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Trust and Public Health Emergency Events: A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2021; 16:1653-1673. [PMID: 34112272 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2021.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The systematic review examined the phenomenon of trust during public health emergency events. The literature reviewed was field studies done with people directly affected or likely to be affected by such events and included quantitative, qualitative, mixed-method, and case study primary studies in English (N = 38) as well as Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian, and Spanish (all non-English N = 30). Studies were mostly from high- and middle-income countries, and the event most covered was infectious disease. Findings from individual studies were first synthesized within methods and evaluated for certainty/confidence, and then synthesized across methods. The final set of 11 findings synthesized across methods identified a set of activities for enhancing trust and showed that it is a multi-faceted and dynamic concept.
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2
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Pearce JM, Lindekilde L, Parker D, Rogers MB. Communicating with the Public About Marauding Terrorist Firearms Attacks: Results from a Survey Experiment on Factors Influencing Intention to "Run, Hide, Tell" in the United Kingdom and Denmark. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2019; 39:1675-1694. [PMID: 30893483 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Effective risk communication is an integral part of responding to terrorism, but until recently, there has been very little pre-event communication in a European context to provide advice to the public on how to protect themselves during an attack. Following terrorist attacks involving mass shootings in Paris, France, in November 2015, the U.K. National Police Chiefs' Council released a Stay Safe film and leaflet that advises the public to "run," "hide," and "tell" in the event of a firearms or weapons attack. However, other countries, including Denmark, do not provide preparedness information of this kind, in large part because of concern about scaring the public. In this survey experiment, 3,003 U.K. and Danish participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: no information, a leaflet intervention, and a film intervention to examine the impact of "Run, Hide, Tell" advice on perceptions about terrorism, the security services, and intended responses to a hypothetical terrorist firearms attack. Results demonstrate important benefits of pre-event communication in relation to enhancing trust, encouraging protective health behaviors, and discouraging potentially dangerous actions. However, these findings also suggest that future communications should address perceived response costs and target specific problem behaviors. Cross-national similarities in response suggest this advice is suitable for adaptation in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Pearce
- Department of War Studies, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lasse Lindekilde
- Department of Political Science, Aarhus University, Bartholins Alle, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - David Parker
- Department of Political Science, Aarhus University, Bartholins Alle, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - M Brooke Rogers
- Department of War Studies, King's College London, London, UK
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Eckert S, Sopory P, Day A, Wilkins L, Padgett D, Novak J, Noyes J, Allen T, Alexander N, Vanderford M, Gamhewage G. Health-Related Disaster Communication and Social Media: Mixed-Method Systematic Review. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2018; 33:1389-1400. [PMID: 28825501 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2017.1351278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This mixed-method evidence synthesis drew on Cochrane methods and principles to systematically review literature published between 2003 and 2016 on the best social media practices to promote health protection and dispel misinformation during disasters. Seventy-nine studies employing quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods on risk communication during disasters in all UN-languages were reviewed, finding that agencies need to contextualize the use of social media for particular populations and crises. Social media are tools that still have not become routine practices in many governmental agencies regarding public health in the countries studied. Social media, especially Twitter and Facebook (and equivalents in countries such as China), need to be incorporated into daily operations of governmental agencies and implementing partners to build familiarity with them before health-related crises happen. This was especially observed in U.S. agencies, local government, and first responders but also for city governments and school administrations in Europe. For those that do use social media during health-related risk communication, studies find that public relations officers, governmental agencies, and the general public have used social media successfully to spread truthful information and to verify information to dispel rumors during disasters. Few studies focused on the recovery and preparation phases and on countries in the Southern hemisphere, except for Australia. The vast majority of studies did not analyze the demographics of social media users beyond their geographic location, their status of being inside/outside the disaster zone; and their frequency and content of posting. Socioeconomic demographics were not collected and/or analyzed to drill deeper into the implications of using social media to reach vulnerable populations. Who exactly is reached via social media campaigns and who needs to be reached with other means has remained an understudied area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Eckert
- a Department of Communication , Wayne State University
| | | | - Ashleigh Day
- a Department of Communication , Wayne State University
| | - Lee Wilkins
- a Department of Communication , Wayne State University
| | | | - Julie Novak
- a Department of Communication , Wayne State University
| | - Jane Noyes
- b School of Social Sciences , Bangor University
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Seeger MW, Pechta LE, Price SM, Lubell KM, Rose DA, Sapru S, Chansky MC, Smith BJ. A Conceptual Model for Evaluating Emergency Risk Communication in Public Health. Health Secur 2018; 16:193-203. [PMID: 29927343 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2018.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Public health threats, such as emerging infectious diseases, terrorism, environmental catastrophes, and natural disasters, all require effective communication. Emergency risk communication is a critical component of public health emergency planning and response. It is a complex process involving a variety of constructs that interact in dynamic ways over time. While emergency risk communication is generally recognized as an important tool for risk management and emergency response, the specific elements, processes, and outcomes are not well described and have not been systematically assessed. In this article, we describe a conceptual model for public health developed in collaboration with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). We propose using this model to inform practice and to guide evaluations of emergency risk communication. The model was informed by an extensive review of the emergency risk communication literature, interviews with researchers, and discussions with CDC stakeholders. This model can be adapted for a wide range of emergency events and incorporates key constructs to assess internal processes, as well as outcomes of emergency risk communication on audiences. Evaluating internal processes can help identify and correct messaging deficiencies. Outcome constructs describe expected target audience responses to emergency risk communication, such as changes in knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that may occur over time. This can help public health communicators learn how their various activities contribute to emergency risk communication outcomes.
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Eriksson M. Lessons for Crisis Communication on Social Media: A Systematic Review of What Research Tells the Practice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/1553118x.2018.1510405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mats Eriksson
- Media and Communication studies, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
- Mid Sweden University, DEMICOM, Sundsvall, Sweden
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6
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Making Communication Strategy Choices in a Fast Evolving Crisis Situation—Results from a Table-Top Discussion on an Anthrax Scenario. SOCIAL SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/socsci5020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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7
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Sutton J, Gibson CB, Spiro ES, League C, Fitzhugh SM, Butts CT. What it Takes to Get Passed On: Message Content, Style, and Structure as Predictors of Retransmission in the Boston Marathon Bombing Response. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134452. [PMID: 26295584 PMCID: PMC4546637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Message retransmission is a central aspect of information diffusion. In a disaster context, the passing on of official warning messages by members of the public also serves as a behavioral indicator of message salience, suggesting that particular messages are (or are not) perceived by the public to be both noteworthy and valuable enough to share with others. This study provides the first examination of terse message retransmission of official warning messages in response to a domestic terrorist attack, the Boston Marathon Bombing in 2013. Using messages posted from public officials’ Twitter accounts that were active during the period of the Boston Marathon bombing and manhunt, we examine the features of messages that are associated with their retransmission. We focus on message content, style, and structure, as well as the networked relationships of message senders to answer the question: what characteristics of a terse message sent under conditions of imminent threat predict its retransmission among members of the public? We employ a negative binomial model to examine how message characteristics affect message retransmission. We find that, rather than any single effect dominating the process, retransmission of official Tweets during the Boston bombing response was jointly influenced by various message content, style, and sender characteristics. These findings suggest the need for more work that investigates impact of multiple factors on the allocation of attention and on message retransmission during hazard events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette Sutton
- Department of Communication, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - C Ben Gibson
- Department of Sociology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Emma S Spiro
- Information School, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Cedar League
- Trauma, Health and Hazards Center, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, United States of America
| | - Sean M Fitzhugh
- Department of Sociology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Carter T Butts
- Department of Sociology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America; Department of Statistics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America; Institute for Mathematical Behavioral Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
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Ruggiero A, Vos M. Communication Challenges in
CBRN
Terrorism Crises: Expert Perceptions. JOURNAL OF CONTINGENCIES AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1468-5973.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aino Ruggiero
- Department of Communication University of Jyväskylä PO Box 35 Jyväskylä FI‐40014 Finland
| | - Marita Vos
- Department of Communication University of Jyväskylä PO Box 35 Jyväskylä FI‐40014 Finland
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