that energy and nutrient acquisition, defense against grazing and microbial attacks, and sexual reproduction are critical to the rise and demise of the bloom. Microscopic and molecular analyses identified the bloom-causing species as Karenia longicanalis and showed that the ciliate Strombidinopsis sp. was dominant in a nonbloom plankton community, whereas the diatom Chaetoceros sp. dominated the after-bloom community, along with remarkable shifts in the community structure for both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Metatranscriptomic analysis indicated that heightened energy and nutrient acquisition in K. longicanalis significantly contributed to bloom development. In contrast, active grazing by the ciliate Strombidinopsis sp. and attacks by algicidal bacteria (Rhodobacteracea, Cryomorphaceae, and Rhodobacteracea) and viruses prevented (at nonbloom stage) or collapsed the bloom (in after-bloom stage). Additionally, nutrition competition by the Chaetoceros diatoms plausibly contributed to bloom demise. The findings suggest the importance of energy and nutrients in promoting this K. longicanalis bloom and the failure of antimicrobial defense and competition of diatoms as the major bloom suppressor and terminator. This study provides novel insights into bloom-regulating mechanisms and the first transcriptomic data set of K. longicanalis, which will be a valuable resource and essential foundation for further elucidation of bloom regulators of this and related species of Kareniaceae in the future. IMPORTANCE HABs have increasingly occurred and impacted human health, aquatic ecosystems, and coastal economies. Despite great efforts, the factors that drive the development and termination of a bloom are poorly understood, largely due to inadequate in situ data about the physiology and metabolism of the causal species and the community. Using an integrative molecular ecological approach, we determined that heightened energy and nutrient acquisition promoted the bloom, while resource allocation in defense and failure to defend against grazing and microbial attacks likely prevented or terminated the bloom. Our findings reveal the differential roles of multiple abiotic and biotic environmental factors in driving the formation or demise of a toxic dinoflagellate bloom, suggesting the importance of a balanced biodiverse ecosystem in preventing a dinoflagellate bloom. The study also demonstrates the power of whole-assemblage metatranscriptomics coupled to DNA barcoding in illuminating plankton ecological processes and the underlying species and functional diversities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Central Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Tangcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hongfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Minglei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Senjie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lin S. Phosphate limitation and ocean acidification co-shape phytoplankton physiology and community structure. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2699. [PMID: 37164960 PMCID: PMC10172356 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38381-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Senjie Lin
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, 06340, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhu J, Yu Z, He L, Yuan Y, Wang W, Cao X, Chen N, Wang W, Song X. Mechanisms of Phaeocystis globosa blooms in the Beibu Gulf revealed by metatranscriptome analysis. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 124:102407. [PMID: 37164562 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The haptophyceae Phaeocystis globosa is a species responsible for harmful algal blooms in the global ocean, forming blooms in the Beibu Gulf annually since 2011. This species can alternate between solitary free-living cells and colonies. Colonies are the dominant morphotype during blooms. To date, the underlying mechanism of P. globosa blooms in the Beibu Gulf is poorly understood. After combining results of ecological surveys, laboratory studies, and metatranscriptome and bioinformatics analyses, it was found that low temperatures, high nitrate, and low organic phosphorus induced P. globosa blooms in the Beibu Gulf. Additionally, the unique genetic and physiological characteristics that allow P. globosa to stand out as a dominant species in such an environment include (1) several genes encoding high-affinity nitrate transport proteins that could be highly expressed under sufficient nitrate conditions; (2) energy metabolism genes involved in photosynthesis and oxidative phosphorylation that were actively expressed at low temperatures to carry out carbon and energy reversion and produce sufficient ATP for various life activities, individually; (3) abundant glycan synthesis genes that were highly expressed at low temperatures, thus synthesizing large quantities of proteoglycans to construct the mucilaginous envelope forming the colony; (4) cells in colonies exhibited active gene expression in DNA replication contributing to a faster growth rate, which could help P. globosa occupy niches quickly; and (5) the energy and material expenditure was redistributed in colonial cells accompanied with chitin filaments and flagella degraded, more expenditure was used for the synthesis of the mucilaginous envelope and the rapid proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China; Centre for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhiming Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China; Centre for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Liyan He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China; Centre for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yongquan Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China; Centre for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wentao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China; Centre for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xihua Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China; Centre for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Nansheng Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China; Centre for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Wei Wang
- Nuclear and Radiation Safety Center of MEE, Beijing 100082, China
| | - Xiuxian Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China; Centre for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang X, Wang Z, Luo Z, Chen Y, Huang X. Insights into the conversion of dissolved organic phosphorus favors algal bloom, arsenate biotransformation and microcystins release of Microcystis aeruginosa. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 125:205-214. [PMID: 36375906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Little information is available on influences of the conversion of dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) to inorganic phosphorus (IP) on algal growth and subsequent behaviors of arsenate (As(V)) in Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa). In this study, the influences factors on the conversion of three typical DOP types including adenosine-5-triphosphate disodium salt (ATP), β-glycerophosphate sodium (βP) and D-glucose-6-phosphate disodium salt (GP) were investigated under different extracellular polymeric secretions (EPS) ratios from M. aeruginosa, and As(V) levels. Thus, algal growth, As(V) biotransformation and microcystins (MCs) release of M. aeruginosa were explored in the different converted DOP conditions compared with IP. Results showed that the three DOP to IP without EPS addition became in favor of algal growth during their conversion. Compared with IP, M. aeruginosa growth was thus facilitated in the three converted DOP conditions, subsequently resulting in potential algal bloom particularly at arsenic (As) contaminated water environment. Additionally, DOP after conversion could inhibit As accumulation in M. aeruginosa, thus intracellular As accumulation was lower in the converted DOP conditions than that in IP condition. As(V) biotransformation and MCs release in M. aeruginosa was impacted by different converted DOP with their different types. Specifically, DMA concentrations in media and As(III) ratios in algal cells were promoted in converted βP condition, indicating that the observed dissolved organic compositions from βP conversion could enhance As(V) reduction in M. aeruginosa and then accelerate DMA release. The obtained findings can provide better understanding of cyanobacteria blooms and As biotransformation in different DOP as the main phosphorus source.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Key Laboratory of Modern Separation and Analysis Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Pollution Monitoring and Control, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Zhenhong Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Key Laboratory of Modern Separation and Analysis Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Pollution Monitoring and Control, Zhangzhou 363000, China.
| | - Zhuanxi Luo
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yan Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Key Laboratory of Modern Separation and Analysis Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Pollution Monitoring and Control, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Xuguang Huang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Key Laboratory of Modern Separation and Analysis Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Pollution Monitoring and Control, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Luo H, Wang J, Goes JI, Gomes HDR, Al-Hashmi K, Tobias C, Koerting C, Lin S. A grazing-driven positive nutrient feedback loop and active sexual reproduction underpin widespread Noctiluca green tides. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 2:103. [PMID: 37938758 PMCID: PMC9723592 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-022-00187-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
The mixoplankton green Noctiluca scintillans (gNoctiluca) is known to form extensive green tides in tropical coastal ecosystems prone to eutrophication. In the Arabian Sea, their recent appearance and annual recurrence have upended an ecosystem that was once exclusively dominated by diatoms. Despite evidence of strong links to eutrophication, hypoxia and warming, the mechanisms underlying outbreaks of this mixoplanktonic dinoflagellate remain uncertain. Here we have used eco-physiological measurements and transcriptomic profiling to ascribe gNoctiluca's explosive growth during bloom formation to the form of sexual reproduction that produces numerous gametes. Rapid growth of gNoctiluca coincided with active ammonium and phosphate release from gNoctiluca cells, which exhibited high transcriptional activity of phagocytosis and metabolism generating ammonium. This grazing-driven nutrient flow ostensibly promotes the growth of phytoplankton as prey and offers positive support successively for bloom formation and maintenance. We also provide the first evidence that the host gNoctiluca cell could be manipulating growth of its endosymbiont population in order to exploit their photosynthetic products and meet critical energy needs. These findings illuminate gNoctiluca's little known nutritional and reproductive strategies that facilitate its ability to form intense and expansive gNoctiluca blooms to the detriment of regional water, food and the socio-economic security in several tropical countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China
| | - Jingtian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China
| | - Joaquim I Goes
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 10964, USA.
| | - Helga do R Gomes
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 10964, USA
| | - Khalid Al-Hashmi
- Department of Marine Sciences and Fisheries, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Craig Tobias
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Claudia Koerting
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Senjie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China.
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, 06340, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lin S, Yu L, Wu X, Li M, Zhang Y, Luo H, Li H, Li T, Li L. Active meiosis during dinoflagellate blooms: A 'sex for proliferation' hypothesis. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 118:102307. [PMID: 36195414 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In dinoflagellates, sexual reproduction is best known to be induced by adverse environmental conditions and culminate in encystment for survival ('sex for encystment'). Although increasing laboratory observations indicate that sex can lead to production of vegetative cells bypassing encystment, the occurrence of this alternative pathway in natural populations and its ecological roles remain poorly understood. Here we report evidence that sex in dinoflagellates can potentially be an instrument for bloom proliferation or extension. By bloom metatranscriptome profiling, we documented elevated expression of meiosis genes in two evolutionarily distinct species (Prorocentrum shikokuense and Karenia mikimotoi) during bloom, a timing unexpected of the 'sex for encystment' scenario. To link these genes to meiosis, we induced encystment and cyst germination in the cyst-forming species Scrippsiella acuminata, and found that five of these genes were upregulated during cyst germination, when meiosis occurs. Integrating data from all three species revealed that SPO11, MND1, and DMC1 were likely common between cyst-forming and non-encysting sex in dinoflagellates. Furthermore, flow cytometric analyses revealed consecutive rounds of DNA halving during blooms of P. shikokuense and K. mikimotoi, evidencing meiosis. These data provided novel evidence that sexual reproduction in dinoflagellates might serve to promote cell proliferation, and along with the consequent enhancement of genetic diversity facilitating resistance against pathogens and environmental stress, to boost or extend a bloom ('sex for proliferation'). The putative meiosis-specific genes and insights reported here will prove to be helpful for rigorously testing the hypothesis and addressing whether the two modes of sex are genetically predisposed (i.e. species-specific) or environmentally induced (switchable within species), and if the latter what triggers the switch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Senjie Lin
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
| | - Liying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xiaomei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Meizhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yaqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Hao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Hongfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Tangcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zeng J, Tu Q, Yu X, Qian L, Wang C, Shu L, Liu F, Liu S, Huang Z, He J, Yan Q, He Z. PCycDB: a comprehensive and accurate database for fast analysis of phosphorus cycling genes. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:101. [PMID: 35787295 PMCID: PMC9252087 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01292-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphorus (P) is one of the most essential macronutrients on the planet, and microorganisms (including bacteria and archaea) play a key role in P cycling in all living things and ecosystems. However, our comprehensive understanding of key P cycling genes (PCGs) and microorganisms (PCMs) as well as their ecological functions remains elusive even with the rapid advancement of metagenome sequencing technologies. One of major challenges is a lack of a comprehensive and accurately annotated P cycling functional gene database. RESULTS In this study, we constructed a well-curated P cycling database (PCycDB) covering 139 gene families and 10 P metabolic processes, including several previously ignored PCGs such as pafA encoding phosphate-insensitive phosphatase, ptxABCD (phosphite-related genes), and novel aepXVWPS genes for 2-aminoethylphosphonate transporters. We achieved an annotation accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV), sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 99.8%, 96.1%, 99.9%, 99.8%, and 99.9%, respectively, for simulated gene datasets. Compared to other orthology databases, PCycDB is more accurate, more comprehensive, and faster to profile the PCGs. We used PCycDB to analyze P cycling microbial communities from representative natural and engineered environments and showed that PCycDB could apply to different environments. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that PCycDB is a powerful tool for advancing our understanding of microbially driven P cycling in the environment with high coverage, high accuracy, and rapid analysis of metagenome sequencing data. The PCycDB is available at https://github.com/ZengJiaxiong/Phosphorus-cycling-database . Video Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxiong Zeng
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Qichao Tu
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Xiaoli Yu
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Lu Qian
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Longfei Shu
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Fei Liu
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Shengwei Liu
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Zhijian Huang
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Jianguo He
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Qingyun Yan
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Zhili He
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128 China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang QC, Wang YF, Song MJ, Wang JX, Ji NJ, Liu C, Kong FZ, Yan T, Yu RC. First record of a Takayama bloom in Haizhou Bay in response to dissolved organic nitrogen and phosphorus. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 178:113572. [PMID: 35381462 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Since 1990s, harmful algal blooms (HABs) of Kareniaceae, primarily caused by species of Karenia and Karlodinium and rarely by Takayama species, have been substantially increasing in frequency and duration in the coastal waters of China. In this study, we recorded a bloom of high abundance of T. acrotrocha in the Haizhou Bay, the Yellow Sea in September 2020, which is the first record of a Takayama bloom in the temperate coastal waters of China. We found that high concentrations of DON and DOP accelerated the proliferation of T. acrotrocha in the Haizhou Bay. Intensive mariculture, and terrestrial nitrogen and phosphorus input may be responsible for the eutrophication in the Haizhou Bay featuring high concentrations of DON and DOP, and high DIN/DIP ratios. The results suggested that, under ocean warming, the HABs of Kareniaceae are becoming increasingly dominant in eutrophic temperate coasts with intensive mariculture activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Chun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yun-Feng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Min-Jie Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jin-Xiu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Nan-Jing Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Chao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fan-Zhou Kong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Tian Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ren-Cheng Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Adams JC, Steffen R, Chou CW, Duhamel S, Diaz JM. Dissolved organic phosphorus utilization by the marine bacterium Ruegeria pomeroyi DSS-3 reveals chain length-dependent polyphosphate degradation. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:2259-2269. [PMID: 35102659 PMCID: PMC9303572 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) is a critical nutritional resource for marine microbial communities. However, the relative bioavailability of different types of DOP, such as phosphomonoesters (P‐O‐C) and phosphoanhydrides (P‐O‐P), is poorly understood. Here we assess the utilization of these P sources by a representative bacterial copiotroph, Ruegeria pomeroyi DSS‐3. All DOP sources supported equivalent growth by R. pomeroyi, and all DOP hydrolysis rates were upregulated under phosphorus depletion (−P). A long‐chain polyphosphate (45polyP) showed the lowest hydrolysis rate of all DOP substrates tested, including tripolyphosphate (3polyP). Yet the upregulation of 45polyP hydrolysis under −P was greater than any other substrate analyzed. Proteomics revealed three common P acquisition enzymes potentially involved in polyphosphate utilization, including two alkaline phosphatases, PhoD and PhoX, and one 5′‐nucleotidase (5′‐NT). Results from DOP substrate competition experiments show that these enzymes likely have broad substrate specificities, including chain length‐dependent reactivity toward polyphosphate. These results confirm that DOP, including polyP, are bioavailable nutritional P sources for R. pomeroyi, and possibly other marine heterotrophic bacteria. Furthermore, the chain‐length dependent mechanisms, rates and regulation of polyP hydrolysis suggest that these processes may influence the composition of DOP and the overall recycling of nutrients within marine dissolved organic matter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamee C Adams
- Geosciences Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Rachel Steffen
- Department of Marine Sciences, Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, University of Georgia, Savannah, GA, 31411, USA.,Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Chau-Wen Chou
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Solange Duhamel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Julia M Diaz
- Geosciences Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Department of Marine Sciences, Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, University of Georgia, Savannah, GA, 31411, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Shi JQ, Ou-Yang T, Yang SQ, Zhao L, Ji LL, Wu ZX. Transcriptomic responses to phosphorus in an invasive cyanobacterium, Raphidiopsis raciborskii: Implications for nutrient management. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 111:102150. [PMID: 35016763 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is a vital macronutrient associated with the growth and proliferation of Raphidiopsis raciborskii, an invasive and notorious bloom-forming cyanobacterium. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in P acclimation remain largely unexplored for Raphidiopsis raciborskii. Here, transcriptome sequencing of Raphidiopsis raciborskii was conducted to reveal multifaceted mechanisms involved in mimicking dipotassium phosphate (DIP), β-glycerol phosphate (Gly), 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid (AEP), and P-free conditions (NP). Chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters showed significant differences in the NP and AEP groups compared with the DIP and Gly-groups. Expression levels of genes related to phosphate transportation and uptake, organic P utilization, nitrogen metabolism, urea cycling, carbon fixation, amino acid metabolism, environmental information, the ATP-synthesis process in glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway were remarkably upregulated, while those related to photosynthesis, phycobiliproteins, respiration, oxidative phosphorylation, sulfur metabolism, and genetic information were markedly downregulated in the NP group relative to the DIP group. However, the expression of genes involved in organic P utilization, the urea cycle, and genetic information in the Gly-group, and carbon-phosphorus lyase, genetic information and environmental information in the AEP group were significantly increased compared to the DIP group. Together, these results indicate that Raphidiopsis raciborskii exhibits the evolution of coordination of multiple metabolic pathways and certain key genes to adapt to ambient P changes, which implies that if P is reduced to control Raphidiopsis raciborskii bloom, there is a risk that external nutrients (such as nitrogen, amino acids, and urea) will stimulate the growth or metabolism of Raphidiopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Qiong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Tian Ou-Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Song-Qi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Lu-Lu Ji
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Xing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Phytate as a phosphorus nutrient with impacts on iron stress-related gene expression for phytoplankton: insights from diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 88:e0209721. [PMID: 34757820 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02097-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoplankton have evolved a capability to acquire phosphorus (P) from dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) since the preferred form, dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP, or Pi), is often limited in parts of the ocean. Phytic acid (PA) is abundantly synthesized in plants and rich in excreta of animals, potentially enriching the DOP pool in coastal oceans. However, whether and how PA may be used by phytoplankton are poorly understood. Here, we investigated PA utilization and underlying metabolic pathways in the diatom model Phaeodactylum tricornutum. The physiological results showed that P. tricornutum could utilize PA as a sole source of P nutrient to support growth. Meanwhile, the replacement of PA for DIP also caused changes in multiple cellular processes such as inositol phosphate metabolism, photosynthesis, and signal transduction. These results suggest that PA is bioavailable to P. tricornutum and can directly participate the metabolic pathways of PA-grown cells. However, our data showed that the utilization of PA was markedly less efficient than that of DIP, and PA-grown cells exhibited P and iron (Fe) nutrient stress signals. Implicated in these findings is the potential of complicated responses of phytoplankton to an ambient DOP species, which calls for more systematic investigation. IMPORTANCE PA is abundant in plants, and cannot be digested by non-ruminant animals. Hence, it is potentially a significant component of the DOP pool in the coastal waters. Despite the potential importance, there is little information about its bioavailability to phytoplankton as a source of P nutrient and if so what molecular mechanisms are involved. In this study, we found that part of PA could be utilized by the diatom P. tricornutum to support growth, and another portion of PA can act as a substrate directly participating in various metabolism pathways and cellular processes. However, our physiological and transcriptomic data show that PA-grown cells still exhibited signs of P stress and potential Fe stress. These results have significant implications in phytoplankton P nutrient ecology and provide a novel insight into multi-faceted impacts of DOP utilization on phytoplankton nutrition and metabolism.
Collapse
|
18
|
Huang K, Zhuang Y, Wang Z, Ou L, Cen J, Lu S, Qi Y. Bioavailability of Organic Phosphorus Compounds to the Harmful Dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1961. [PMID: 34576855 PMCID: PMC8469735 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Karenia mikimotoi is one of the most well-known harmful bloom species in temperate coastal waters. The present study investigated the characteristics of alkaline phosphatase (APase) and phosphodiesterase (PDEase) activities in hydrolysis of two phosphomonoesters (adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and ribulose 5-phosphate (R5P)) and a phosphodiester (cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)) in K. mikimotoi and compared its growth and physiological responses to the different forms of phosphorus substrates. K. mikimotoi produced comparable quantities of APase and PDEase to hydrolyze the organic phosphorus substrates, although hydrolysis of the phosphomonoesters was much faster than that of the phosphodiester. The growth of K. mikimotoi on organic phosphorus substrates was comparable to or better than that on inorganic phosphate. The difference in particulate organic nutrients (carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus) and hemolytic activity supported different rates of hydrolysis-assimilation of the various organic phosphorus substrates by K. mikimotoi. The hemolytic activities of K. mikimotoi in the presence of organic phosphorus substrates were several times those in the presence of inorganic phosphate during the exponential phase. This suggested the potential important role of organic phosphorus in K. mikimotoi blooms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Linjian Ou
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (K.H.); (Y.Z.); (Z.W.); (J.C.); (S.L.); (Y.Q.)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang D, Zhang S, Zhang H, Lin S. Omics study of harmful algal blooms in China: Current status, challenges, and future perspectives. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 107:102079. [PMID: 34456014 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the past two decades, the frequency, scale, and scope of harmful algal blooms (HABs) have increased significantly in the coastal waters of China. HABs have become a major ecological and environmental problem in China that seriously threatens the structure and function of marine ecosystems, the sustainable development of mariculture, and the health of human beings. Much effort has been devoted to studying HABs in China, and great achievements have been made in understanding the oceanographic and ecological mechanisms of HABs as well as the biology and physiological ecology of HAB-causing species. Furthermore, state-of-the-art omics technologies, such as transcriptomics and proteomics, have been used to elucidate the physiological responses of HAB-causing species to environmental changes, the biosynthesis of paralytic shellfish toxin, and the mechanisms underlying the formation of HABs. This review summarizes omics studies of HABs in China over the past few years and discusses challenges and future perspectives of HAB research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dazhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Shufeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Senjie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang Q, Chen Y, Wang M, Zhang J, Chen Q, Liu D. Molecular responses to inorganic and organic phosphorus sources in the growth and toxin formation of Microcystis aeruginosa. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 196:117048. [PMID: 33773451 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Toxic cyanobacteria bloom is a ubiquitous phenomenon worldwide in eutrophic lakes or reservoirs. Microcystis, is a cosmopolitan genus in cyanobacteria and exists in many different forms. Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) can produce microcystins (MCs) with strong liver toxicity during its growth and decomposition. Phosphorus (P) is a typical growth limiting factor of M. aeruginosa. Though different forms and concentrations of P are common in natural water, the molecular responses in the growth and MCs formation of M. aeruginosa remain unclear. In this study, laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the uptake of P, cell activity, MCs release, and related gene expression under different concentrations of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) and dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP). We found that the growth of M. aeruginosa was promoted by increasing DIP concentration but coerced under high concentration (0.6 and 1.0 mg P/L) of DOP after P starvation. The growth stress was not related to the alkaline phosphatase activity (APA). Although alkaline phosphatase (AP) could convert DOP into algae absorbable DIP, the growth status of M. aeruginosa mainly depended on the response mechanism of phosphate transporter expression to the extracellular P concentration. High-concentration DIP promoted MCs production in M. aeruginosa, while high-concentration DOP triggered the release of intracellular MCs rather than affecting MCs production. Our study revealed the molecular responses of algal growth and toxin formation under different P sources, and provided a theoretical basis and novel idea for risk management of eutrophic lakes and reservoirs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources & Hydraulic Engineering, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029, China; Center for Eco-Environment Research, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yuchen Chen
- Center for Eco-Environment Research, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Min Wang
- Center for Eco-Environment Research, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jianyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources & Hydraulic Engineering, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029, China; Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Green Development, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Qiuwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources & Hydraulic Engineering, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029, China; Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Green Development, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | - Dongsheng Liu
- Center for Eco-Environment Research, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hattenrath-Lehmann TK, Nanjappa D, Zhang H, Yu L, Goleski JA, Lin S, Gobler CJ. Transcriptomic and isotopic data reveal central role of ammonium in facilitating the growth of the mixotrophic dinoflagellate, Dinophysis acuminata. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 104:102031. [PMID: 34023078 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dinophysis spp. are mixotrophs that are dependent on specific prey, but are also potentially reliant on dissolved nutrients. The extent to which Dinophysis relies on exogenous N and the specific biochemical pathways important for supporting its autotrophic and heterotrophic growth are unknown. Here, the nutritional ecology of Dinophysis was explored using two approaches: 1) 15N tracer experiments were conducted to quantify the concentration-dependent uptake rates and associated kinetics of various N compounds (nitrate, ammonium, urea) of Dinophysis cultures and 2) the transcriptomic responses of Dinophysis cultures grown with multiple combinations of prey and nutrients were assessed via dinoflagellate spliced leader-based transcriptome profiling. Of the N compounds examined, ammonium had the highest Vmax and affinity coefficient, and lowest Ks for both pre-starved and pre-fed cultures, collectively demonstrating the preference of Dinophysis for this N source while little-to-no nitrate uptake was observed. During the transcriptome experiments, Dinophysis grown with nitrate and without prey had the largest number of genes with lower transcript abundances, did not increase abundance of transcripts associated with nitrate/nitrite uptake or reduction, and displayed no cellular growth, suggesting D. acuminata is not capable of growing on nitrate. When offered prey, the transcriptomic response of Dinophysis included the production of phagolysosomes, enzymes involved in protein and lipid catabolism, and N acquisition through amino acid degradation pathways. Compared with cultures only offered ammonium or prey, cultures offered both ammonium and prey had the largest number of genes with increased transcript abundances, the highest growth rate, and the unique activation of multiple pathways involved in cellular catabolism, further evidencing the ability of Dinophysis to grow optimally as a mixotroph. Collectively, this study evidences the key role ammonium plays in the mixotrophic growth of Dinophysis and reveals the precise biochemical pathways that facilitate its mixotrophic growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa K Hattenrath-Lehmann
- Stony Brook University, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, 239 Montauk Hwy, Southampton, NY 11968, United States
| | - Deepak Nanjappa
- Stony Brook University, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, 239 Montauk Hwy, Southampton, NY 11968, United States
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT 06340, United States
| | - Liying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Marine Biodiversity and Global Change Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
| | - Jennifer A Goleski
- Stony Brook University, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, 239 Montauk Hwy, Southampton, NY 11968, United States
| | - Senjie Lin
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT 06340, United States; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Marine Biodiversity and Global Change Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
| | - Christopher J Gobler
- Stony Brook University, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, 239 Montauk Hwy, Southampton, NY 11968, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Shi X, Xiao Y, Liu L, Xie Y, Ma R, Chen J. Transcriptome responses of the dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi driven by nitrogen deficiency. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 103:101977. [PMID: 33980427 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.101977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The availability of ambient N nutrient is often correlated with the occurrences of harmful algal bloom formed by certain dinoflagellates, making it important to understand how these species might be responding to such conditions. Here, transcriptome sequencing of Karenia mikimotoi was conducted to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms by which this dinoflagellate copes with nitrogen (N) deficiency. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 8802 unigenes (3.56%) that were differentially expressed with ≥ 2-fold change. Under N-depleted conditions, genes involved in glycolysis, fatty acid metabolism, and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle as well as lipid accumulation were significantly upregulated. The elevated expression of enzymes used in protein degradation and turnover suggests possible metabolic reconfiguration towards accelerated N recycling. Moreover, a significant increase in urea transporter was observed, indicating increased assimilation of organic nitrogen resources as an alternative in N-depleted cultures of K. mikimotoi. The down-regulated glutamate synthase genes were also identified under N deficiency, suggesting suppression of primary amino acid synthesis to save N resource. Taken together, results of this study show enhanced multiple N resource acquisition and reuse of multiple N resources constitute a comprehensive strategy to cope with N deficiency in a dinoflagellate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinguo Shi
- Fujian Engineering Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350116, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350116, China.
| | - Yuchun Xiao
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Lemian Liu
- Fujian Engineering Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350116, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Youping Xie
- Fujian Engineering Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350116, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Ruijuan Ma
- Fujian Engineering Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350116, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Jianfeng Chen
- Fujian Engineering Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350116, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350116, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang E, Wu S, Cai W, Zeng J, Li J, Li G, Liu J. Validation of superior reference genes for qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses in marine Emiliania huxleyi-virus model system. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 131:257-271. [PMID: 33275816 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To search for a set of reference genes for reliable gene expression analysis in the globally important marine coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi-virus model system. METHODS AND RESULTS Fifteen housekeeping genes (CDKA, CYP15, EFG3, POLAI, RPL30, RPL13, SAMS, COX1, GPB1-2, HSP90, TUA, TUB, UBA1, CAM3 and GAPDH) were evaluated for their stability as potential reference genes for qRT-PCR using ΔCt, geNorm, NormFinder, Bestkeeper and RefFinder software. CDKA, TUA and TUB genes were tested as loading controls for Western blot in the same sample panel. Additionally, target genes associated with cell apoptosis, that is metacaspase genes, were applied to validate the selection of reference genes. The analysis results demonstrated that putative housekeeping genes exhibited significant variations in both mRNA and protein content during virus infection. After a comprehensive analysis with all the algorithms, CDKA and GAPDH were recommended as the most stable reference genes for E huxleyi virus (EhV) infection treatments. For Western blot, significant variation was seen for TUA and TUB, whereas CDKA was stably expressed, consistent with the results of qRT-PCR. CONCLUSIONS CDKA and GAPDH are the best choice for gene and protein expression analysis than the other candidate reference genes under EhV infection conditions. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The stable internal control genes identified in this work will help to improve the accuracy and reliability of gene expression analysis and gain insight into complex E. huxleyi-EhV interaction regulatory networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Zhang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - S Wu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - W Cai
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - J Zeng
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - J Li
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - G Li
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - J Liu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Becker DM, Silbiger NJ. Nutrient and sediment loading affect multiple facets of functionality in a tropical branching coral. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb225045. [PMID: 32943577 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.225045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Coral reefs, one of the most diverse ecosystems in the world, face increasing pressures from global and local anthropogenic stressors. Therefore, a better understanding of the ecological ramifications of warming and land-based inputs (e.g. sedimentation and nutrient loading) on coral reef ecosystems is necessary. In this study, we measured how a natural nutrient and sedimentation gradient affected multiple facets of coral functionality, including endosymbiont and coral host response variables, holobiont metabolic responses and percent cover of Pocillopora acuta colonies in Mo'orea, French Polynesia. We used thermal performance curves to quantify the relationship between metabolic rates and temperature along the environmental gradient. We found that algal endosymbiont percent nitrogen content, endosymbiont densities and total chlorophyll a content increased with nutrient input, while endosymbiont nitrogen content per cell decreased, likely representing competition among the algal endosymbionts. Nutrient and sediment loading decreased coral metabolic responses to thermal stress in terms of their thermal performance and metabolic rate processes. The acute thermal optimum for dark respiration decreased, along with the maximal performance for gross photosynthetic and calcification rates. Gross photosynthetic and calcification rates normalized to a reference temperature (26.8°C) decreased along the gradient. Lastly, percent cover of P. acuta colonies decreased by nearly two orders of magnitude along the nutrient gradient. These findings illustrate that nutrient and sediment loading affect multiple levels of coral functionality. Understanding how local-scale anthropogenic stressors influence the responses of corals to temperature can inform coral reef management, particularly in relation to the mediation of land-based inputs into coastal coral reef ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Becker
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, CA 91330, USA
| | - Nyssa J Silbiger
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, CA 91330, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wu Z, Luo H, Yu L, Lee WH, Li L, Mak YL, Lin S, Lam PKS. Characterizing ciguatoxin (CTX)- and Non-CTX-producing strains of Gambierdiscus balechii using comparative transcriptomics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 717:137184. [PMID: 32084685 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Gambierdiscus spp. can produce the polyketide compound, ciguatoxin (CTX), and are hence responsible for ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP). Studying the molecular mechanism that regulates CTX production is crucial for understanding the environmental trigger of CTX as well as for better informing fishery management. Commonly, polyketide synthases are important for polyketide synthesis; however, no gene has been confirmatively assigned to CTX production. Here, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) and transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) were used to compare a CTX-producing strain with a non-CTX-producing strain. Using both methods, a total of 52 polyketide synthase (PKS) genes were identified to be up-regulated in the CTX-producing G. balechii, including transcripts encoding single-domain PKSs as well as transcripts encoding multi-domain PKSs. Using reverse transcription quantitative PCR, the expression of these genes in the CTX-producing strain and in nitrogen-limited cultures of the strain was further documented. These data suggest that PKSs are likely involved in polyketide synthesis and potentially in CTX synthesis in this dinoflagellate species. Our study provides the candidate biomarkers for the detection of CTXs or CFP in waters or any other organisms as well as a valuable genomic resource for the research on Gambierdiscus and other dinoflagellates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Liying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wai Hin Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yim Ling Mak
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Senjie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, USA.
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhang Y, Lin X, Li T, Li H, Lin L, Luo H, Li L, Ji N, Lin S. High throughput sequencing of 18S rRNA and its gene to characterize a Prorocentrum shikokuense (Dinophyceae) bloom. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 94:101809. [PMID: 32414502 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Comparing phytoplankton non-bloom and bloom communities using rRNA and its coding gene can help understand the shift of dominant species and its driving processes (e.g., intrinsic growth or grazing). Here we conducted high-throughput sequencing of 18S rRNA and its coding gene for studying non-bloom and bloom plankton communities in East China Sea. The non-bloom community was dominated by diatoms whereas during the bloom it was dominated by the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum shikokuense (formerly P. donghaiense). P. shikokuense rRNA abundance and rRNA:rRNA gene ratio both increased markedly in the bloom, indicating that the bloom arose from active growth. In contrast, some non-bloom species showed low DNA abundances during the bloom albeit high rRNA:rRNA gene ratios, suggesting that cell loss processes such as grazing might have prevented these species from blooming or that these species might be at an early stage of bloom development. Furthermore, Pearson's correlation analysis showed that dinoflagellate abundance was positively correlated with temperature and negatively related to dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) concentrations, suggesting warm and DIP-poor environment as a niche space for P. shikokuense. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of combined analysis of rRNA and its gene in characterizing phytoplankton bloom development to shed light on the complex phytoplankton dynamics and regulating mechanisms in the course of bloom development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Xin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Tangcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hengde Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Lingxiao Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Nanjing Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Senjie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Urban Sea Ecological Conservation and Restoration (USEER), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT 06405, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhang X, Lin S, Liu D. Transcriptomic and physiological responses of Skeletonema costatum to ATP utilization. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:1861-1869. [PMID: 32077205 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The capacity of phytoplankton to utilize dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) plays an important role in their competition for resources when the availability of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) is low in the aquatic systems. Here, we explored the physiological and molecular responses of a globally distributed marine diatom, Skeletonema costatum, in utilizing adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) based on incubation experiments under ATP, DIP-replete, and DIP-depleted conditions. The results show that ATP supports the growth of S. costatum as efficiently as DIP. The pathway of S. costatum involved in utilizing ATP is not related to alkaline phosphatase (AP), an important DOP hydrolase, although extracellular hydrolysis is involved. The transcriptome analysis revealed several transcripts related to the hydrolase activity (e.g. NAD+ diphosphatase), which were significantly upregulated in the ATP culture group, indicating their possible involvement in ATP hydrolysis. Meanwhile, ATP-grown S. costatum exhibited downregulation of the genes related to a series of metabolic activities (e.g. purine metabolism), apparently to adapt to ATP condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Department of Gene Engineering, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Senjie Lin
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Dongyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Yu L, Li T, Li L, Lin X, Li H, Liu C, Guo C, Lin S. SAGER: a database of Symbiodiniaceae and Algal Genomic Resource. Database (Oxford) 2020; 2020:baaa051. [PMID: 32621601 PMCID: PMC7334889 DOI: 10.1093/database/baaa051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Symbiodiniaceae dinoflagellates are essential endosymbionts of reef building corals and some other invertebrates. Information of their genome structure and function is critical for understanding coral symbiosis and bleaching. With the rapid development of sequencing technology, genome draft assemblies of several Symbiodiniaceae species and diverse marine algal genomes have become publicly available but spread in multiple separate locations. Here, we present a Symbiodiniaceae and Algal Genomic Resource Database (SAGER), a user-friendly online repository for integrating existing genomic data of Symbiodiniaceae species and diverse marine algal gene sets from MMETSP and PhyloDB databases. Relevant algal data are included to facilitate comparative analyses. The database is freely accessible at http://sampgr.org.cn. It provides comprehensive tools for studying gene function, expression and comparative genomics, including search tools to identify gene information from Symbiodiniaceae species, and BLAST tool to find orthologs from marine algae and protists. Moreover, SAGER integrates transcriptome datasets derived from diverse culture conditions of corresponding Symbiodiniaceae species. SAGER was developed with the capacity to incorporate future Symbiodiniaceae and algal genome and transcriptome data, and will serve as an open-access and sustained platform providing genomic and molecular tools that can be conveniently used to study Symbiodiniaceae and other marine algae. Database URL: http://sampgr.org.cn.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Tangcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hongfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Chichi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Chentao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Senjie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhang SF, Yuan CJ, Chen Y, Lin L, Wang DZ. Transcriptomic response to changing ambient phosphorus in the marine dinoflagellate Prorocentrum donghaiense. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 692:1037-1047. [PMID: 31539936 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dinoflagellates represent major contributors to the harmful algal blooms in the oceans. Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient that limits the growth and proliferation of dinoflagellates. However, the specific molecular mechanisms involved in the P acclimation of dinoflagellates remain poorly understood. Here, the transcriptomes of a dinoflagellate Prorocentrum donghaiense grown under inorganic P-replete, P-deficient, and inorganic- and organic P-resupplied conditions were compared. Genes encoding low- and high-affinity P transporters were significantly down-regulated in the P-deficient cells, while organic P utilization genes were significantly up-regulated, indicating strong ability of P. donghaiense to utilize organic P. Up-regulation of membrane phospholipid catabolism and endocytosis provided intracellular and extracellular organic P for the P-deficient cells. Physiological responses of P. donghaiense to dissolved inorganic P (DIP) or dissolved organic P (DOP) resupply exhibited insignificant differences. However, the corresponding transcriptomic responses significantly differed. Although the expression of multiple genes was significantly altered after DIP resupplementation, few biological processes varied. In contrast, various metabolic processes associated with cell growth, such as translation, transport, nucleotide, carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms, were significantly altered in the DOP-resupplied cells. Our results indicated that P. donghaiense evolved diverse DOP utilization strategies to adapt to low P environments, and that DOPs might play critical roles in the P. donghaiense bloom formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Chun-Juan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Lin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Da-Zhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yuan R, Li J, Li Y, Ren L, Wang S, Kong F. Formation mechanism of the Microcystis aeruginosa bloom in the water with low dissolved phosphorus. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 148:194-201. [PMID: 31430706 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of phosphorus by algae in the low-phosphorus state has drawn wide concerns due to the high risk of forming algal blooms. The cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) grew well under low-phosphorus condition by hydrolyzing dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) to dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) through alkaline phosphatase (AP). There was a negative correlation between DIP concentration and AP activity of algae. AP activity significantly increased at 0-3 d (p < 0.05), and reached the peak values of 43.06 and 49.11 King unit/gprot on day 5 for DIP (0.1 mg/L) and DOP (4.0 mg/L), respectively. The relative expression of phosphate transporter gene increased with decreasing phosphorus concentrations. The catalase activity under low-phosphorus condition increased significantly (p < 0.05) after one week, and was generally higher than 0.15 U/mgprot on day 14. Understanding the utilization efficiency and mechanism of DIP and DOP in the low-phosphorus state would help to inhibit the formation of algal blooms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Yuan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jihua Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yue Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ling Ren
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Sen Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Fanlong Kong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Tian-Tian L, Ping H, Jia-Xing L, Zhi-Xin K, Ye-Hui T. Utilization of different dissolved organic phosphorus sources by Symbiodinium voratum in vitro. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2019; 95:fiz150. [PMID: 31580458 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiz150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines the physiological responses of the Symbiodiniumvoratum (clade E) to two types of phosphates having different chemical bonds-phosphoesters (C-O-P bonds) and phosphonates (C-P bonds) to explore Symbiodinium cell growth and the molecular perspective of the P utilization process. Alkaline phosphatase (AP), PhnX, PhoA and PhoX expression was profiled for different P conditions using the RT-qPCR method. In a sterile system, Symbiodinium could decompose phosphoesters, such as ATP and glucose 6-phosphate (G-6-P), into dissolved inorganic P (DIP) to supplement inorganic phosphorus but could not directly use phosphoesters for growth. The growth rate and photosynthetic efficiency of zooxanthellae in phosphoester-containing media did not significantly differ from those in the DIP group but were significantly inhibited in medium containing phosphonates such as N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine (glyphosate) and 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid (2-AEP), as well as in DIP-poor medium. The phosphonate group DIP concentration did not change remarkably, indicating that phosphonates can neither be directly used by zooxanthellae nor decomposed into DIP. Our RT-qPCR results support our views that the phosphoesters (C-O-P) had been hydrolyzed outside the cell before being absorbed into the Symbiodinium cell, and implies that PhnX, PhoA and PhoX are perhaps responsible for transporting DIP from medium into cells and for storage of DIP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Tian-Tian
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ISEE, CAS)
| | - Huang Ping
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Liu Jia-Xing
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ISEE, CAS)
| | - Ke Zhi-Xin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ISEE, CAS)
| | - Tan Ye-Hui
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ISEE, CAS)
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhang H, He YB, Wu PF, Zhang SF, Xie ZX, Li DX, Lin L, Chen F, Wang DZ. Functional Differences in the Blooming Phytoplankton Heterosigma akashiwo and Prorocentrum donghaiense Revealed by Comparative Metaproteomics. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e01425-19. [PMID: 31375486 PMCID: PMC6752027 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01425-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoplankton blooms are natural phenomena in the ocean, which are the results of rapid cell growth of some phytoplankton species in a unique environment. However, little is known about the molecular events occurring during the bloom. Here, we compared metaproteomes of two phytoplankton Heterosigma akashiwo and Prorocentrum donghaiense in the coastal East China Sea. H. akashiwo and P. donghaiense accounted for 7.82% and 4.74% of the phytoplankton community protein abundances in the nonbloom sample, whereas they contributed to 60.13% and 78.09%, respectively, in their individual blooming samples. Compared with P. donghaiense, H. akashiwo possessed a significantly higher abundance of light-harvesting complex proteins, carbonic anhydrasem and RuBisCO. The blooming H. akashiwo cells expressed more proteins related to external nutrient acquisition, such as bicarbonate transporter SLC4, ammonium transporter, nitrite transporter, and alkaline phosphatase, while the blooming P. donghaiense cells highly expressed proteins related to extra- and intracellular organic nutrient utilization, such as amino acid transporter, 5'-nucleotidase, acid phosphatase, and tripeptidyl-peptidase. The strong capabilities of light harvesting, as well as acquisition and assimilation of inorganic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, facilitated the formation of the H. akashiwo bloom under the high turbidity and inorganic nutrient-sufficient condition, whereas the competitive advantages in organic nutrient acquisition and reallocation guaranteed the occurrence of the P. donghaiense bloom under the inorganic nutrient-insufficient condition. This study highlights the power of metaproteomics for revealing the underlying molecular behaviors of different coexisting phytoplankton species and advances our knowledge on the formation of phytoplankton blooms.IMPORTANCE A deep understanding of the mechanisms driving bloom formation is a prerequisite for effective bloom management. Metaproteomics was applied in this study to reveal the adaptive and responsive strategies of two coexisting phytoplankton species, H. akashiwo and P. donghaiense, during their bloom periods. Metabolic features and niche divergence in light harvesting, as well as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus acquisition and assimilation likely promoted the bloom occurrence under different environments. The molecular behaviors of coexisting bloom-causing species will give clues for bloom monitoring and management in the oceans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yan-Bin He
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng-Fei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shu-Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhang-Xian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Dong-Xu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Da-Zhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wang X, Niu X, Chen Y, Sun Z, Han A, Lou X, Ge J, Li X, Yang Y, Jian J, Gonçalves RJ, Guan W. Transcriptome sequencing of a toxic dinoflagellate, Karenia mikimotoi subjected to stress from solar ultraviolet radiation. HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 88:101640. [PMID: 31582153 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.101640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is a stress factor in aquatic environments and may act directly or indirectly on orgnisms in the upper layers of the water column. However, UVR effects are usually species-specific and difficult to extrapolate. Here we use the HAB-forming, toxic dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi (which was found to be relatively resistant in previous studies) to investigate its transcriptional responses to a one-week UVR exposure. For this, batch cultures of K. mikimotoi were grown with and without UVR, and their transcriptomes (generated via RNAseq technology) were compared. RNA-seq generated 45.31 million reads, which were further assembled to 202600 unigenes (>300bp). Among these, ca. 61% were annotated with NCBI, NR, GO, KOG, PFAM, Swiss-Prot, and KEGG database. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 722 differentially expressed unigenes (DEGs, defined as being within a |log2 fold change| ≥ 2 and padj < 0.05) responding to solar UVR, which were only 0.36% of all unigenes. 716 unigenes were down-regulated, and only 6 unigenes were up-regulated in the UVR compared to non-UVR treatment. KEGG pathway further analysis revealed DEGs were involved in the different pathway; genes involved in the ribosome, endocytosis and steroid biosynthesis pathways were highly down-regulated, but this was not the case for those involved in the energy metabolisms (including photosynthesis, oxidative phosphorylation) which may contribute to the sustainable growth observed in UVR treatment. The up-regulated expression of both zinc-finger proteins (ZFPs) and ribosomal protein L11 (RPL11) may be one of the acclimated mechanisms against UVR. In addition, this work identified down-regulated genes involved in fatty acid degradation and the hydrophobic branched chain amino acids (e.g., Valine, leucine, and isoleucine), which act as structural components of cell membranes modulating lipid homeostasis or turnover. In conclusion, the present study suggests that the toxic dinoflagellate K. mikimotoi has limited transcriptomic regulation but confirms that it appears as a tolerant species in response to solar UVR. These findings expand current knowledge of gene expression in HAB-forming species in response to natural environment factors such as solar radiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Wang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035 China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063 China
| | - Xiaoqin Niu
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035 China
| | - Yiji Chen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035 China
| | - Zhewei Sun
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035 China
| | - Axiang Han
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035 China
| | - Xiayuan Lou
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035 China
| | - Jingke Ge
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035 China
| | - Xuanwen Li
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035 China
| | - Yuqian Yang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035 China
| | - Jianbo Jian
- Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063 China
| | - Rodrigo J Gonçalves
- Laboratorio de Oceanografía Biológica (LOBio), Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos (CESIMAR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). U9120ACD, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - Wanchun Guan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035 China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Omics Analysis for Dinoflagellates Biology Research. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7090288. [PMID: 31450827 PMCID: PMC6780300 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Dinoflagellates are important primary producers for marine ecosystems and are also responsible for certain essential components in human foods. However, they are also notorious for their ability to form harmful algal blooms, and cause shellfish poisoning. Although much work has been devoted to dinoflagellates in recent decades, our understanding of them at a molecular level is still limited owing to some of their challenging biological properties, such as large genome size, permanently condensed liquid-crystalline chromosomes, and the 10-fold lower ratio of protein to DNA than other eukaryotic species. In recent years, omics technologies, such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, have been applied to the study of marine dinoflagellates and have uncovered many new physiological and metabolic characteristics of dinoflagellates. In this article, we review recent application of omics technologies in revealing some of the unusual features of dinoflagellate genomes and molecular mechanisms relevant to their biology, including the mechanism of harmful algal bloom formations, toxin biosynthesis, symbiosis, lipid biosynthesis, as well as species identification and evolution. We also discuss the challenges and provide prospective further study directions and applications of dinoflagellates.
Collapse
|
35
|
Morris LA, Voolstra CR, Quigley KM, Bourne DG, Bay LK. Nutrient Availability and Metabolism Affect the Stability of Coral-Symbiodiniaceae Symbioses. Trends Microbiol 2019; 27:678-689. [PMID: 30987816 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Coral reefs rely upon the highly optimized coral-Symbiodiniaceae symbiosis, making them sensitive to environmental change and susceptible to anthropogenic stress. Coral bleaching is predominantly attributed to photo-oxidative stress, yet nutrient availability and metabolism underpin the stability of symbioses. Recent studies link symbiont proliferation under nutrient enrichment to bleaching; however, the interactions between nutrients and symbiotic stability are nuanced. Here, we demonstrate how bleaching is regulated by the forms and ratios of available nutrients and their impacts on autotrophic carbon metabolism, rather than algal symbiont growth. By extension, historical nutrient conditions mediate host-symbiont compatibility and bleaching tolerance over proximate and evolutionary timescales. Renewed investigations into the coral nutrient metabolism will be required to truly elucidate the cellular mechanisms leading to coral bleaching.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Morris
- AIMS@JCU, Australian Institute of Marine Science, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia; Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia; College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia. https://twitter.com/ReefLuke
| | - Christian R Voolstra
- Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia. https://twitter.com/reefgenomics
| | - Kate M Quigley
- AIMS@JCU, Australian Institute of Marine Science, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia; Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia. https://twitter.com/la__cientifica
| | - David G Bourne
- AIMS@JCU, Australian Institute of Marine Science, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia; Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia; College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Line K Bay
- AIMS@JCU, Australian Institute of Marine Science, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia; Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Chan WS, Kwok ACM, Wong JTY. Knockdown of Dinoflagellate Cellulose Synthase CesA1 Resulted in Malformed Intracellular Cellulosic Thecal Plates and Severely Impeded Cyst-to-Swarmer Transition. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:546. [PMID: 30941114 PMCID: PMC6433935 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose synthesis (CS) is conducted by membrane-bound cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs), containing cellulose synthases (CesA), that are either arranged in hexagonal structures in higher plants or in linear arrays in most microbial organisms, including dinoflagellates. Dinoflagellates are a major phytoplankton group having linear-type CSCs and internal cellulosic thecal plates (CTPs) in large cortical vesicles. Immunological study suggested CesA1p were cortically localized to the periphery of CTPs. During cyst-to-swarmer transition (TC–S), synchronized peaks of CesA1 transcription, CesA1p expression, CS and CTP formation occurred in respective order, over 12–16 h, strategically allowing the study of CS regulation and CTP biogenesis. CesA1-knockdown resulted in 40% reduction in CesA1p level and time required for swarmer cells reappearance. CTPs were severely malformed with reduced cellulose content. As CTPs are deposited in internal organelle, the present study demonstrated dinoflagellate CesA1 ortholog was adapted for non-surface deposition; this is different to paradigm of other CesAps which require plasmamembrane for cellulose fiber deposition. This pioneer gene-knockdown study demonstrated the requirement of a gene for dinoflagellate cell wall remodeling and proper TC–S, which are prominent in dinoflagellate life-cycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wai Sun Chan
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Alvin Chun Man Kwok
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Joseph Tin Yum Wong
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zhang SF, Chen Y, Xie ZX, Zhang H, Lin L, Wang DZ. Unraveling the molecular mechanism of the response to changing ambient phosphorus in the dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella with quantitative proteomics. J Proteomics 2019; 196:141-149. [PMID: 30414514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is a key macronutrient limiting cell growth and bloom formation of marine dinoflagellates. Physiological responses to changing ambient P have been investigated in dinoflagellates; however, the molecular mechanisms behind these responses remain limited. Here, we compared the protein expression profiles of a marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella grown in inorganic P-replete, P-deficient, and inorganic- and organic-P resupplied conditions using an iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic approach. P deficiency inhibited cell growth and enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) but had no effect on photosynthetic efficiency. After P resupply, the P-deficient cells recovered growth rapidly and APA decreased. Proteins involved in sphingolipid metabolism, organic P utilization, starch and sucrose metabolism, and photosynthesis were up-regulated in the P-deficient cells, while proteins associated with protein synthesis, nutrient assimilation and energy metabolism were down-regulated. The responses of the P-deficient A. catenella to the resupply of organic and inorganic P presented significant differences: more biological processes were enhanced in the organic P-resupplied cells than those in the inorganic P-resupplied cells; A. catenella might directly utilize G-6-P for nucleic acid synthesis through the pentose phosphate pathway. Our results indicate that A. catenella has evolved diverse adaptive strategies to ambient P deficiency and specific mechanisms to utilize dissolved organic P, which might be an important reason resulting in A. catenella bloom in the low inorganic P environment. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The ability of marine dinoflagellates to utilize different phosphorus (P) species and adapt to ambient P deficiency determines their success in the ocean. In this study, we investigated the response mechanisms of a dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella to ambient P deficiency, and resupply of inorganic- and organic-P at the proteome level. Our results indicated that A. catenella initiated multiple adaptive strategies to ambient P deficiency, e.g. utilizing nonphospholipids and glycosphingolipids instead of phospholipids, enhancing expression of acid phosphatase to utilize organic P, and reallocating intracellular energy. Proteome responses of the P-deficient A. catenella to resupply of inorganic- and organic-P differed significantly, indicating different utilization pathways of inorganic and organic P, A. catenella might directly utilize low molecular weight organic P, such as G-6-P as both P and carbon sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Ying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Zhang-Xian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Lin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Da-Zhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zhang C, Lin S. Initial evidence of functional siRNA machinery in dinoflagellates. HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 81:53-58. [PMID: 30638498 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dinoflagellates are a major group of protists widely distributed in the aquatic environments. Many species in this lineage are able to form harmful algal blooms (HAB), some even producing toxins, making this phylum the most important contributors of HAB in the marine ecosystem. Despite the ecological importance, the molecular mechanisms underpinning the basic biology and HAB formation of dinoflagellates are poorly understood. While the high-throughput sequencing studies have documented a large and growing number of genes in dinoflagellates, their functions remained to be experimentally proven using a functional genetic tool. Unfortunately, no such tool is yet available. This study was aimed to adopt the RNA interference (RNAi) gene-silencing tool for dinoflagellate research, and to investigate the potential effects of RNAi-based silencing of proton-pump rhodopsin and CO2-fixing enzyme Rubisco encoding genes in dinoflagellates. It was found that RNAi treatment caused a significant decrease in growth rate in both species. Compared with the non- endogenous target (GFP-siRNA) and the blank control, RNAi treatments also suppressed the expression of the target genes. These results constitute the first experimental evidence of the existence and operation of siRNA in two species of dinoflagellates, present initial evidence that dinoflagellate rhodopsins are functional as a supplemental energy acquisition mechanism, and provide technical information for future functional genetic research on dinoflagellates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Single Cell Technology and Application, Guangzhou, China
| | - Senjie Lin
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Li T, Guo C, Zhang Y, Wang C, Lin X, Lin S. Identification and Expression Analysis of an Atypical Alkaline Phosphatase in Emiliania huxleyi. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2156. [PMID: 30283412 PMCID: PMC6156274 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Emiliania huxleyi, a cosmopolitan coccolithophore in the modern ocean, plays an important role in the carbon cycle and local climate feedback as it can form extensive blooms, calcify, and produce dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) leading to the generation of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) which affects climate when oxidized in the atmosphere. It is known to be able to utilize dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) by expressing a specific type of alkaline phosphatase (EHAP1) under phosphorus-limited conditions. In this study, we identified a new alkaline phosphatase (EH-PhoAaty) in this species, which we found belongs to the newly classified PhoAaty family. The expression of this atypical phosphatase was up-regulated under P-depleted conditions at both the transcriptional and translational levels, suggesting that E. huxleyi is able to express this AP to cope with phosphorus limitation. Comparative analysis revealed different transcriptional expression dynamics between eh-PhoAaty and ehap1, although both genes exhibited inducible expression under phosphate deficiency. In addition, after AP activity was eliminated by using EDTA to chelate metal ions, we found that AP activity was recovered with the supplement of Ca2+ and Zn2+, indicative of the adoption of Ca2+ as the cofactor under Zn-P co-limited conditions, likely a result of adaptation to oceanic environments where Zn2+ is often limiting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tangcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Xiamen City Key Laboratory of Urban Sea Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chentao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Xiamen City Key Laboratory of Urban Sea Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yaqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Xiamen City Key Laboratory of Urban Sea Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Cong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Xiamen City Key Laboratory of Urban Sea Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Xiamen City Key Laboratory of Urban Sea Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Senjie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Xiamen City Key Laboratory of Urban Sea Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, United States
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Current Knowledge and Recent Advances in Marine Dinoflagellate Transcriptomic Research. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse6010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|