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Tu Y, An R, Gu H, Li N, Yan H, Liu HY, He L. The water extracts from the oil cakes of Prinsepia utilis repair the epidermal barrier via up-regulating Corneocyte Envelope-proteins, lipid synthases, and tight junction proteins. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 330:118194. [PMID: 38641077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Prinsepia utilis Royle, native to the Himalayan region, has a long history of use in traditional medicine for its heat-clearing, detoxification, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties. Oils extracted from P. utilis seeds are also used in cooking and cosmetics. With the increasing market demand, this extraction process generates substantial industrial biowastes. Recent studies have found many health benefits with using aqueous extracts of these biowastes, which are also rich in polysaccharides. However, there is limited research related to the reparative effects of the water extracts of P. utilis oil cakes (WEPUOC) on disruptions of the skin barrier function. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to evaluate the reparative efficacy of WEPUOC in both acute and chronic epidermal permeability barrier disruptions. Furthermore, the study sought to explore the underlying mechanisms involved in repairing the epidermal permeability barrier. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mouse models with induced epidermal disruptions, employing tape-stripping (TS) and acetone wiping (AC) methods, were used. The subsequent application of WEPUOC (100 mg/mL) was evaluated through various assessments, with a focus on the upregulation of mRNA and protein expression of Corneocyte Envelope (CE) related proteins, lipid synthase-associated proteins, and tight junction proteins. RESULTS The polysaccharide was the major phytochemicals of WEPUOC and its content was determined as 32.2% by the anthranone-sulfuric acid colorimetric method. WEPUOC significantly reduced transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and improved the damaged epidermal barrier in the model group. Mechanistically, these effects were associated with heightened expression levels of key proteins such as FLG (filaggrin), INV (involucrin), LOR (loricrin), SPT, FASN, HMGCR, Claudins-1, Claudins-5, and ZO-1. CONCLUSIONS WEPUOC, obtained from the oil cakes of P. utilis, is rich in polysaccharides and exhibits pronounced efficacy in repairing disrupted epidermal barriers through increased expression of critical proteins involved in barrier integrity. Our findings underscore the potential of P. utilis wastes in developing natural cosmetic prototypes for the treatment of diseases characterized by damaged skin barriers, including atopic dermatitis and psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tu
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Ran An
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Hua Gu
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Huan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China; Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, 650106, China
| | - Hai-Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China; Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, 650106, China.
| | - Li He
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China.
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Pavel P, Blunder S, Moosbrugger-Martinz V, Elias PM, Dubrac S. Atopic Dermatitis: The Fate of the Fat. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2121. [PMID: 35216234 PMCID: PMC8880331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and relapsing inflammatory skin disease in which dry and itchy skin may develop into skin lesions. AD has a strong genetic component, as children from parents with AD have a two-fold increased chance of developing the disease. Genetic risk loci and epigenetic modifications reported in AD mainly locate to genes involved in the immune response and epidermal barrier function. However, AD pathogenesis cannot be fully explained by (epi)genetic factors since environmental triggers such as stress, pollution, microbiota, climate, and allergens also play a crucial role. Alterations of the epidermal barrier in AD, observed at all stages of the disease and which precede the development of overt skin inflammation, manifest as: dry skin; epidermal ultrastructural abnormalities, notably anomalies of the lamellar body cargo system; and abnormal epidermal lipid composition, including shorter fatty acid moieties in several lipid classes, such as ceramides and free fatty acids. Thus, a compelling question is whether AD is primarily a lipid disorder evolving into a chronic inflammatory disease due to genetic susceptibility loci in immunogenic genes. In this review, we focus on lipid abnormalities observed in the epidermis and blood of AD patients and evaluate their primary role in eliciting an inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Pavel
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (P.P.); (S.B.); (V.M.-M.)
| | - Stefan Blunder
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (P.P.); (S.B.); (V.M.-M.)
| | - Verena Moosbrugger-Martinz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (P.P.); (S.B.); (V.M.-M.)
| | - Peter M. Elias
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA;
| | - Sandrine Dubrac
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (P.P.); (S.B.); (V.M.-M.)
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Dang E, Man G, Lee D, Crumrine DA, Mauro TM, Elias PM, Man MQ. Mutations in 3β-hydroxysteroid-δ8, δ7-isomerase paradoxically benefit epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis in mice. Exp Dermatol 2020; 30:384-389. [PMID: 33205489 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Inherited or acquired blockade of distal steps in the cholesterol synthetic pathway results in ichthyosis, due to reduced cholesterol production and/or the accumulation of toxic metabolic precursors, while inhibition of epidermal cholesterol synthesis compromises epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis. We showed here that 3β-hydroxysteroid-δ8, δ7-isomerase-deficient mice (TD), an analog for CHILD syndrome in humans, exhibited not only lower basal transepidermal water loss rates, but also accelerated permeability barrier recovery despite the lower expression levels of mRNA for epidermal differentiation marker-related proteins and lipid synthetic enzymes. Moreover, TD mice displayed low skin surface pH, paralleled by increased expression levels of mRNA for sodium/hydrogen exchanger 1 (NHE1) and increased antimicrobial peptide expression, compared with wild-type (WT) mice, which may compensate for the decreased differentiation and lipid synthesis. Additionally, in comparison with WT controls, TD mice showed a significant reduction in ear thickness following challenges with either phorbol ester or oxazolone. However, TD mice exhibited growth retardation. Together, these results demonstrate that 3β-hydroxysteroid-δ8, δ7-isomerase deficiency does not compromise epidermal permeability barrier in mice, suggesting that alterations in epidermal function depend on which step of the cholesterol synthetic pathway is interrupted. But whether these findings in mice could be mirrored in humans remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erle Dang
- Dermatology Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - George Man
- Dermatology Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dale Lee
- Dermatology Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Debbie A Crumrine
- Dermatology Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Theodora M Mauro
- Dermatology Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter M Elias
- Dermatology Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mao-Qiang Man
- Dermatology Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
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4
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Huang FC. The Role of Sphingolipids on Innate Immunity to Intestinal Salmonella Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081720. [PMID: 28783107 PMCID: PMC5578110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. remains a major public health problem for the whole world. To reduce the use of antimicrobial agents and drug-resistant Salmonella, a better strategy is to explore alternative therapy rather than to discover another antibiotic. Sphingolipid- and cholesterol-enriched lipid microdomains attract signaling proteins and orchestrate them toward cell signaling and membrane trafficking pathways. Recent studies have highlighted the crucial role of sphingolipids in the innate immunity against infecting pathogens. It is therefore mandatory to exploit the role of the membrane sphingolipids in the innate immunity of intestinal epithelia infected by this pathogen. In the present review, we focus on the role of sphingolipids in the innate immunity of intestinal epithelia against Salmonella infection, including adhesion, autophagy, bactericidal effect, barrier function, membrane trafficking, cytokine and antimicrobial peptide expression. The intervention of sphingolipid-enhanced foods to make our life healthy or pharmacological agents regulating sphingolipids is provided at the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Chen Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.
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5
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Huang FC. De Novo sphingolipid synthesis is essential for Salmonella-induced autophagy and human beta-defensin 2 expression in intestinal epithelial cells. Gut Pathog 2016; 8:5. [PMID: 26893616 PMCID: PMC4758167 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-016-0088-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sphingolipids are important for innate immune response to eliminate infected pathogens and involved in autophagy. On the other hand, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) served as an intracellular pattern recognition receptor to enhance host defense by inducing autophagy and the production of antimicrobial peptides, such as human beta-defensin-2 (hBD-2). However, the role of sphingolipids in Salmonella-induced autophagy and hBD-2 response in intestinal epithelial cells has not been previously elucidated. METHODS Salmonella typhimurium wild-type strain SL1344 was used to infect SW480, an intestinal epithelial cell. hBD-2 and interleukin-8 (IL-8) mRNA expressions were assessed in SW480 cells using RT-PCR, and intracellular signaling pathways and autophagy protein expression were analyzed by Western blot in SW480 cells in the presence or absence of inhibitors or transfected with siRNA. RESULTS We demonstrated that inhibition of de novo sphingolipid synthesis repressed the membrane recruitment of NOD2 and autophagy-related protein 16-like 1 (Atg16L1), suppressed Salmonella-induced autophagic protein LC3-II expression, and reduced NOD2-mediated hBD-2 response in Salmonella-infected SW480 cells. Contrasting to the utilization of membrane cholesterol on maintenance of Salmonella-containing vacuoles and anti-inflammation by Salmonella, sphingolipids act on epithelial defense against the invasive pathogen. CONCLUSIONS Our results offer mechanistic insights on the role of de novo sphingolipid synthesis in the innate immunity of intestinal epithelial cells to Salmonella infection. The pharmaceuticals enhancing or diet enriched with sphingolipids may induce the dual anti-bacterial mechanisms. The role of de novo sphingolipid synthesis on inflammatory bowel disease is deserved to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Chen Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123, Ta-pei Road, Niao-sung District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Sahle FF, Gebre-Mariam T, Dobner B, Wohlrab J, Neubert RHH. Skin diseases associated with the depletion of stratum corneum lipids and stratum corneum lipid substitution therapy. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2014; 28:42-55. [PMID: 25196193 DOI: 10.1159/000360009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ of the body, whose main function is to protect the body against the loss of physiologically important components as well as harmful environmental insults. From the inside to the outside, the skin comprises three major structural layers: the hypodermis, the dermis and the epidermis. The epidermis contains four different sublayers, the stratum corneum (SC), stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum and stratum basale, where the barrier function of the skin mainly lies in the outermost layer of the epidermis, the SC. The SC contains corneocytes that are embedded in a lipid matrix existing in the form of lipid bilayers. The lipid bilayers are formed mainly from ceramides, free fatty acids and cholesterol, constitute the only continuous pathway across the SC and are responsible for the barrier function of the skin. However, the depletion or disturbance of SC lipids in the SC leads to a perturbation of the barrier function of the skin, and, conversely, several skin diseases such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis are associated with the depletion of these SC lipids. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to understand the interrelationship between the depletion of SC lipids and skin diseases as well as factors that affect the composition and organization of SC lipids in order to assess the potential benefit of a direct replacement of the missing SC lipids as a means of treating affected, aged or diseased skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitsum F Sahle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Sugiura A, Nomura T, Mizuno A, Imokawa G. Reevaluation of the non-lesional dry skin in atopic dermatitis by acute barrier disruption: an abnormal permeability barrier homeostasis with defective processing to generate ceramide. Arch Dermatol Res 2013; 306:427-40. [PMID: 24271939 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-013-1430-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is characterized by disruption of the cutaneous barrier due to reduced ceramide levels even in non-lesional dry skin. Following further acute barrier disruption by repeated tape strippings, we re-characterized the non-lesional dry skin of subjects with atopic dermatitis, which shows significantly reduced levels of barrier function and ceramide but not of beta-glucocerebrosidase activity. For the first time, we report an abnormal trans-epidermal water loss homeostasis in which delayed recovery kinetics of trans-epidermal water loss occurred on the first day during the 4 days after acute barrier disruption compared with healthy control skin. Interestingly, whereas the higher ceramide level in the stratum corneum of healthy control skin was further significantly up-regulated at 4 days post-tape stripping, the lower ceramide level in the stratum corneum of subjects with atopic dermatitis was not significantly changed. In a parallel study, whereas beta-glucocerebrosidase activity at 4 days post-tape stripping was significantly up-regulated in healthy control skin compared with before tape stripping, the level of that activity remained substantially unchanged in atopic dermatitis. These findings indicate that subjects with atopic dermatitis have a defect in sphingolipid-metabolic processing that generates ceramide in the interface between the stratum corneum and the epidermis. The results also support the notion that the continued disruption of barrier function in atopic dermatitis non-lesional skin is associated with the impaired homeostasis of a ceramide-generating process, which underscores an atopy-specific inflammation-triggered ceramide deficiency that is distinct from other types of dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Sugiura
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Markó L, Paragh G, Ugocsai P, Boettcher A, Vogt T, Schling P, Balogh A, Tarabin V, Orsó E, Wikonkál N, Mandl J, Remenyik É, Schmitz G. Keratinocyte ATP binding cassette transporter expression is regulated by ultraviolet light. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2012; 116:79-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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9
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Adami M, Prudente ADS, Mendes DAGB, Horinouchi CDDS, Cabrini DA, Otuki MF. Simvastatin ointment, a new treatment for skin inflammatory conditions. J Dermatol Sci 2012; 66:127-35. [PMID: 22455735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins represent a class of drugs that effectively lowers cholesterol, however they also possess pleiotropic effects, like promotion of angiogenesis, prevention of bone loss, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. OBJECTIVES Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the activity of simvastatin topically applied in mice in acute and chronic skin inflammation models. METHODS Skin inflammation was induced in mice ears by topical application of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA). In the acute model, ear oedema was measured by the increase of ear thickness 6h after TPA (2.5μg/ear). The chronic inflammatory process was induced by multiple applications of TPA (2.0μg/ear) for nine alternate days, and the oedema was measured daily as the increase in ear thickness. RESULTS Topical treatment was applied immediately after TPA in acute model or started at 5th day of chronic experiment. For acute model treatment was simvastatin (0.24, 0.71 and 2.40μM), dexamethasone (0.13μM), both in acetone or vehicle alone (acetone). In chronic model simvastatin (1% and 3%) and dexamethasone (0.5%) were incorporated in ointment preparations, and a group received ointment alone (vehicle). Samples of ear tissue (6mm) were taken from acute and chronic models, weighted and prepared for histological analysis and myeloperoxidase (MPO) enzymatic activity evaluation. Application of simvastatin in acetone reduced the ear oedema after a single TPA application in a dose dependent manner [ID(50) of 0.47 (0.22-1.13) μM], and the MPO enzymatic activity up to 61±10%. Also, both simvastatin ointment preparations 1% and 3% reduced acute TPA-induced ear oedema in 55±7% and 65±8%, respectively. In the chronic model, simvastatin ointment 1% was able to reduce ear oedema (25±3%) and ear weight (10±1%), though 3% formulation augmented both parameters. Histological analysis revealed a reduction of swelling and leukocyte migration in the acute model for both the formulations of simvastatin (1% and 3%), while in chronic model simvastatin 1% decreased ear swelling and epidermal thickness, but simvastatin 3% increased both parameters. CONCLUSION The results confirm the anti-inflammatory activity of simvastatin when applied topically in both acute and chronic models of skin inflammation. Besides, the formulation of simvastatin ointment 1% shows to be a very effective formulation for a chronic usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Adami
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, PR, Brazil
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Hatano Y, Man MQ, Uchida Y, Crumrine D, Mauro TM, Feingold KR, Elias PM, Holleran WM. Murine atopic dermatitis responds to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and beta/delta (but not gamma) and liver X receptor activators. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 125:160-9.e1-5. [PMID: 19818482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis now increasingly linked to mutations that alter the structure and function of the stratum corneum. Activators of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) alpha, beta/delta, and gamma and liver X receptor (LXR) regulate epidermal protein and lipid production, leading to superior barrier function. Additionally, some of these activators exhibit potent antihyperplastic and anti-inflammatory activity in irritant contact dermatitis and acute allergic contact dermatitis murine models. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the efficacy of PPAR/LXR activation in a hapten (oxazolone [Ox])-induced AD-like model (Ox-AD) in hairless mice. METHODS Ox-AD was established with 10 Ox challenges (every other day) on the flank. After the establishment of Ox-AD, twice-daily topical application with individual PPAR/LXR activators was then performed for 4 days, with continued Ox challenges every other day. The efficacy of topical PPAR/LXR activators to reduce parameters of Ox-AD was assessed physiologically, morphologically, and immunologically. RESULTS Certain topical activators of PPARalpha, PPARbeta/delta, and LXR, but not activators of PPARgamma, reversed the clinical dermatosis, significantly improved barrier function, and increased stratum corneum hydration in Ox-AD mice. In addition, the same activators, but again not PPARgamma, largely reversed the immunologic abnormalities in Ox-AD mice, including the increased T(H)2 markers, such as tissue eosinophil/mast cell density, serum thymus and activation-related chemokine levels, the density of chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on T(H)2-positive lymphocytes (but not serum IgE levels), and reduced IL-1alpha and TNF-alpha activation, despite ongoing hapten challenges. CONCLUSION These results suggest that topical applications of certain activators/ligands of PPARalpha, PPARbeta/delta, and LXR could be useful for the treatment of AD in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Hatano
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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11
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PPARδ activation promotes stratum corneum formation and epidermal permeability barrier development during late gestation. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 130:511-9. [PMID: 19675577 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The goal of epidermal ontogenesis is to form a stratum corneum (SC), which is required for post-natal permeability barrier function. The regulation of epidermal ontogenesis is poorly understood, but nuclear hormone receptors have been shown to have an important function. As peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta (PPARdelta) is very abundant in fetal epidermis and PPARdelta activation stimulates differentiation and permeability barrier formation in adults, we hypothesized that PPARdelta might regulate epidermal ontogenesis. Treatment of fetal rat explants with the PPARdelta ligand, GW 610742X, accelerates permeability barrier development, evidenced by a decrease in transepidermal water loss and an enhanced outside-in barrier function, attributable to the presence of more mature lamellar membranes in the SC and enhanced expression of loricrin and involucrin. Similarly, the intra-amniotic administration of GW 610742X also accelerates the formation of the SC and permeability barrier development. Finally, in PPARdelta-deficient mice the formation of the SC and the expression of differentiation-related proteins were delayed on days 16.5 and 17.5 of gestation. However, at later stages (day 18.5 and after birth), there were no differences between wild-type- and PPARdelta-deficient mice, indicating only a transient delay in epidermal ontogenesis. These studies show that PPARdelta has a role in SC formation and permeability barrier development.
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12
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Song SP, Elias PM, Lv CZ, Shi YJ, Guang P, Zhang XJ, Feingold KR, Man MQ. Decreased cutaneous resonance running time in cured leprosy subjects. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2009; 22:218-24. [PMID: 19648783 DOI: 10.1159/000231527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Leprosy prominently involves both the skin and peripheral neural tissues and some symptoms persist after microbial cure. Because alterations in the dermis also occur in leprosy, we assessed here whether there were changes in cutaneous resonance running time (CRRT), a parameter that is influenced by collagen properties, in cured leprosy subjects. METHODS A reviscometer was used to measure the CRRT at various directions on the dorsal hand and the flexural forearms of 76 cured leprosy subjects aged 50-85 years and 68 age-matched normal subjects. RESULTS In comparison to normal subjects, CRRTs on the hands and the forearms were significantly reduced in all directions in cured leprosy, except at the 1-7, 2-8 and 3-9 o'clock directions on the forearms. CRRTs were reduced significantly at both the 4-10 and 5-11 o'clock directions on the forearm in lepromatous (73.33 +/- 4.19 at 4-10 o'clock and 67.44 +/- 2.71 at 5-11 o'clock direction) and borderline lepromatous types (77.58 +/- 5.84 at 4-10 o'clock and 79.85 +/- 6.81 at 5-11 o'clock direction) as compared with normal (143.10 +/- 7.75 at 4-10 o'clock and 125.18 +/- 8.14 at 5-11 o'clock direction). On the hand, CRRTs at all directions, except that at 4-10 o'clock direction, were also significantly reduced in lepromatous and borderline lepromatous types in comparison with normal. Significant differences in CRRT at some directions were found among the various subtypes of leprosy. CONCLUSION CRRTs were abnormal in the cured leprosy subjects as a whole, but varied with leprosy subtypes, which suggested that the extent of reduction of CRRTs correlates with the severity of immune alteration. These results suggest that CRRT measurements could be a useful approach to quantify the extent of some residual abnormalities in cured leprosy and perhaps could also be used to evaluate the efficacy of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Song
- Dalian Skin Disease Hospital, Liaoning, China
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13
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Pigatto P, Bigardi A, Cannistraci C, Picardo M. 10% urea cream (Laceran) for atopic dermatitis: A clinical and laboratory evaluation. J DERMATOL TREAT 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/09546639609086881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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14
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Jungersted JM, Hellgren LI, Jemec GBE, Agner T. Lipids and skin barrier function--a clinical perspective. Contact Dermatitis 2008; 58:255-62. [PMID: 18416754 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2008.01320.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The stratum corneum (SC) protects us from dehydration and external dangers. Much is known about the morphology of the SC and penetration of drugs through it, but the data are mainly derived from in vitro and animal experiments. In contrast, only a few studies have the human SC lipids as their focus and in particular, the role of barrier function in the pathogenesis of skin disease and its subsequent treatment protocols. The 3 major lipids in the SC of importance are ceramides, free fatty acids, and cholesterol. Human studies comparing levels of the major SC lipids in patients with atopic dermatitis and healthy controls have suggested a possible role for ceramide 1 and to some extent ceramide 3 in the pathogenesis of the disease. Therapies used in diseases involving barrier disruption have been sparely investigated from a lipid perspective. It has been suggested that ultraviolet light as a treatment increases the amount of all 3 major SC lipids, while topical glucocorticoids may lead to a decrease. Such effects may influence the clinical outcome of treatment in diseases with impaired barrier function. We have, therefore, conducted a review of the literature on SC lipids from a clinical perspective. It may be concluded that the number of human studies is very limited, and in the perspective of how important diseases of impaired barrier function are in dermatology, further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Mutanu Jungersted
- Department of Dermatology, Roskilde Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Køgevej 7-13, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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15
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Demerjian M, Hachem JP, Tschachler E, Denecker G, Declercq W, Vandenabeele P, Mauro T, Hupe M, Crumrine D, Roelandt T, Houben E, Elias PM, Feingold KR. Acute modulations in permeability barrier function regulate epidermal cornification: role of caspase-14 and the protease-activated receptor type 2. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 172:86-97. [PMID: 18156206 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.070161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Stratum corneum comprises corneocytes, derived from outer stratum granulosum during terminal differentiation, embedded in a lipid-enriched extracellular matrix, secreted from epidermal lamellar bodies. Permeability barrier insults stimulate rapid secretion of preformed lamellar bodies from the outer stratum granulosum, regulated through modulations in ionic gradients and serine protease (SP)/protease-activated receptor type 2 (PAR2) signaling. Because corneocytes are also required for barrier function, we hypothesized that corneocyte formation could also be regulated by barrier function. Barrier abrogation by two unrelated methods initiated a wave of cornification, assessed as TdT-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling-positive cells in stratum granulosum and newly cornified cells by electron microscopy. Because cornification was blocked by occlusion, corneocytes formed specifically in response to barrier, rather than injury or cell replacement, requirements. SP inhibitors and hyperacidification (which decreases SP activity) blocked cornification after barrier disruption. Similarly, cornification was delayed in PAR2(-/-) mice. Although classical markers of apoptosis [poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase and caspase (Casp)-3] remained unchanged, barrier disruption activated Casp-14. Moreover, the pan-Casp inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK delayed cornification, and corneocytes were structurally aberrant in Casp14(-/-) mice. Thus, permeability barrier requirements coordinately drive both the generation of the stratum corneum lipid-enriched extracellular matrix and the transformation of granular cells into corneocytes, in an SP- and Casp-14-dependent manner, signaled by PAR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Demerjian
- Dermatology and Medical (Metabolism) Services, Veterans Administration Medical Center, 4510 Clement St., San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
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16
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Sparsa A, Boulinguez S, Le Brun V, Roux C, Bonnetblanc JM, Bedane C. Acquired ichthyosis with pravastatin. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007; 21:549-50. [PMID: 17373993 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2006.01948.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Fluhr JW, Feingold KR, Elias PM. Transepidermal water loss reflects permeability barrier status: validation in human and rodent in vivo and ex vivo models. Exp Dermatol 2006; 15:483-92. [PMID: 16761956 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2006.00437.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Permeability barrier function is measured with instruments that assess transepidermal water loss (TEWL), either with closed- or open-loop systems. Yet, the validity of TEWL as a measure of barrier status has been questioned recently. Hence, we tested the validity of this measure by comparing TEWL across a wide range of perturbations, with a variety of methods, and in a variety of models. TEWL rates with two closed-chamber systems (VapoMeter and H4300) and one closed-loop system (MEECO) under different experimental in vivo conditions were compared with data from four open-loop instruments, i.e. TM 210, TM 300, DermaLab and EP 1. The instruments were compared in vivo both in humans and hairless mice skin subjected to different degrees of acute barrier disruption. The values obtained with bioengineering systems were correlated with absolute water loss rates, determined gravimetrically. Measurements with both closed and open systems correlated not only with each other, but each method detected different degrees of barrier dysfunction. Although all instruments differentiated among gradations in TEWL in the mid-range of barrier disruption in vivo, differences in very low and very high levels of disruption were less accurately measured with the H4300 and DermaLab systems. Nevertheless, a high Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was calculated for data from all instruments vs. gravimetrically assessed TEWL. Together, these results verify the utility of TEWL as a measure of permeability barrier status. Moreover, all tested instruments are reliable tools for the assessment of variations in permeability barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim W Fluhr
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany.
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18
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Choi EH, Brown BE, Crumrine D, Chang S, Man MQ, Elias PM, Feingold KR. Mechanisms by Which Psychologic Stress Alters Cutaneous Permeability Barrier Homeostasis and Stratum Corneum Integrity. J Invest Dermatol 2005; 124:587-95. [PMID: 15737200 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2005.23589.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Although many skin disorders, including psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, are adversely affected by psychologic stress (PS), the pathophysiologic link between PS and disease expression remains unclear. Recent studies demonstrated PS-induced alterations in permeability barrier homeostasis, mediated by increased endogenous glucocorticoids. Here, we assessed the mechanisms by which PS alters stratum corneum (SC) function. Insomniac psychologic stress (IPS) altered both barrier homeostasis and SC integrity. IPS decreased epidermal cell proliferation, impaired epidermal differentiation, and decreased the density and size of corneodesmosomes (CD), which was linked to degradation of CD proteins (e.g., desmoglein1). Barrier compromise was linked to decreased production and secretion of lamellar bodies (LB), which in turn could be attributed to a decrease in de novo synthesis of epidermal lipids. Topical physiologic lipids (equimolar cholesterol, ceramides, and free fatty acids) normalized both barrier homeostasis and SC integrity in IPS mice, further evidence that lipid deficiency accounted for these functional abnormalities. Thus, PS inhibition of epidermal lipid synthesis results in decreased LB formation and secretion, as well as decreased CD, compromising both permeability barrier homeostasis and SC integrity. These studies suggest that topical treatment with epidermal physiologic lipids could be beneficial in stress-induced, barrier-associated dermatoses, such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eung-Ho Choi
- Dermatology and Medical Services (Metabolism), VA Medical Center San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Epidermal lipids constitute an ultimate frontier between the organism and its environment. Their essential role consists of providing a barrier limiting both transepidermal water loss and penetration of external factors, such as irritants. Efficacy of the barrier depends on the physicochemical properties of the substance applied to the skin surface and the increase in transepidermal water loss, which may be quantified, is proportional to the provoked perturbation in the barrier function. In atopic dermatitis epidermis, a significant decrease in the ceramide content and abnormally low levels of omega-6 fatty acids correlate with an increased rate of water loss at the skin surface--a sign of an impaired barrier. However, similar signs are observed in the atrophic epidermis provoked by long term local corticotherapy. Epidermal lipid profiles are also seriously modified in various ichthyoses, and are partially responsible for the hyperkeratosis observed clinically, e.g.: the recessive X-linked form is provoked by a mutation of the steroid sulphatase gene and the resulting accumulation of unconverted precursor of cholesterol. Modification of the lipid composition in acne contributes to comedo formation, whereas UV improves barrier function (and may provoke hyperkeratosis) through an increase in the stratum corneum lipid content. Another source of lipids at the epidermal surface is sebaceous glands. Waxes present in the sebum increase friction coefficient of the skin surface. Sebum also influences (decreases) the rate of penetration of lipophilic substances applied on the skin. Its role in the skin biology appears to be less vital than that of the lipids constituting the permeability barrier of the stratum corneum.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Humbert
- Laboratoire d'ingénierie et de biologie cutanées, service de dermatologie, CHU Saint-Jacques, 25030 Besançon, France.
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20
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Tsuruoka H, Khovidhunkit W, Brown BE, Fluhr JW, Elias PM, Feingold KR. Scavenger receptor class B type I is expressed in cultured keratinocytes and epidermis. Regulation in response to changes in cholesterol homeostasis and barrier requirements. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:2916-22. [PMID: 11707442 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m106445200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is a key lipid in the stratum corneum, where it is critical for permeability barrier homeostasis. The epidermis is an active site of cholesterol synthesis, but inhibition of epidermal cholesterol synthesis with topically applied statins only modestly affects epidermal permeability barrier function, suggesting a possible compensatory role for extraepidermal cholesterol. Scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) is a recently described cell surface receptor for high density lipoproteins (HDL) that mediates the selective uptake of cholesterol esters from circulating HDL. In the present study, we demonstrate that SR-BI is present in cultured human keratinocytes and that calcium-induced differentiation markedly decreases SR-BI levels. Additionally, the cell association of [(3)H]cholesterol-labeled HDL decreased in differentiated versus undifferentiated keratinocytes. Furthermore, the inhibition of cholesterol synthesis with simvastatin resulted in a 3-4-fold increase in both SR-BI mRNA and protein levels, whereas conversely, addition of 25-hydroxycholesterol suppressed SR-BI levels by approximately 50%. SR-BI mRNA is also expressed in murine epidermis, increasing by 50% in parallel with cholesterol requirements following acute barrier disruption. Because the increase is completely blocked by occlusion with a vapor-impermeable membrane, changes in epidermal SR-BI expression are regulated specifically by barrier requirements. Lastly, using immunofluorescence we demonstrated that SR-BI is present in human epidermis predominantly in the basal layer and increases following barrier disruption. In summary, the present study demonstrates first that SR-BI is expressed in keratinocytes and regulated by cellular cholesterol requirements, suggesting that it plays a role in keratinocyte cholesterol homeostasis. Second, the increase in SR-BI following barrier disruption suggests that SR-BI expression increases to facilitate cholesterol uptake leading to barrier restoration.
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MESH Headings
- Anticholesteremic Agents/pharmacology
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- CD36 Antigens/biosynthesis
- CD36 Antigens/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cholesterol/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Down-Regulation
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Epidermis/metabolism
- Humans
- Keratinocytes/metabolism
- Lipoproteins, HDL/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Poly A
- RNA/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic
- Receptors, Lipoprotein
- Receptors, Scavenger
- Scavenger Receptors, Class B
- Simvastatin/pharmacology
- Sterols/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Tsuruoka
- Dermatology and Medical (Metabolism) Services, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121, USA
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21
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Alonso A, Meirelles NC, Tabak M. Lipid chain dynamics in stratum corneum studied by spin label electron paramagnetic resonance. Chem Phys Lipids 2000; 104:101-11. [PMID: 10669304 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(99)00090-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The lipid chain motions in stratum corneum (SC) membranes have been studied through electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy of stearic acid spin-labeled at the 5th, 12th and 16th carbon atom positions of the acyl chain. Lipids have been extracted from SC with a series of chloroform/methanol mixtures, in order to compare the molecular dynamics and the thermotropic behavior in intact SC, lipid-depleted SC (containing covalently bound lipids of the corneocyte envelope) and dispersion of extracted SC lipids. The segmental motion of 5- and 12-doxylstearic acid (5- and 12-DSA) and the rotational correlation time of 16-doxylstearic acid (16-DSA) showed that the envelope lipids are more rigid and the extracted lipids are more fluid than the lipids of the intact SC over the range of temperature measured. The lower fluidity observed for the corneocyte envelope, that may be caused mainly due to lipid-protein interactions, suggests a major contribution of this lipid domain to the barrier function of SC. Changes in the activation energy for reorientational diffusion of the 16-DSA spin label showed apparent phase transitions around 54 degrees C, for the three SC samples. Some lipid reorganization may occur in SC above 54 degrees C, in agreement with results reported from studies with several other techniques. This reorganization is sensitive to the presence of the extractable intercellular lipids, being different in the lipid-depleted sample as compared to native SC and lipid dispersion. The results contribute to the understanding of alkyl chain packing and mobility in the SC membranes, which are involved in the mechanisms that control the permeability of different compounds through skin, suggesting an important involvement of the envelope in the skin barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Alonso
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Goiás, GO, Brazil
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22
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23
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Yang L, Mao-Qiang M, Taljebini M, Elias PM, Feingold KR. Topical stratum corneum lipids accelerate barrier repair after tape stripping, solvent treatment and some but not all types of detergent treatment. Br J Dermatol 1995; 133:679-85. [PMID: 8555016 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1995.tb02738.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Topical acetone treatment extracts lipids from the stratum corneum, and disrupts the permeability barrier, resulting in a homeostatic response in the viable epidermis that ultimately repairs the barrier. Recently, we have developed an optimal lipid mixture (cholesterol, ceramide, palmitate and linoleate 4.3:2.3:1:1.08) that, when applied topically, accelerates barrier repair following extensive disruption of the barrier by acetone. The present study determined if topical treatment with this optimal lipid mixture would have beneficial effects following disruption of the barrier by petroleum ether, tape stripping, or by detergent treatment. Also, we determined if barrier repair was accelerated after moderate disturbances of barrier function. Following moderate or extensive disruption of the barrier by acetone or petroleum ether (solvents), or tape stripping (mechanical), application of the optimal lipid mixture accelerated barrier repair. Additionally, following barrier disruption with N-laurosarcosine free acid or dodecylbenzensulphuric acid (detergents), the optimal lipid mixture similarly accelerated barrier repair. However, following disruption of the barrier with different detergents, sodium dodecyl sulphate and ammonium lauryl sulphosuccinate, the optimal lipid mixture did not improve barrier recovery. Thus, the optimal lipid mixture is capable of accelerating barrier repair following disruption of the barrier by solvent treatment or tape stripping (mechanical), and by certain detergents such as Sarkosyl and dodecylbenzensulphuric acid. The ability of the optimal lipid mixture to accelerate barrier repair after both moderate and extensive degrees of barrier disruption suggests a potential clinical use for this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Yang
- Department of Medicine and Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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