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Pagli C, Chamizo S, Migliore G, Rugnini L, De Giudici G, Braglia R, Canini A, Cantón Y. Isolation of biocrust cyanobacteria and evaluation of Cu, Pb, and Zn immobilisation potential for soil restoration and sustainable agriculture. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174020. [PMID: 38897475 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Soil contamination by heavy metals represents an important environmental and public health problem of global concern. Biocrust-forming cyanobacteria offer promise for heavy metal immobilisation in contaminated soils due to their unique characteristics, including their ability to grow in contaminated soils and produce exopolysaccharides (EPS). However, limited research has analysed the representativeness of cyanobacteria in metal-contaminated soils. Additionally, there is a lack of studies examining how cyanobacteria adaptation to specific environments can impact their metal-binding capacity. To address this research gap, we conducted a study analysing the bacterial communities of cyanobacteria-dominated biocrusts in a contaminated area from South Sardinia (Italy). Additionally, by using two distinct approaches, we isolated three Nostoc commune strains from cyanobacteria-dominated biocrust and we also evaluated their potential to immobilise heavy metals. The first isolation method involved acclimatizing biocrust samples in liquid medium while, in the second method, biocrust samples were directly seeded onto agar plates. The microbial community analysis revealed Cyanobacteria, Bacteroidota, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria as the predominant groups, with cyanobacteria representing between 13.3 % and 26.0 % of the total community. Despite belonging to the same species, these strains exhibited different growth rates (1.1-2.2 g L-1 of biomass) and capacities for EPS production (400-1786 mg L-1). The three strains demonstrated a notable ability for metal immobilisation, removing up to 88.9 % of Cu, 86.2 % of Pb, and 45.3 % of Zn from liquid medium. Cyanobacteria EPS production showed a strong correlation with the removal of Cu, indicating its role in facilitating metal immobilisation. Furthermore, differences in Pb immobilisation (40-86.2 %) suggest possible environmental adaptation mechanisms of the strains. This study highlights the promising application of N. commune strains for metal immobilisation in soils, offering a potential bioremediation tool to combat the adverse effects of soil contamination and promote environmental sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Pagli
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy; Department of Agronomy, University of Almería, Spain; PhD Program in Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy.
| | - Sonia Chamizo
- Department of Agronomy, University of Almería, Spain; Department of Desertification and Geo-Ecology, Experimental Station of Arid Zones (EEZA-CSIC), Almería, Spain
| | - Giada Migliore
- ENEA, Territorial and Production Systems Sustainability Department, Italy
| | - Lorenza Rugnini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
| | - Giovanni De Giudici
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Roberto Braglia
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
| | | | - Yolanda Cantón
- Department of Agronomy, University of Almería, Spain; Center for Research on Scientific Collections of the University of Almeria (CECOUAL), Spain
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Mugnai G, Pinchuk I, Borruso L, Tiziani R, Sannino C, Canini F, Turchetti B, Mimmo T, Zucconi L, Buzzini P. The hidden network of biocrust successional stages in the High Arctic: Revealing abiotic and biotic factors shaping microbial and metazoan communities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171786. [PMID: 38508248 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Despite the important role that biocrust communities play in maintaining ecosystem structure and functioning in deglaciated barren soil, few studies have been conducted on the dynamics of biotic communities and the impact of physicochemical characteristics in shaping the different successional stages. In this study an integrated approach encompassing physicochemical parameters and molecular taxonomy was used for identifying the indicator taxa and the presence of intra- and inter-kingdom interactions in five different crust/biocrust successional stages: i) physical crust, ii) cyanobacteria-dominated biocrust, iii) cyanobacteria/moss-dominated biocrust, iv) moss-dominated biocrust and v) bryophyte carpet. The phylum Gemmatimonadota was the bacterial indicator taxon in the early stage, promoting both inter- and intra-kingdom interactions, while Cyanobacteria and Nematoda phyla played a pivotal role in formation and dynamics of cyanobacteria-dominated biocrusts. A multitrophic community, characterized by a shift from oligotrophic to copiotrophic bacteria and the presence of saproxylic arthropod and herbivore insects was found in the cyanobacteria/moss-dominated biocrust, while a more complex biota, characterized by an increased fungal abundance (classes Sordariomycetes, Leotiomycetes, and Dothideomycetes, phylum Ascomycota), associated with highly trophic consumer invertebrates (phyla Arthropoda, Rotifera, Tardigrada), was observed in moss-dominated biocrusts. The class Bdelloidea and the family Hypsibiidae (phyla Rotifera and Tardigrada, respectively) were metazoan indicator taxon in bryophyte carpet, suggesting their potential role in shaping structure and function of this late successional stage. Nitrogen and phosphorus were the main physicochemical limiting factors driving the shift among different crust/biocrust successional stages. Identification and characterization of indicator taxa, biological intra- and inter-kingdom interactions and abiotic factors driving the shift among different crust/biocrust successional stages provide a detailed picture on crust/biocrust dynamics, revealing a strong interconnection among micro- and macrobiota systems. These findings enhance our understanding of biocrust ecosystems in High Arctic, providing valuable insights for their conservation and management in response to environmental shifts due to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarco Mugnai
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, Perugia 06121, Italy.
| | - Irina Pinchuk
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, Perugia 06121, Italy
| | - Luigimaria Borruso
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Science, Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, Bozen-Bolzano, 39100, Italy
| | - Raphael Tiziani
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Science, Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, Bozen-Bolzano, 39100, Italy
| | - Ciro Sannino
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, Perugia 06121, Italy
| | - Fabiana Canini
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo 01100, Italy
| | - Benedetta Turchetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, Perugia 06121, Italy
| | - Tanja Mimmo
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Science, Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, Bozen-Bolzano, 39100, Italy
| | - Laura Zucconi
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo 01100, Italy
| | - Pietro Buzzini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, Perugia 06121, Italy
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Wang L, Li J, Zhang S, Huang Y, Ouyang Z, Mai Z. Biological soil crust elicits microbial community and extracellular polymeric substances restructuring to reduce the soil erosion on tropical island, South China Sea. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 197:106449. [PMID: 38492504 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Soil erosion stands as the preeminent environmental concern globally, attaining heightened significance, particularly within islands where land resources prove notably scarce. Biological soil crusts, referred to as biocrusts, assume a pivotal ecological role in soil conservation. Notably, they augment the horizontal stability of the substrate through the exudation of microbial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), thereby shielding the soil against shear stress, exemplified in the form of water erosion. While extant research has delved into the anti-erosion mechanisms of biocrusts in arid landscapes, a conspicuous lacuna persists in the exploration of coral island environments. In this study, we collected and assessed 30 samples encompassing dark biocrusts, light biocrusts, and bare soil to scrutinize the potential anti-erosion efficacy of tropical coral island biocrusts within the South China Sea. Employing a cohesive strength meter, we quantified soil shear stress across various stages of biocrust development, revealing a discernible enhancement in soil erosion resistance during the formation of biocrusts. Relative to the exposed bare soil, the soil shear stress exhibited an escalation from 0.33 N m-2 to 0.61 N m-2 and 1.31 N m-2 in the light biocrusts and dark biocrusts, respectively. Mechanistically, we assayed microbial EPS contents, exposing a positive correlation between EPS and soil anti-erodibility, encompassing extracellular protein and polysaccharide. Concurrently, bacterial abundance displayed a significant augmentation commensurate with biocrust formation and development. In pursuit of elucidating the origin of EPS, high-throughput amplicon sequencing was executed to identify microorganisms contributing to biocrust development. Correlation analysis discerned Cyanobacteria, Chloroflexi, Deinococcota, and Patescibacteria as potential microbials fostering EPS production and fortifying erosion resistance. Collectively, our study presents the first evidence that biocrust from tropical coral reef island in the South China Sea promotes resistance to soil erosion, pinpointing key EPS-producing microbials against soil erosion. The findings would provide insights for island environment restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China
| | - Jie Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China.
| | - Si Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yadong Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China
| | - Zhiyuan Ouyang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China
| | - Zhimao Mai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China.
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Philippot L, Chenu C, Kappler A, Rillig MC, Fierer N. The interplay between microbial communities and soil properties. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024; 22:226-239. [PMID: 37863969 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00980-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been considerable progress in determining the soil properties that influence the structure of the soil microbiome. By contrast, the effects of microorganisms on their soil habitat have received less attention with most previous studies focusing on microbial contributions to soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics. However, soil microorganisms are not only involved in nutrient cycling and organic matter transformations but also alter the soil habitat through various biochemical and biophysical mechanisms. Such microbially mediated modifications of soil properties can have local impacts on microbiome assembly with pronounced ecological ramifications. In this Review, we describe the processes by which microorganisms modify the soil environment, considering soil physics, hydrology and chemistry. We explore how microorganism-soil interactions can generate feedback loops and discuss how microbially mediated modifications of soil properties can serve as an alternative avenue for the management and manipulation of microbiomes to combat soil threats and global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Philippot
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INRAE, Institut Agro Dijon, Department of Agroecology, Dijon, France.
| | - Claire Chenu
- University of Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Palaiseau, France
| | - Andreas Kappler
- Center for Applied Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence: EXC 2124: Controlling Microbes to Fight Infection, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias C Rillig
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Noah Fierer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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Wang L, Huang Y, Yang Q, Mai Z, Xie F, Lyu L, Zhang S, Li J. Biocrust reduces the soil erodibility of coral calcareous sand by regulating microbial community and extracellular polymeric substances on tropical coral island, South China Sea. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1283073. [PMID: 38152373 PMCID: PMC10751374 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1283073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tropical coral islands assume a pivotal role in the conservation of oceanic ecosystem biodiversity. However, their distinctive environmental attributes and limited vegetation render them highly susceptible to soil erosion. The biological soil crust (biocrust), owing to its significant ecological role in soil stabilization and erosion prevention, is deemed an effective means of mitigating soil erosion on coral island. However, existing research on the mechanisms through which biocrusts resist soil erosion has predominantly concentrated on arid and semi-arid regions. Consequently, this study will specifically delve into elucidating the erosion-resistant mechanisms of biocrusts in tropical coral island environments, South China Sea. Specifically, we collected 16 samples of biocrusts and bare soil from Meiji Island. High-throughput amplicon sequencing was executed to analyze the microbial community, including bacteria, fungi, and archaea. Additionally, quantitative PCR was utilized to assess the abundance of the bacterial 16S rRNA, fungal ITS, archaeal 16S rRNA, and cyanobacterial 16S rRNA genes within these samples. Physicochemical measurements and assessments of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) were conducted to characterize the soil properties. The study reported a significantly decreased soil erodibility factor after biocrust formation. Compared to bare soil, soil erodibility factor decreased from 0.280 to 0.190 t h MJ-1 mm-1 in the biocrusts. Mechanistically, we measured the microbial EPS contents and revealed a negative correlation between EPS and soil erodibility factor. Consistent with increased EPS, the abundance of bacteria, fungi, archaea, and cyanobacteria were also detected significantly increased with biocrust formation. Correlation analysis detected Cyanobacteria, Chloroflexi, Deinococcota, and Crenarchaeota as potential microbials promoting EPSs and reducing soil erosion. Together, our study presents the evidence that biocrust from tropical coral island in the South China Sea promotes resistance to soil erosion, pinpointing key EPSs-producing microbials against soil erosion. The findings would provide insights for island soil restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingsong Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhimao Mai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feiyang Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lina Lyu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Wang J, Xiao J, Zhang Z, Yang L, Liu Z, Cheng Y, Wu L. Changes of bacterial community structure,monosaccharide composition and CO 2 exchange along the successional stages of biological soil crusts. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023:10.1007/s10653-023-01572-1. [PMID: 37147551 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01572-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Biological soil crusts (BSCs) are a dominant ecological landscape of drylands, which have a significant impact on global biogeochemical flux. However, it is unclear how bacterial community and physiological characteristics vary along the BSCs successional stages. In this study, bacterial community composition, physiological characteristics, and monosaccharide composition of extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs) were compared among different successional stages. Our findings demonstrated that besides the dominant bacterial species, the bacterial communities also showed considerable differences between these two stages. Cyanobacteria were keystone taxa in the early stage, while heterotrophic bacteria (Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria) were keystone taxa in the later stages. According to the results of CO2 exchange, cyanobacterial crusts accumulated net carbon faster than moss crusts, while moss crusts had a significantly higher respiration rate. The monosaccharide analysis indicated that the EPSs components also varied depending on BSCs' successional stages. Specifically, the contents of rhamnose and arabinose were higher in the cyanobacterial crusts than other types of crusts, while the contents of fucose, xylose, mannose and glucose were the highest in cyanobacterial-lichen crusts, and galactose content was highest in the moss crusts. Altogether, our results stress the heterogeneous variation of BSCs along with succession, and this work offered a fresh viewpoint for a deeper comprehension of the interactions between the monosaccharide components of EPS and the networks of bacterial communities in BSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiping Wang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingshang Xiao
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Zulin Zhang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, 430072, Wuhan, China
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigie Buckler, Aberdeen, ABI5 8QH, UK
| | - Lie Yang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongtao Cheng
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Wu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, 430072, Wuhan, China.
- State Environmental Protection, Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Northeast Normal University, 130117, Changchun, China.
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Wang S, Zhang X, Chen N, Tian L, Zhang Y, Nam WH. A systematic review and quantitative meta-analysis of the relationships between driving forces and cyanobacterial blooms at global scale. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114670. [PMID: 36341794 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The global expansion of cyanobacterial blooms poses a major risk to the safety of freshwater resources. As a result, many explorations have been performed at a regional scale to determine the underlying impact mechanism of cyanobacterial blooms for one or several waterbodies. However, two questions still need to be answered quantitatively at a global scale to assist the water management. One is to specify which factors were often selected as the driving forces of cyanobacterial blooms, and the other is to estimate their quantitative relationships. For that, this paper applied a systematic literature review for 41 peer-reviewed studies published before May 2021 and a statistical meta-analysis based on the Pearson's or Spearman's correlation coefficients from 27 studies. These results showed that the water quality, hydraulic conditions, meteorological conditions and nutrient levels were often considered the driving forces of cyanobacterial blooms in global freshwater systems. Among these, meteorological conditions and nutrient level had the highest probability of being chosen as the driving force. In addition, knowledge of the quantitative relationships between these driving forces and cyanobacterial blooms was newly synthesized based on the correlation coefficients. The results indicated that, at a global scale, meteorological conditions were negatively related to cyanobacterial blooms, and other driving forces, such as water quality, hydraulic conditions and nutrient levels, were positively related to cyanobacterial blooms. In addition, the measurement indicators of these driving forces had diverse forms. For example, the nutrient level can be measured by the concentration of different forms of nitrogen or phosphorus, which may lead to different results in correlation analysis. Thus, a subgroup meta-analysis was necessary for the subdivided driving forces and cyanobacterial blooms, which had a better accuracy. Overall, the synthesized knowledge can help guide advanced cyanobacteria-centered water management, especially when the necessary cyanobacterial data of targeting waterbodies are inaccessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing (LIESMARS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China; Hubei Luojia Laboratory, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Xiang Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Geographic Information System, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430074, China; Hubei Luojia Laboratory, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Nengcheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing (LIESMARS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China; National Engineering Research Center for Geographic Information System, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430074, China; Hubei Luojia Laboratory, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Liqiao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing (LIESMARS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing (LIESMARS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Won-Ho Nam
- School of Social Safety and Systems Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Environmental Science, National Agricultural Water Research Center, Hankyong National University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
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