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Young M, Chojnacki M, Blanchard C, Cao X, Johnson WL, Flaherty D, Dunman PM. Genetic Determinants of Acinetobacter baumannii Serum-Associated Adaptive Efflux-Mediated Antibiotic Resistance. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1173. [PMID: 37508269 PMCID: PMC10376123 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is a nosocomial pathogen of serious healthcare concern that is becoming increasingly difficult to treat due to antibiotic treatment failure. Recent studies have revealed that clinically defined antibiotic-susceptible strains upregulate the expression of a repertoire of putative drug efflux pumps during their growth under biologically relevant conditions, e.g., in human serum, resulting in efflux-associated resistance to physiologically achievable antibiotic levels within a patient. This phenomenon, termed Adaptive Efflux Mediated Resistance (AEMR), has been hypothesized to account for one mechanism by which antibiotic-susceptible A. baumannii fails to respond to antibiotic treatment. In the current study, we sought to identify genetic determinants that contribute to A. baumannii serum-associated AEMR by screening a transposon mutant library for members that display a loss of the AEMR phenotype. Results revealed that mutation of a putative pirin-like protein, YhaK, results in a loss of AEMR, a phenotype that could be complemented by a wild-type copy of the yhaK gene and was verified in a second strain background. Ethidium bromide efflux assays confirmed that the loss of AEMR phenotype due to pirin-like protein mutation correlated with reduced overarching efflux capacity. Further, flow cytometry and confocal microscopy measures of a fluorophore 7-(dimethylamino)-coumarin-4-acetic acid (DMACA)-tagged levofloxacin isomer, ofloxacin, further verified that YhaK mutation reduces AEMR-mediated antibiotic efflux. RNA-sequencing studies revealed that YhaK may be required for the expression of multiple efflux-associated systems, including MATE and ABC families of efflux pumps. Collectively, the data indicate that the A. baumannii YhaK pirin-like protein plays a role in modulating the organism's adaptive efflux-mediated resistance phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaeel Young
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (M.Y.); (M.C.); (W.L.J.)
| | - Michaelle Chojnacki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (M.Y.); (M.C.); (W.L.J.)
| | - Catlyn Blanchard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (M.Y.); (M.C.); (W.L.J.)
| | - Xufeng Cao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University College of Pharmacy, Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - William L. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (M.Y.); (M.C.); (W.L.J.)
| | - Daniel Flaherty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University College of Pharmacy, Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Paul M. Dunman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (M.Y.); (M.C.); (W.L.J.)
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2
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Hajiagha MN, Kafil HS. Efflux pumps and microbial biofilm formation. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023:105459. [PMID: 37271271 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm-related infections are resistant forms of pathogens that are regarded as a medical problem, particularly due to the spread of multiple drug resistance. One of the factors associated with biofilm drug resistance is the presence of various types of efflux pumps in bacteria. Efflux pumps also play a role in biofilm formation by influencing Physical-chemical interactions, mobility, gene regulation, quorum sensing (QS), extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), and toxic compound extrusion. According to the findings of studies based on efflux pump expression analysis, their role in the anatomical position within the biofilm will differ depending on the biofilm formation stage, encoding gene expression level, the type and concentration of substrate. In some cases, the function of the efflux pumps can overlap with each other, so it seems necessary to accurate identify the efflux pumps of biofilm-forming bacteria along with their function in this process. Such studies will help to choose treatment strategy, at least in combination with antibiotics. Furthermore, if the goal of treatment is an efflux pump manipulation, we should not limit it to inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdyeh Neghabi Hajiagha
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Drug Applied Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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3
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Fanelli G, Pasqua M, Prosseda G, Grossi M, Colonna B. AcrAB efflux pump impacts on the survival of adherent-invasive Escherichia coli strain LF82 inside macrophages. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2692. [PMID: 36792672 PMCID: PMC9931695 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29817-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The tripartite complex AcrAB-TolC is the major RND pump in Escherichia coli and other Enterobacteriaceae. It consists of the AcrB transporter, which is embedded in the inner membrane, the AcrA adapter located in the periplasm, and the channel protein TolC responsible for the transport of substrates towards the extracellular environment. Besides conferring resistance to many classes of antibiotics, AcrAB plays a role in the pathogenesis and virulence of several bacterial pathogens. Here we report that the AcrAB pump heavily affects the infection process of the LF82 strain, the prototype of Adherent-Invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) which are highly abundant in the ileal mucosa of Chron disease patients. We found that the deletion of genes encoding AcrA and/or AcrB leads to decreased survival of LF82 within macrophages. Ectopic AcrAB expression in a acrAB defective mutant restores the wild type condition. Furthermore, we demonstrate that inhibition of AcrB and replacement of the transporter with an unfunctional AcrB also interfere with bacterial viability inside macrophages. Overall, these data suggest a pivotal role of the AcrAB efflux pump in bacteria-host cell interactions also in AIEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Fanelli
- grid.7841.aDepartment of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”, Istituto Pasteur Italia, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Pasqua
- grid.7841.aDepartment of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”, Istituto Pasteur Italia, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianni Prosseda
- grid.7841.aDepartment of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”, Istituto Pasteur Italia, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Milena Grossi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Istituto Pasteur Italia, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.
| | - Bianca Colonna
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Istituto Pasteur Italia, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.
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4
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Fernández-Fernández R, Olivenza DR, Sánchez-Romero MA. Identifying Bacterial Lineages in Salmonella by Flow Cytometry. EcoSal Plus 2022; 10:eESP00182021. [PMID: 35148202 PMCID: PMC10729938 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0018-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Advances in technologies that permit high-resolution analysis of events in single cells have revealed that phenotypic heterogeneity is a widespread phenomenon in bacteria. Flow cytometry has the potential to describe the distribution of cellular properties within a population of bacterial cells and has yielded invaluable information about the ability of isogenic cells to diversify into phenotypic subpopulations. This review will discuss several single-cell approaches that have recently been applied to define phenotypic heterogeneity in populations of Salmonella enterica.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David R. Olivenza
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
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Sharma A, Yadav SP, Sarma D, Mukhopadhaya A. Modulation of host cellular responses by gram-negative bacterial porins. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2021; 128:35-77. [PMID: 35034723 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The outer membrane of a gram-negative bacteria encapsulates the plasma membrane thereby protecting it from the harsh external environment. This membrane acts as a sieving barrier due to the presence of special membrane-spanning proteins called "porins." These porins are β-barrel channel proteins that allow the passive transport of hydrophilic molecules and are impermeable to large and charged molecules. Many porins form trimers in the outer membrane. They are abundantly present on the bacterial surface and therefore play various significant roles in the host-bacteria interactions. These include the roles of porins in the adhesion and virulence mechanisms necessary for the pathogenesis, along with providing resistance to the bacteria against the antimicrobial substances. They also act as the receptors for phage and complement proteins and are involved in modulating the host cellular responses. In addition, the potential use of porins as adjuvants, vaccine candidates, therapeutic targets, and biomarkers is now being exploited. In this review, we focus briefly on the structure of the porins along with their important functions and roles in the host-bacteria interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Shashi Prakash Yadav
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Dwipjyoti Sarma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Arunika Mukhopadhaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, Punjab, India.
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6
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Cavestri C, Savard P, Fliss I, Emond-Rhéault JG, Hamel J, Kukavica-Ibrulj I, Boyle B, Daigle F, Malo D, Bekal S, Harris LJ, Levesque RC, Goodridge L, LaPointe G. Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica virulence potential can be linked to higher survival within a dynamic in vitro human gastrointestinal model. Food Microbiol 2021; 101:103877. [PMID: 34579845 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica is one of the leading causes of human foodborne infections and several outbreaks are now associated with the consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables. This study aims at evaluating whether Salmonella virulence can be linked to an enhanced ability to survive successive digestive environments. Thirteen S. enterica strains were selected according to high and low virulence phenotypes. Lettuce inoculated separately with each S. enterica strain was used as food matrix in the TNO gastrointestinal model (TIM-1) of the human upper gastrointestinal tract. During the passage in the stomach, counts determined using PMA-qPCR were 2-5 logs higher than the cultivable counts for all strains indicating the presence of viable but non-cultivable cells. Bacterial growth was observed in the duodenum compartment after 180 min for all but one strain and growth continued into the ileal compartment. After passage through the simulated gastrointestinal tract, both virulent and avirulent S. enterica strains survived but high virulence strains had a significantly (p = 0.004) better average survival rate (1003 %-3753 %) than low virulence strains (from 25 % to 3730%). The survival rates of S. enterica strains could be linked to the presence of genes associated with acid and bile resistance and their predicted products. The presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms may also impact the function of virulence associated genes and play a role in the resulting phenotype. These data provide an understanding of the relationship between measured virulence potential and survival of S. enterica during dynamic simulated gastrointestinal transit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Cavestri
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Patricia Savard
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Ismail Fliss
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Jérémie Hamel
- Institute for Integrative and Systems Biology, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Brian Boyle
- Institute for Integrative and Systems Biology, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - France Daigle
- Département de Microbiologie Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Danielle Malo
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sadjia Bekal
- Laboratoire de Santé Publique Du Québec, Ste-Anne de Bellevue, Canada
| | - Linda J Harris
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Roger C Levesque
- Institute for Integrative and Systems Biology, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Gisèle LaPointe
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada.
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7
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Fernández-Fernández R, Hernández SB, Puerta-Fernández E, Sánchez-Romero MA, Urdaneta V, Casadesús J. Evidence for Involvement of the Salmonella enterica Z-Ring Assembly Factors ZapA and ZapB in Resistance to Bile. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:647305. [PMID: 33717045 PMCID: PMC7947894 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.647305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes annotated as ygfE and yiiU in the genome of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium encode proteins homologous to Escherichia coli cell division factors ZapA and ZapB, respectively. ZapA- and ZapB- mutants of S. enterica are bile-sensitive. The amount of zapB mRNA increases in the presence of a sublethal concentration of sodium deoxycholate (DOC) while zapA mRNA remains unaffected. Increased zapB mRNA level in the presence of DOC is not caused by upregulation of zapB transcription but by increased stability of zapB mRNA. This increase is suppressed by an hfq mutation, suggesting the involvement of a small regulatory RNA. We provide evidence that such sRNA is MicA. The ZapB protein is degraded in the presence of DOC, and degradation appears to involve the Lon protease. We propose that increased stability of zapB mRNA in the presence of DOC may counter degradation of bile-damaged ZapB, thereby providing sufficient level of functional ZapB protein to permit Z-ring assembly in the presence of bile.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara B Hernández
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | - Verónica Urdaneta
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Josep Casadesús
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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8
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The ABC-Type Efflux Pump MacAB Is Involved in Protection of Serratia marcescens against Aminoglycoside Antibiotics, Polymyxins, and Oxidative Stress. mSphere 2021; 6:6/2/e00033-21. [PMID: 33692192 PMCID: PMC8546677 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00033-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Serratia marcescens is an emerging pathogen with increasing clinical importance due to its intrinsic resistance to several classes of antibiotics. The chromosomally encoded drug efflux pumps contribute to antibiotic resistance and represent a major challenge for the treatment of bacterial infections. The ABC-type efflux pump MacAB was previously linked to macrolide resistance in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. The role of the MacAB homolog in antibiotic resistance of S. marcescens is currently unknown. We found that an S. marcescens mutant lacking the MacAB pump did not show increased sensitivity to the macrolide antibiotic erythromycin but was significantly more sensitive to aminoglycoside antibiotics and polymyxins. We also showed that, in addition to its role in drug efflux, the MacAB efflux pump is required for swimming motility and biofilm formation. We propose that the motility defect of the ΔmacAB mutant is due, at least in part, to the loss of functional flagella on the bacterial surface. Furthermore, we found that the promoter of the MacAB efflux pump was active during the initial hours of growth in laboratory medium and that its activity was further elevated in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Finally, we demonstrate a complete loss of ΔmacAB mutant viability in the presence of peroxide, which is fully restored by complementation. Thus, the S. marcescens MacAB efflux pump is essential for survival during oxidative stress and is involved in protection from polymyxins and aminoglycoside antibiotics. IMPORTANCE The opportunistic pathogen Serratia marcescens can cause urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, meningitis, and sepsis in immunocompromised individuals. These infections are challenging to treat due to the intrinsic resistance of S. marcescens to an extensive array of antibiotics. Efflux pumps play a crucial role in protection of bacteria from antimicrobials. The MacAB efflux pump, previously linked to efflux of macrolides in Escherichia coli and protection from oxidative stress in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, is not characterized in S. marcescens. We show the role of the MacAB efflux pump in S. marcescens protection from aminoglycoside antibiotics and polymyxins, modulation of bacterial motility, and biofilm formation, and we illustrate the essential role for this pump in bacterial survival during oxidative stress. Our findings make the MacAB efflux pump an attractive target for inhibition to gain control over S. marcescens infections.
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9
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Fanelli G, Pasqua M, Colonna B, Prosseda G, Grossi M. Expression Profile of Multidrug Resistance Efflux Pumps During Intracellular Life of Adherent-Invasive Escherichia coli Strain LF82. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1935. [PMID: 33013734 PMCID: PMC7462009 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Efflux pumps (EPs) are present in all living cells and represent a large and important group of transmembrane proteins involved in transport processes. In bacteria, multidrug resistance efflux pumps (MDR EPs) confer resistance to antibiotics at different levels and are deeply implicated in the fast and dramatic emergence of antibiotic resistance. Recently, several reports have outlined the great versatility of MDR EPs in exporting a large variety of compounds other than antibiotics, thus promoting bacterial adaptation to a wide range of habitats. In several bacterial pathogens, MDR EPs contribute to increase the virulence potential and are directly involved in the crosstalk with host cells. In this work, we have investigated the possible role of MDR EPs in the infectious process of the adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC), a group of pathogenic E. coli that colonize the ileal mucosa of Crohn disease (CD) patients causing a strong intestinal inflammation. The results we have obtained indicate that, with the exception of mdtM, all MDR-EPs encoding genes present in E.coli K12 are conserved in the AIEC prototype strain LF82. The analysis of MDR EP expression during LF82 infection of macrophages and epithelial cells reveals that their transcription is highly modulated during the bacterial intracellular life. Notably, some EP genes are regulated in a cell-type specific manner, strongly suggesting that their function is required for LF82 successful infection. AIEC are able to adhere to and invade intestinal epithelial cells and, importantly, to survive and multiply within macrophages. Thus, we further investigated the role of EPs specifically induced by macrophage environment. We present evidence indicating that deletion of mdtEF genes, encoding an MDR EP belonging to the resistance nodulation division (RND) family, significantly impairs survival of LF82 in macrophages and that the wild type phenotype can be restored by trans-complementation with functional MdtEF pump. Altogether, our results indicate a strong involvement of MDR EPs in host pathogen interaction also in AIEC and highlight the contribution of MdtEF to the fitness of LF82 in the macrophage environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Fanelli
- Istituto Pasteur Italia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza-Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Pasqua
- Istituto Pasteur Italia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza-Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Bianca Colonna
- Istituto Pasteur Italia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza-Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianni Prosseda
- Istituto Pasteur Italia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza-Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Milena Grossi
- Istituto Pasteur Italia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza-Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
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10
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Le VVH, Olivera C, Spagnuolo J, Davies IG, Rakonjac J. In vitro synergy between sodium deoxycholate and furazolidone against enterobacteria. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:5. [PMID: 31906851 PMCID: PMC6945529 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1668-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial combinations have been proven as a promising approach in the confrontation with multi-drug resistant bacterial pathogens. In the present study, we identify and characterize a synergistic interaction of broad-spectrum nitroreductase-activated prodrugs 5-nitrofurans, with a secondary bile salt, sodium deoxycholate (DOC) in growth inhibition and killing of enterobacteria. Results Using checkerboard assay, we show that combination of nitrofuran furazolidone (FZ) and DOC generates a profound synergistic effect on growth inhibition in several enterobacterial species including Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Citrobacter gillenii and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI) for DOC-FZ synergy ranges from 0.125 to 0.35 that remains unchanged in an ampicillin-resistant E. coli strain containing a β-lactamase-producing plasmid. Findings from the time-kill assay further highlight the synergy with respect to bacterial killing in E. coli and Salmonella. We further characterize the mechanism of synergy in E. coli K12, showing that disruption of the tolC or acrA genes that encode components of multidrug efflux pumps causes, respectively, a complete or partial loss, of the DOC-FZ synergy. This finding indicates the key role of TolC-associated efflux pumps in the DOC-FZ synergy. Overexpression of nitric oxide-detoxifying enzyme Hmp results in a three-fold increase in FICI for DOC-FZ interaction, suggesting a role of nitric oxide in the synergy. We further demonstrate that DOC-FZ synergy is largely independent of NfsA and NfsB, the two major activation enzymes of the nitrofuran prodrugs. Conclusions This study is to our knowledge the first report of nitrofuran-deoxycholate synergy against Gram-negative bacteria, offering potential applications in antimicrobial therapeutics. The mechanism of DOC-FZ synergy involves FZ-mediated inhibition of TolC-associated efflux pumps that normally remove DOC from bacterial cells. One possible route contributing to that effect is via FZ-mediated nitric oxide production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuong Van Hung Le
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Catrina Olivera
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Julian Spagnuolo
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Present Address: Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ieuan G Davies
- New Zealand Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jasna Rakonjac
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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11
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Wotzka SY, Kreuzer M, Maier L, Arnoldini M, Nguyen BD, Brachmann AO, Berthold DL, Zünd M, Hausmann A, Bakkeren E, Hoces D, Gül E, Beutler M, Dolowschiak T, Zimmermann M, Fuhrer T, Moor K, Sauer U, Typas A, Piel J, Diard M, Macpherson AJ, Stecher B, Sunagawa S, Slack E, Hardt WD. Escherichia coli limits Salmonella Typhimurium infections after diet shifts and fat-mediated microbiota perturbation in mice. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:2164-2174. [PMID: 31591555 PMCID: PMC6881180 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0568-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The microbiota confers colonization resistance, which blocks Salmonella gut colonization1. As diet affects microbiota composition, we studied whether food composition shifts enhance susceptibility to infection. Shifting mice to diets with reduced fibre or elevated fat content for 24 h boosted Salmonella Typhimurium or Escherichia coli gut colonization and plasmid transfer. Here, we studied the effect of dietary fat. Colonization resistance was restored within 48 h of return to maintenance diet. Salmonella gut colonization was also boosted by two oral doses of oleic acid or bile salts. These pathogen blooms required Salmonella's AcrAB/TolC-dependent bile resistance. Our data indicate that fat-elicited bile promoted Salmonella gut colonization. Both E. coli and Salmonella show much higher bile resistance than the microbiota. Correspondingly, competitive E. coli can be protective in the fat-challenged gut. Diet shifts and fat-elicited bile promote S. Typhimurium gut infections in mice lacking E. coli in their microbiota. This mouse model may be useful for studying pathogen-microbiota-host interactions, the protective effect of E. coli, to analyse the spread of resistance plasmids and assess the impact of food components on the infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Y Wotzka
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Kreuzer
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Maier
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Arnoldini
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bidong D Nguyen
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Mirjam Zünd
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Annika Hausmann
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Erik Bakkeren
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Hoces
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ersin Gül
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Beutler
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Michael Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Fuhrer
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Moor
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Sauer
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Athanasios Typas
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jörn Piel
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Médéric Diard
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrew J Macpherson
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, University Clinic for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bärbel Stecher
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Emma Slack
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Pasqua M, Grossi M, Zennaro A, Fanelli G, Micheli G, Barras F, Colonna B, Prosseda G. The Varied Role of Efflux Pumps of the MFS Family in the Interplay of Bacteria with Animal and Plant Cells. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7090285. [PMID: 31443538 PMCID: PMC6780985 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Efflux pumps represent an important and large group of transporter proteins found in all organisms. The importance of efflux pumps resides in their ability to extrude a wide range of antibiotics, resulting in the emergence of multidrug resistance in many bacteria. Besides antibiotics, multidrug efflux pumps can also extrude a large variety of compounds: Bacterial metabolites, plant-produced compounds, quorum-sensing molecules, and virulence factors. This versatility makes efflux pumps relevant players in interactions not only with other bacteria, but also with plant or animal cells. The multidrug efflux pumps belonging to the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) are widely distributed in microbial genomes and exhibit a large spectrum of substrate specificities. Multidrug MFS efflux pumps are present either as single-component transporters or as tripartite complexes. In this review, we will summarize how the multidrug MFS efflux pumps contribute to the interplay between bacteria and targeted host cells, with emphasis on their role in bacterial virulence, in the colonization of plant and animal host cells and in biofilm formation. We will also address the complexity of these interactions in the light of the underlying regulatory networks required for the effective activation of efflux pump genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Pasqua
- Istituto Pasteur Italia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Via dei Sardi 70, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Milena Grossi
- Istituto Pasteur Italia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Via dei Sardi 70, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zennaro
- Istituto Pasteur Italia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Via dei Sardi 70, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Fanelli
- Istituto Pasteur Italia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Via dei Sardi 70, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Gioacchino Micheli
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Frederic Barras
- Département de Microbiologie, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- Équipe de Recherche Labellisée (ERL) Microbiology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Bianca Colonna
- Istituto Pasteur Italia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Via dei Sardi 70, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianni Prosseda
- Istituto Pasteur Italia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Via dei Sardi 70, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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13
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Cadena M, Kelman T, Marco ML, Pitesky M. Understanding Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Profiles of Salmonella Biofilm and Planktonic Bacteria Challenged with Disinfectants Commonly Used During Poultry Processing. Foods 2019; 8:E275. [PMID: 31336660 PMCID: PMC6678331 DOI: 10.3390/foods8070275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella that survive cleaning and disinfection during poultry processing are a public health concern because pathogens that survive disinfectants have greater potential to exhibit resistance to antibiotics and disinfectants after their initial disinfectant challenge. While the mechanisms conferring antimicrobial resistance (AMR) after exposure to disinfectants is complex, understanding the effects of disinfectants on Salmonella in both their planktonic and biofilm states is becoming increasingly important, as AMR and disinfectant tolerant bacteria are becoming more prevalent in the food chain. This review examines the modes of action of various types of disinfectants commonly used during poultry processing (quaternary ammonium, organic acids, chlorine, alkaline detergents) and the mechanisms that may confer tolerance to disinfectants and cross-protection to antibiotics. The goal of this review article is to characterize the AMR profiles of Salmonella in both their planktonic and biofilm state that have been challenged with hexadecylpyridinium chloride (HDP), peracetic acid (PAA), sodium hypochlorite (SHY) and trisodium phosphate (TSP) in order to understand the risk of these disinfectants inducing AMR in surviving bacteria that may enter the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrna Cadena
- UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Reproduction, Cooperative Extension, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Todd Kelman
- UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Reproduction, Cooperative Extension, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Maria L Marco
- UC Davis, Department of Food Science and Technology, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Maurice Pitesky
- UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Reproduction, Cooperative Extension, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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14
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Mutational and non mutational adaptation of Salmonella enterica to the gall bladder. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5203. [PMID: 30914708 PMCID: PMC6435676 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41600-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During systemic infection of susceptible hosts, Salmonella enterica colonizes the gall bladder, which contains lethal concentrations of bile salts. Recovery of Salmonella cells from the gall bladder of infected mice yields two types of isolates: (i) bile-resistant mutants; (ii) isolates that survive lethal selection without mutation. Bile-resistant mutants are recovered at frequencies high enough to suggest that increased mutation rates may occur in the gall bladder, thus providing a tentative example of stress-induced mutation in a natural environment. However, most bile-resistant mutants characterized in this study show defects in traits that are relevant for Salmonella colonization of the animal host. Mutation may thus permit short-term adaptation to the gall bladder at the expense of losing fitness for transmission to new hosts. In contrast, non mutational adaptation may have evolved as a fitness-preserving strategy. Failure of RpoS− mutants to colonize the gall bladder supports the involvement of the general stress response in non mutational adaptation.
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15
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Pasqua M, Grossi M, Scinicariello S, Aussel L, Barras F, Colonna B, Prosseda G. The MFS efflux pump EmrKY contributes to the survival of Shigella within macrophages. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2906. [PMID: 30814604 PMCID: PMC6393483 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39749-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Efflux pumps are membrane protein complexes conserved in all living organisms. Beyond being involved in antibiotic extrusion in several bacteria, efflux pumps are emerging as relevant players in pathogen-host interactions. We have investigated on the possible role of the efflux pump network in Shigella flexneri, the etiological agent of bacillary dysentery. We have found that S. flexneri has retained 14 of the 20 pumps characterized in Escherichia coli and that their expression is differentially modulated during the intracellular life of Shigella. In particular, the emrKY operon, encoding an efflux pump of the Major Facilitator Superfamily, is specifically and highly induced in Shigella-infected U937 macrophage-like cells and is activated in response to a combination of high K+ and acidic pH, which are sensed by the EvgS/EvgA two-component system. Notably, we show that following S. flexneri infection, macrophage cytosol undergoes a mild reduction of intracellular pH, permitting EvgA to trigger the emrKY activation. Finally, we present data suggesting that EmrKY is required for the survival of Shigella in the harsh macrophage environment, highlighting for the first time the key role of an efflux pump during the Shigella invasive process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Pasqua
- Istituto Pasteur Italia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Milena Grossi
- Istituto Pasteur Italia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Scinicariello
- Istituto Pasteur Italia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Laurent Aussel
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | | | - Bianca Colonna
- Istituto Pasteur Italia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianni Prosseda
- Istituto Pasteur Italia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.
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16
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Blanco P, Sanz-García F, Hernando-Amado S, Martínez JL, Alcalde-Rico M. The development of efflux pump inhibitors to treat Gram-negative infections. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018; 13:919-931. [PMID: 30198793 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1514386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION One of the possibilities for reducing the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance is the use of anti-resistance compounds capable of resensitizing resistant microorganisms to current antimicrobials. For this purpose, multidrug efflux pumps, whose inhibition may increase bacterial susceptibility to several antibiotics, including macrolides to which Gram-negatives are considered intrinsically resistant, have emerged as suitable targets. Areas covered: In the current review, the authors discuss different mechanisms that can be exploited for inhibiting multidrug efflux pumps and describe the properties and the potential therapeutic value of already studied efflux pumps inhibitors. Although efforts have already been made to develop these inhibitors, there are currently no good candidates for treating infectious diseases. Consequently, the authors also discuss potential approaches for their development. Expert opinion: Classical anti-resistance drugs such as beta-lactamases inhibitors, while useful, are only purposeful for treating infections caused by beta-lactamase producers. However, inhibitors of multidrug efflux pumps, which are present on all organisms, can sensitize both susceptible and resistant bacteria to antibiotics belonging to several different structural families. Since some efflux pumps are involved in bacterial infections, their inhibition may also reduce the infectivity of Gram-negative bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Blanco
- a Department of Microbial Biotechnology , Centro Nacional de Biotecnología. CSIC , Madrid , Spain
| | - Fernando Sanz-García
- a Department of Microbial Biotechnology , Centro Nacional de Biotecnología. CSIC , Madrid , Spain
| | - Sara Hernando-Amado
- a Department of Microbial Biotechnology , Centro Nacional de Biotecnología. CSIC , Madrid , Spain
| | - José Luis Martínez
- a Department of Microbial Biotechnology , Centro Nacional de Biotecnología. CSIC , Madrid , Spain
| | - Manuel Alcalde-Rico
- a Department of Microbial Biotechnology , Centro Nacional de Biotecnología. CSIC , Madrid , Spain
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