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Systematic Review of Fault Tolerant Techniques in Underwater Sensor Networks. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21093264. [PMID: 34066834 PMCID: PMC8125913 DOI: 10.3390/s21093264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sensor networks provide services to a broad range of applications ranging from intelligence service surveillance to weather forecasting. While most of the sensor networks are terrestrial, Underwater Sensor Networks (USN) are an emerging area. One of the unavoidable and increasing challenges for modern USN technology is tolerating faults, i.e., accepting that hardware is imperfect, and coping with it. Fault Tolerance tends to have more impact in underwater than in terrestrial environment as the latter is generally more forgiving. Moreover, reaching the malfunctioning devices for replacement and maintenance under water is harder and more costly. The current paper is the first to provide an overview of fault-tolerant, particularly cross-layer fault-tolerant, techniques in USNs. In the paper, we present a systematic survey of the techniques, introduce a taxonomy of the Fault Tolerance tasks, present a categorized list of articles, and list the open research issues within the area.
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Eriksen J, Carlander C, Albert J, Flamholc L, Gisslén M, Navér L, Svedhem V, Yilmaz A, Sönnerborg A. Antiretroviral treatment for HIV infection: Swedish recommendations 2019. Infect Dis (Lond) 2020; 52:295-329. [PMID: 31928282 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2019.1707867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Swedish Reference Group for Antiviral Therapy (RAV) published recommendations for the treatment of HIV infection in this journal most recently in 2017. An expert group under the guidance of RAV here provides updated recommendations. The most important updates in the present guidelines are the following: (a) The risk of HIV transmission through condomless sex from individuals with fully suppressed HIV viral load is effectively zero. (b) Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is recommended for groups with a high risk of HIV infection. (c) Since the last update, two new substances have been registered: bictegravir and doravirine. (d) Dual treatment may be an alternative in selected patients, using lamivudine + dolutegravir or lamivudine + boosted darunavir/atazanavir. As with previous publications, recommendations are evidence-graded in accordance with the Oxford Centre for Evidence Based Medicine. This document does not cover treatment of opportunistic infections and tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaran Eriksen
- Unit of Infectious Diseases/Venhälsan, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina Carlander
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Västmanland County Hospital, Västerås, Sweden.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Albert
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leo Flamholc
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Magnus Gisslén
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Navér
- Division of Paediatrics, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Paediatrics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Veronica Svedhem
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aylin Yilmaz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Sönnerborg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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