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Bottoni U, Clerico R, Richetta AG, Panasiti V, Corsetti P, Roberti V, Paolino G, Moliterni E, Grassi S, Calvieri S. Melanoma and immunotherapy: the experience of Sapienza University of Rome. Ital J Dermatol Venerol 2023; 158:1-3. [PMID: 36939498 DOI: 10.23736/s2784-8671.23.07424-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Bottoni
- Unit of Dermatology, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rita Clerico
- Unit of Dermatology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Giovanni Paolino
- Unit of Dermatology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Sara Grassi
- Unit of Dermatology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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He J, Huang W, Li X, Wang J, Nie Y, Li G, Wang X, Cao H, Chen X, Wang X. A new ferroptosis-related genetic mutation risk model predicts the prognosis of skin cutaneous melanoma. Front Genet 2023; 13:988909. [PMID: 36685905 PMCID: PMC9849373 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.988909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent cell death mode and closely linked to various cancers, including skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM). Although attempts have been made to construct ferroptosis-related gene (FRG) signatures for predicting the prognosis of SKCM, the prognostic impact of ferroptosis-related genetic mutations in SKCM remains lacking. This study aims to develop a prediction model to explain the relationship between ferroptosis-related genetic mutations and clinical outcomes of SKCM patients and to explore the potential value of ferroptosis in SKCM treatment. Methods: FRGs which significantly correlated with the prognosis of SKCM were firstly screened based on their single-nucleotide variant (SNV) status by univariate Cox regression analysis. Subsequently, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and Cox regressions were performed to construct a new ferroptosis-related genetic mutation risk (FerrGR) model for predicting the prognosis of SKCM. We then illustrate the survival and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to evaluate the predictive power of the FerrGR model. Moreover, independent prognostic factors, genomic and clinical characteristics, immunotherapy, immune infiltration, and sensitive drugs were compared between high-and low-FerrGR groups. Results: The FerrGR model was developed with a good performance on survival and ROC analysis. It was a robust independent prognostic indicator and followed a nomogram constructed to predict prognostic outcomes for SKCM patients. Besides, FerrGR combined with tumor mutational burden (TMB) or MSI (microsatellite instability) was considered as a combined biomarker for immunotherapy response. The high FerrGR group patients were associated with an inhibitory immune microenvironment. Furthermore, potential drugs target to high FerrGR samples were predicted. Conclusion: The FerrGR model is valuable to predict prognosis and immunotherapy in SKCM patients. It offers a novel therapeutic option for SKCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China,Department of Burn Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Wenting Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingru Wang
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Yaxing Nie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guiqiang Li
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Wang
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Huili Cao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China,*Correspondence: Xusheng Wang, ; Xiaodong Chen,
| | - Xusheng Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Xusheng Wang, ; Xiaodong Chen,
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Kubecek O, Trojanova P, Molnarova V, Kopecky J. Microsatellite instability as a predictive factor for immunotherapy in malignant melanoma. Med Hypotheses 2016; 93:74-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Richman S. Deficient mismatch repair: Read all about it (Review). Int J Oncol 2015; 47:1189-202. [PMID: 26315971 PMCID: PMC4583524 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) proteins, result in a phenotype called microsatellite instability (MSI), occurring in up to 15% of sporadic colorectal cancers. Approximately one quarter of colon cancers with deficient MMR (dMMR) develop as a result of an inherited predisposition syndrome, Lynch syndrome (formerly known as HNPCC). It is essential to identify patients who potentially have Lynch syndrome, as not only they, but also family members, may require screening and monitoring. Diagnostic criteria have been developed, based primarily on Western populations, and several methodologies are available to identify dMMR tumours, including immunohistochemistry and microsatellite testing. These criteria have provided evidence supporting the introduction of reflex testing. Yet, it is becoming increasingly clear that tests have a limited sensitivity and specificity and may yet be superseded by next generation sequencing. In this review, the limitations of diagnostic criteria are discussed, and current and emerging screening technologies explained. There is now useful evidence supporting the prognostic and predictive value of dMMR status in colorectal tumours, but much less is known about their value in extracolonic tumours, that may also feature in Lynch syndrome. This review assesses current literature relating to dMMR in endometrial, ovarian, gastric and melanoma cancers, which it would seem, may benefit from large-scale clinical trials in order to further close the gap in knowledge between colorectal and extracolonic tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Richman
- Department of Pathology and Tumour Biology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St. James University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
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Richetta AG, Silvestri V, Giancristoforo S, Rizzolo P, D'Epiro S, Graziano V, Mattozzi C, Navazio AS, Falchetti M, Calvieri S, Ottini L. Mutational Profiling in Melanocytic Tumors: Multiple Somatic Mutations and Clinical Implications. Oncology 2014; 86:104-8. [DOI: 10.1159/000356878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Marani C, Alvino E, Caporali S, Vigili MG, Mancini G, Rahimi S. DNA mismatch repair protein expression and microsatellite instability in primary mucosal melanomas of the head and neck. Histopathology 2007; 50:780-8. [PMID: 17493242 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2007.02683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To examine the expression of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) proteins and the presence of microsatellite instability (MSI) in seven primary mucosal melanomas of the head and neck (MMHN). METHODS AND RESULTS Haematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemical analysis for routine diagnostic markers and for MMR proteins were performed. Six cases were examined for MSI. Four cases were monomorphous and three cases were pleomorphic type MMHN. Melanocytic markers were positive in all cases. Immunoreactivity for MMR proteins was weak in normal epithelium. The neoplastic tissue in six cases showed positivity for all MMR proteins with different percentages. One case showed weak positivity for hMSH2 and hMSH6 and no immunoreactivity for hMLH1 or hPMS2. Staining intensity was higher in tumour cells than in matched normal mucosa in three cases for hMSH2 and hMLH1 and in two cases for hPMS2. None of the examined cases showed MSI. CONCLUSIONS Expression of hMSH2 and hMLH1 proteins was up-regulated in three cases, whereas in two cases that of hPMS2 was increased. hMSH6 expression was comparable to that of normal cells in all cases. The percentage of positive neoplastic cells and the intensity of staining seemed to be greater in pleomorphic melanomas. Six cases were MMR-proficient and microsatellite stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Marani
- Department of Pathology, Ospedale San Carlo-IDI IRCCS, Via Aurelia 275, 00165 Rome, Italy
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Kruse R, Ruzicka T. DNA mismatch repair and the significance of a sebaceous skin tumor for visceral cancer prevention. Trends Mol Med 2004; 10:136-41. [PMID: 15102357 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2004.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
DNA mismatch repair is a postreplicative DNA repair cascade ensuring genomic integrity. Inactivating germline mutations in DNA mismatch repair genes are responsible for hereditary non-polyposis colorectal carcinoma syndrome (HNPCC), which predisposes to various types of visceral cancer. Most associated tumors exhibit high-grade microsatellite instability. Some patients develop skin tumors of the sebaceous glands. This combined occurrence is known as Muir-Torre syndrome, which has a high probability of an underlying DNA mismatch repair defect. This is also true for individuals selected solely on the basis of sebaceous neoplasias, tumors with the highest frequency of high-grade microsatellite instability. This article focuses on the recent advances in molecular diagnostics for the detection of DNA mismatch repair defects in patients with sebaceous neoplasias, and the potential significance for the secondary prevention of visceral cancer in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Kruse
- Department of Dermatology, University of Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, D-40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
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Abstract
The incidence of cutaneous malignant melanomas is growing faster than that of any other cancer and therefore posing a major heath threat worldwide. In melanocytic skin tumours, the feasibility of correlating a specific pathological stage with a corresponding genetic alteration provides a remarkable opportunity to study the multistep tumorigenesis model. This multistep melanoma tumorigenesis is best described as a continuum of transformation of the melanocytes, melanocytic dysplasia, and melanoma formation. These steps involve genotypic alterations including loss of tumour suppressor genes, microsatellite instability, and alterations of the mismatch repair system. This review seeks to examine melanoma tumorigenesis based on these genetic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Hussein
- Department of Pathology, Assiut University Hospitals, Egypt.
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Abstract
Prognoses for melanoma patients are currently based on statistically confirmed parameters, above all the Breslow thickness and number of lymph node and/or distant metastases. However, metastases can develop even with "thin" melanomas (< 0.7 mm), while survival has been recorded in patients with tumours classified as "thick" (> 4 mm). This review of the literature examines the most recent advances in prognostic markers for melanoma (serological, immunohistochemical, histological, genetic and surgical). These markers offer interesting possibilities in terms of diagnostic certainty, identification of early growth phases and estimation of the tumour's potential for progression and metastasis. It is reasonable to assume that their combined use can provide useful information for formulating prognoses that are not only statistically valid but also individualized.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lomuto
- Dermatology Department, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital-IRCCS, Viale Cappuccini, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy.
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Kruse R, Rütten A, Schweiger N, Jakob E, Mathiak M, Propping P, Mangold E, Bisceglia M, Ruzicka T. Frequency of microsatellite instability in unselected sebaceous gland neoplasias and hyperplasias. J Invest Dermatol 2003; 120:858-64. [PMID: 12713593 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sebaceous gland neoplasias are the cutaneous manifestation of the Muir-Torre syndrome, which is known to be a phenotypical variant of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Both hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer and Muir-Torre syndrome are caused by inherited DNA mismatch repair defects. As a prominent molecular genetic feature, all tumors associated with a DNA mismatch repair defect exhibit high microsatellite instability. So far, the frequency of DNA mismatch repair defects in patients selected solely on the basis of a sebaceous gland tumor has never been determined. In order to estimate this frequency, we assessed microsatellite instability with up to 10 microsatellite markers in a newly collected unselected series of 25 sebaceous gland neoplasias (six sebaceous adenomas, 16 sebaceous epitheliomas, three sebaceous carcinomas) in comparison to 32 sebaceous gland hyperplasias from unrelated patients. As many as 15 of the 25 sebaceous gland neoplasias (60%), but only one of the 32 sebaceous gland hyperplasias (3%), exhibited high microsatellite instability. Thus, in our study, the majority of patients with a sebaceous gland neoplasia in contrast to patients with a sebaceous gland hyperplasia are highly suspicious for an inherited DNA mismatch repair defect. On the basis of the subsequently collected tumor histories, nine of the 15 patients with a high microsatellite unstable sebaceous gland neoplasia were identified to have Muir-Torre syndrome. In none of these cases, however, were the clinical Amsterdam criteria for diagnosing hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer fulfilled. In the sebaceous tumors of the remaining six patients, high microsatellite instability was an incidental finding. In two of these six patients, single relatives were known to be affected with internal cancer; however, their family histories were not suggestive of Muir-Torre syndrome or hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. In comparison with microsatellite instability screening studies in a variety of other randomly selected tumors, our study identifies sebaceous gland neoplasias as tumors with the highest frequency of high microsatellite instability reported so far, whereas sebaceous gland hyperplasia rarely exhibits high microsatellite instability. Therefore, screening for microsatellite instability in sebaceous gland neoplasias will be of great value in the detection of an inherited DNA mismatch repair defect, which predisposes to various types of internal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Kruse
- Department of Dermatology, University of Duesseldorf, Germany.
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Massi D, Sardi I, Urso C, Franchi A, Borgognoni L, Salvadori A, Giannini A, Reali UM, Santucci M. Microsatellite analysis in cutaneous malignant melanoma. Melanoma Res 2002; 12:577-84. [PMID: 12459647 DOI: 10.1097/00008390-200212000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The status and relevance of repetitive nucleotide sequences or microsatellite alterations in sporadic cutaneous melanoma has not been fully clarified. In this study we evaluated the presence of microsatellite alterations in a series of sporadic primary and metastatic melanomas in order to discover which genetic events may have a pathogenetic role in the development of this disease. Tumour samples were obtained from 21 patients with sporadic cutaneous melanoma, and from eight corresponding positive sentinel lymph nodes and one corresponding in-transit metastasis. In each specimen, selected neoplastic cells were procured by laser-assisted microdissection. Polymerase chain reaction-based microsatellite analysis was performed using a panel of 11 microsatellite markers, located at chromosome 2p, 4q, 9p, 16q, 17p and 21q. Overall, we found microsatellite alterations in five (23.8%) melanomas. Of these, one case showed alteration at marker D2S2182 and one at marker D17S261, whereas in another case alterations at three loci, D2S2182, D2S2291 and D9S171, were found. The fourth patient demonstrated an alteration at locus D9S171 both in the primary tumour and in the histologically positive sentinel lymph node. The fifth case was characterized by alterations at D2S2182 and at D17S250, whereas the corresponding in-transit metastasis showed the same alterations as the primary tumour and an additional alteration at IFN alpha. In conclusion, our study confirms previous observations that cutaneous melanomas demonstrate microsatellite alterations, although such instability occurs at a lower frequency than specific mismatch repair defects. Genetic analysis of metastatic lesions revealed that the same microsatellite alterations as in the primary tumour are seen, but additional genetic changes may develop during disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Massi
- Department of Human Pathology and Oncology, Medical Genetics Unit, University of Florence, Italy
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Ma S, Egyházi S, Martenhed G, Ringborg U, Hansson J. Analysis of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase in melanoma tumours in patients treated with dacarbazine-based chemotherapy. Melanoma Res 2002; 12:335-42. [PMID: 12170182 DOI: 10.1097/00008390-200208000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In a retrospective study we analysed the levels of the DNA repair protein O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) in melanoma metastases in patients receiving dacarbazine (DTIC) either as a single drug or as part of combination chemotherapy regimens, and related the expression levels to the clinical response to treatment. Biopsies of subcutaneous and lymph node metastases obtained before chemotherapy in 65 patients with disseminated malignant melanoma were examined for MGMT protein levels by immunohistochemistry using a monoclonal anti-human MGMT antibody. All patients received chemotherapy with DTIC, given either as a single drug or in combination with vindesine and in some cases cisplatin. DTIC as single agent was given to 44 patients, while 21 received combination chemotherapy. Objective responses to chemotherapy were seen in 12 patients, while 53 patients failed to respond to treatment. The expression of MGMT was determined according to the proportion of antibody-stained tumour cells, using a cut-off level of 50%. In 12 of the patients more than one metastasis was analysed, and in seven of these cases the MGMT expression differed between tumours in the same individual. Among the responders a larger proportion (six out of 12, 50%) had tumours containing less than 50% MGMT-positive tumour cells than among the non-responders (12 out of 53, 23%). These data are consistent with the hypothesis that MGMT contributes to resistance to DTIC-based treatment, although the difference between responders and non-responders with respect to the proportion of MGMT-positive tumour cells was not statistically significant (P = 0.077).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ma
- Department of Oncology/Pathology, Radiumhemmet, Karolinska Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that human tumors sequentially accumulate multiple mutations that cannot be explained by the low rates of spontaneous mutations in normal cells (2-3 mutations/cell). The mathematical models estimate that for the solid tumors to develop, as many as 6-12 mutations are required in each tumor cell. Therefore, to account for such high mutation rates, it is proposed that tumor cells are genetically unstable, i.e. they have genome-wide mutations at short repetitive DNA sequences called microsatellites. Microsatellite repeats are scattered throughout the human genome, primarily in the non-coding regions, and can give rise to variants with increased or reduced lengths, i.e. microsatellite instability (MSI). This instability has been reported in an increasing number of cutaneous tumors including: melanocytic tumors, basal cell carcinomas and primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. Moreover, MSI has been observed in skin tumors arising in the context of some hereditary disorders such as Muir-Torre syndrome, Von Recklinghausen's disease and disseminated superficial porokeratosis. While MSI in some of these disorders reflects underlying DNA replication errors, the mechanism of instability in others is still unknown. Thus far, MSI is considered to be a distinct tumorigenic pathway that reveals surprising versatility. The ramifications for cutaneous neoplasms warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud R Hussein
- The Department of Medicine (Dermatology), University of Wisconsin and William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Abstract
Mismatch repair (MMR) defects and microsatellite instability (MSI) are two genetic alterations that have been documented in a wide variety of human cancers, including some that involve the skin. Available evidence indicates that these two features are sometimes directly related, although their connection seems to be indirect or nonexistent in other instances. The purposes of this review are to summarize the variable relations between MMR and MSI as deduced from analysis of a diverse array of human neoplasms and to give brief insights as to the other molecular mechanisms potentially involved in the maintenance of genomic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud R Hussein
- Department of Medicine (Dermatology), University of Wisconsin and William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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Hussein MR, Wood GS. Microsatellite instability in human melanocytic skin tumors: an incidental finding or a pathogenetic mechanism? J Cutan Pathol 2002; 29:1-4. [PMID: 11841510 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0560.2002.290101.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud R Hussein
- The Department of Medicine (Dermatology), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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Alvino E, Marra G, Pagani E, Falcinelli S, Pepponi R, Perrera C, Haider R, Castiglia D, Ferranti G, Bonmassar E, Jiricny J, Zambruno G, D'Atri S. High-frequency microsatellite instability is associated with defective DNA mismatch repair in human melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 118:79-86. [PMID: 11851879 DOI: 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01611.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancers and a steadily increasing number of sporadic tumors display microsatellite instability. In colorectal tumors, high-frequency microsatellite instability is strictly associated with inactivation of the DNA mismatch repair genes hMSH2, hMLH1, or hPMS2, whereas mutations in the mismatch repair gene hMSH6 have been identified in a subset of tumors with low-frequency microsatellite instability. In addition to epithelial tumors of the colon, endometrium, and ovary, microsatellite instability has been reported to occur also in sporadic melanoma. The relationship between microsatellite instability and mismatch repair in melanoma cells, however, has not been investigated so far. In this study, we analyzed microsatellite instability, mismatch repair activity, and expression of the hMSH2, hMSH6, hMLH1, and hPMS2 proteins in five melanoma cell lines and in tumor specimens from which the cells were derived. Four cell lines displayed normal levels of mismatch repair activity and expressed all the mismatch repair proteins. The extracts of the fifth cell line lacked the hMLH1 and hPMS2 proteins, and were correspondingly deficient in the repair of DNA mismatches. This line displayed high-frequency microsatellite instability, whereas the four mismatch-repair-proficient cell lines displayed either no or low-frequency microsatellite instability. These findings could be confirmed in the tumor specimens, in that only the tumor that did not express hMLH1 and hPMS2 displayed high-frequency microsatellite instability. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that in melanoma, similarly to epithelial tumors, only the high-frequency microsatellite instability phenotype is strictly dependent on a defective mismatch repair system. Further studies on a large series of tumor specimens are required to establish the frequency of mismatch repair loss in human melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Alvino
- Institute of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, CNR, Rome, Italy
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Hussein MR, Sun M, Tuthill RJ, Roggero E, Monti JA, Sudilovsky EC, Wood GS, Sudilovsky O. Comprehensive analysis of 112 melanocytic skin lesions demonstrates microsatellite instability in melanomas and dysplastic nevi, but not in benign nevi. J Cutan Pathol 2001; 28:343-50. [PMID: 11437939 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0560.2001.280702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION the length of DNA repetitive sequences (microsatellite instability (MSI)) represent distinct tumorigenic pathways associated with several familial and sporadic tumors. MATERIAL AND METHODS To investigate the prevalence and frequency of MSI in melanocytic lesions, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based microsatellite assay was used to examine formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues of 30 benign melanocytic nevi, 60 melanocytic dysplastic nevi (MDN), and 22 primary vertical growth phase cutaneous malignant melanomas (CMM). Twenty-four microsatellite markers at the 1p, 2p, 3p, 4q and 9p chromosomal regions were used. RESULTS MSI was found at 1p and 9p in MDN and CMM but not in benign melanocytic nevi. The overall prevalence of MSI was 17/60 (28%) in MDN and 7/22 (31%) in CMM. The frequency of MSI ranged from 2/24 (9%) to 4/24 (17%) and was most commonly found at D9S162. There was a statistically significant correlation between degree of atypia and frequency of MSI (p<0.001) in MDN. There were two MSI banding patterns: band shifts and additional bands. CONCLUSIONS The data presented revealed the presence of low-frequency MSI (MSI-L) at the 1p and 9p regions in both MDN and CMM. Whether the MSI-L pattern reflects a defect in mismatch repair genes is still to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Hussein
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Hussein MR, Roggero E, Sudilovsky EC, Tuthill RJ, Wood GS, Sudilovsky O. Alterations of mismatch repair protein expression in benign melanocytic nevi, melanocytic dysplastic nevi, and cutaneous malignant melanomas. Am J Dermatopathol 2001; 23:308-14. [PMID: 11481522 DOI: 10.1097/00000372-200108000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Immunoperoxidase-staining methods were used to examine the expression of hMLH1, hMSH2, and hMSH6 mismatch repair (MMR) proteins in 50 melanocytic lesions. Microsatellite instability (MSI), screened previously in these lesions by polymerase chain reaction-based microsatellite assay, showed low-level microsatellite instability (MSI-L) in 11 of 22 melanocytic dysplastic nevi (MDN) and two of nine primary cutaneous malignant melanomas (CMMs) but not in the benign melanocytic nevi (BN). Mismatch repair proteins were widely expressed in the epidermis and adnexal structures. All lesions showed positive immunoreactivity with a gradual decrease in the MMR staining values during the progression from BN to MDN to CMMs. The average percentage of positively (PP) stained cells for hMLH1, hMSH2, and hMSH6 in BN was 85.50 +/- 1.95, 77.90 +/- 4.50, and 87.11 +/- 1.85, respectively. The PP cell values in CMMs were significantly reduced as compared with BN (75.22 +/- 3.57, p= 0.01; 56.11 +/- 8.73, p= 0.02; 65.22 +/- 6.47, p = 0.0002 for hMLH1, hMSH2, and hMSH6, respectively). No comparable significant difference was found between microsatellite stable and MSI-L lesions (p = 0.173, p = 0.458, and p = 0.385), suggesting a lack of correlation between MMR expression and MMR function. There was a direct correlation between PP cell values of hMSH2 and hMSH6 (R = 0.39, p = 0.008), implying that their expression could be regulated by a common mechanism. Thus, an important finding of these studies was the reduction of MMR protein levels in CMMs; whether this reflects underlying genetic or epigenetic mechanisms is still to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Hussein
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Richetta A, Ottini L, Falchetti M, Innocenzi D, Bottoni U, Faiola R, Mariani-Costantini R, Calvieri S. Instability at sequence repeats in melanocytic tumours. Melanoma Res 2001; 11:283-9. [PMID: 11468517 DOI: 10.1097/00008390-200106000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To obtain information on the prevalence of microsatellite mutations in melanomas, we analysed the status of 14 repetitive loci characterized by structurally different non-coding and coding sequence repeats in a panel of 34 primary melanocytic tumours and in lymph node metastases matched to 13 cases. Instability at one or more of the non-coding dinucleotide repeats D2S123, D3S1611, D5S107 and D18S34 was detected in ten out of the 34 primary tumours (29%) and in ten of the 13 metastases (77%). There was no instability at the non-coding mononucleotide repeats BAT25, BAT26 and APDelta3 or at the coding mononucleotide runs within the TGFbetaRII, IGFIIR, BAX, hMSH3 and hMSH6 genes. A five-repeats expansion of the coding E2F4(CAG)n run was found in the only malignant melanoma of soft parts examined, which also showed instability at two dinucleotide loci, and in a superficial spreading melanoma, which was stable at the mononucleotide and dinucleotide repeats but was the only tumour that manifested instability at the SCA1(CAG)n repeat. The absence of mutations at mononucleotide tracts indicates that, in the malignant melanomas tested, microsatellite instability was not associated with the microsatellite mutator phenotype characteristic of mismatch repair-deficient tumours. On the other hand, our results confirm that microsatellite instability at dinucleotide repeats increases with melanoma progression, and indicate that expansions of triplet repeats may occur in melanocytic tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Richetta
- Institute of Dermatology, Policlinico Umberto I, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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21
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Claij N, te Riele H. Microsatellite instability in human cancer: a prognostic marker for chemotherapy? Exp Cell Res 1999; 246:1-10. [PMID: 9882509 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1998.4299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The majority of tumors associated with the nonpolyposis form of familial colorectal cancer (HNPCC) shows a specific form of genetic instability which is manifested by length alterations of mono- or dinucleotide repeat sequences [e.g., (A)n or (CA)n]. This phenomenon was termed the RER+ (replication error-positive) phenotype, MSI or MIN (microsatellite instability), and found to result from defects in the cells' DNA mismatch repair system. This system recognizes and restores misincorporated bases or slippage errors which frequently occur during DNA replication. Loss of DNA mismatch repair therefore strongly accelerates the evolutionary process of mutagenesis and selection which underlies the development of cancer. In addition to mutation avoidance, DNA mismatch repair also plays a crucial role in the toxicity of a number of DNA-damaging drugs that are used in cancer chemotherapy. In experimental systems, mismatch-repair-deficient cells are highly tolerant to the methylating chemotherapeutic drugs streptozocin and temozolomide and, albeit to a lesser extent, to cisplatin and doxorubicin. These drugs are therefore expected to be less effective on mismatch-repair-deficient tumors in humans. MIN was also found in a substantial portion of sporadic (nonfamilial) human tumors. However, in many cases the extent of microsatellite instability was not as dramatic as found in HNPCC-related tumors and the underlying genetic defect is unclear. Therefore, while the mismatch repair status of tumors may become an important determinant in the choice of chemotherapeutic intervention, the significance of MIN in sporadic cancer remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Claij
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands
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22
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Lazzereschi D, Palmirotta R, Ranieri A, Ottini L, Verì MC, Cama A, Cetta F, Nardi F, Colletta G, Mariani-Costantini R. Microsatellite instability in thyroid tumours and tumour-like lesions. Br J Cancer 1999; 79:340-5. [PMID: 9888478 PMCID: PMC2362211 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fifty-one thyroid tumours and tumour-like lesions were analysed for instability at ten dinucleotide microsatellite loci and at two coding mononucleotide repeats within the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) type II receptor (TbetaRII) and insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) receptor (IGFIIR) genes respectively. Microsatellite instability (MI) was detected in 11 out of 51 cases (21.5%), including six (11.7%) with MI at one or two loci and five (9.8%) with MI at three or more loci (RER+ phenotype). No mutations in the TbetaRII and IGFIIR repeats were observed. The overall frequency of MI did not significantly vary in relation to age, gender, benign versus malignant status and tumour size. However, widespread MI was significantly more frequent in follicular adenomas and carcinomas than in papillary and Hürthle cell tumours: three out of nine tumours of follicular type (33.3%) resulted in replication error positive (RER+), versus 1 out of 29 papillary carcinomas (3.4%, P = 0.01), and zero out of eight Hürthle cell neoplasms. Regional lymph node metastases were present in five MI-negative primary cancers and resulted in MI-positive in two cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lazzereschi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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