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Serrano-González J, Montes-Rodríguez I, Renta JY, Rojas R, Cadilla CL. After an initial Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome clinical diagnosis, molecular testing reveals variants for oculocutaneous albinism type 1B: A case report. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2024; 12:e2493. [PMID: 38994739 PMCID: PMC11240142 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Albinism is a heterogeneous condition in which patients present complete absence, reduction, or normal pigmentation in skin, hair and eyes in addition to ocular defects. One of the heterogeneous forms of albinism is observed in Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) patients. HPS is characterized by albinism and hemorrhagic diathesis due to the absence of dense bodies in platelets. METHODS In this report, we describe a case of a pair of Puerto Rican siblings with albinism that were clinically diagnosed with HPS during childhood. Since they did not harbor the founder changes in the HPS1 and HPS3 genes common in Puerto Ricans, as adults they wanted to know the type of albinism they had. We performed exome sequencing, validation by PCR, and cloning of PCR products followed by Sanger sequencing in the family members. RESULTS We discovered no mutations that could explain an HPS diagnosis. Instead, we found the siblings were compound heterozygotes for 4 variants in the Tyrosinase gene: c.-301C>T, c.140G>A (rs61753180; p.G47D), c.575C>A (rs1042602; p.S192Y), and c.1205G>A (rs1126809; p.R402Q). Our results show that the correct diagnosis for the siblings is OCA1B. CONCLUSION Our study shows the importance of molecular testing when diagnosing a rare genetic disorder, especially in populations were the disease prevalence is higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseline Serrano-González
- Deptartment of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Campus, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Jessicca Y Renta
- Deptartment of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Campus, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Ricardo Rojas
- Deptartment of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Campus, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Carmen L Cadilla
- Deptartment of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Campus, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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Hida T, Okura M, Tanaka T, Yamashita T. A case of oculocutaneous albinism type 4: aberrant expression of SLC45A2 transcript with exon skipping. J Dermatol 2014; 41:1019-21. [PMID: 25296693 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tokimasa Hida
- Department of Dermatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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K B, Purohit R. Mutational analysis of TYR gene and its structural consequences in OCA1A. Gene 2013; 513:184-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.09.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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C-terminus glycans with critical functional role in the maturation of secretory glycoproteins. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19979. [PMID: 21625599 PMCID: PMC3097235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The N-glycans of membrane glycoproteins are mainly exposed to the extracellular space. Human tyrosinase is a transmembrane glycoprotein with six or seven bulky N-glycans exposed towards the lumen of subcellular organelles. The central active site region of human tyrosinase is modeled here within less than 2.5 Å accuracy starting from Streptomyces castaneoglobisporus tyrosinase. The model accounts for the last five C-terminus glycosylation sites of which four are occupied and indicates that these cluster in two pairs--one in close vicinity to the active site and the other on the opposite side. We have analyzed and compared the roles of all tyrosinase N-glycans during tyrosinase processing with a special focus on the proximal to the active site N-glycans, s6:N337 and s7:N371, versus s3:N161 and s4:N230 which decorate the opposite side of the domain. To this end, we have constructed mutants of human tyrosinase in which its seven N-glycosylation sites were deleted. Ablation of the s6:N337 and s7:N371 sites arrests the post-translational productive folding process resulting in terminally misfolded mutants subjected to degradation through the mannosidase driven ERAD pathway. In contrast, single mutants of the other five N-glycans located either opposite to the active site or into the N-terminus Cys1 extension of tyrosinase are temperature-sensitive mutants and recover enzymatic activity at the permissive temperature of 31°C. Sites s3 and s4 display selective calreticulin binding properties. The C-terminus sites s7 and s6 are critical for the endoplasmic reticulum retention and intracellular disposal. Results herein suggest that individual N-glycan location is critical for the stability, regional folding control and secretion of human tyrosinase and explains some tyrosinase gene missense mutations associated with oculocutaneous albinism type I.
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Chaki M, Mukhopadhyay A, Ray K. Determination of variants in the 3'-region of the tyrosinase gene requires locus specific amplification. Hum Mutat 2006; 26:53-8. [PMID: 15895460 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the Tyrosinase gene (TYR, 11q14-q21) cause oculocutaneous albinism type 1 (OCA1). The 3'-region of the TYR shows 98.55% sequence identity with a pseudogene, known as Tyrosinase-Like Gene (TYRL, 11p11.2-cen). A large number of publicly available nucleotide variants of TYR in this region are same as the bases present in the identical locations in the pseudogene. PCR amplification of these regions using primers with sequences common to both loci may result in coamplification of TYR and TYRL, and may lead to misinterpretation of the results. We have resolved this potential problem using locus-specific amplification conditions that could be used to identify unequivocally mutations and SNPs in exon 4 and exon 5 of TYR and proximal flanking sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Chaki
- Human Genetics and Genomics Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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Gustafson DR, Wen MJ, Koppanati BM. Androgen receptor gene repeats and indices of obesity in older adults. Int J Obes (Lond) 2003; 27:75-81. [PMID: 12532157 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2002] [Revised: 07/03/2002] [Accepted: 08/13/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between GGN and CAG trinucleotide repeat polymorphisms in the androgen receptor (AR) gene and indices of obesity in older Caucasian adults. DESIGN A cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS Ninety-nine healthy men (age 51-93 y) and 113 healthy postmenopausal women (age 51-92 y). MEASUREMENTS Genotyping the GGN and CAG repeats of the AR gene, and measuring body weight, height and waist and hip circumferences. Waist was measured at the umbilicus (wstumb), iliac crest (wstili), and mid-way between the iliac crest and lowest rib (wstwst). Waist-to-hip ratios (WHRUMB, WHRILI and WHRWST) and body mass index (BMI) were calculated. RESULTS Women who were homozygous for a common GGN (17 or 18) and short CAG (</=25) had higher waist and hip circumferences and higher WHRUMB and WHRWST, compared with women without this allele combination. The odds ratios (OR) for the upper 25th percentile of obesity measures were 3.6-5.6-fold higher for wstumb, wstwst, WHRUMB and WHRWST among women with this allele combination. Men who had both a rare GGN (not 17) and short CAG (</=23) had a higher WHRUMB and WHRILI compared with men without this allele combination. The OR related to the upper 10th percentile of obesity measures among men who had this allele combination was 4.7-fold higher for WHRILI. CONCLUSION AR GGN and CAG allele combinations are strongly associated with central obesity indices in older adults, particularly in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Gustafson
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA
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Xu Y, Bartido S, Setaluri V, Qin J, Yang G, Houghton AN. Diverse roles of conserved asparagine-linked glycan sites on tyrosinase family glycoproteins. Exp Cell Res 2001; 267:115-25. [PMID: 11412044 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2001.5232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The tyrosinase family of genes has been conserved throughout vertebrate evolution. The role of conserved N-glycan sites in sorting, stability, and activity of tyrosinase family proteins was investigated using two family members from two different species, mouse gp75/tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-1/Tyrp1 and human tyrosinase. Potential N-linked glycosylation sites on the lumenal domains of mouse gp75/TRP-1/Tyrp1 and human tyrosinase were eliminated by site-directed mutagenesis (Asn to Gln substitutions). Our results show that selected conserved N-glycan sites on tyrosinase family members are crucial for stability in the secretory pathway and endocytic compartment and for enzymatic activity. Different glycan sites on the same tyrosinase family polypeptide can perform distinct functions, and conserved sites on tyrosinase family paralogues can perform different functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Xu
- The Swim Across America Laboratory, The Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Abstract
Albinism, caused by a deficiency of melanin pigment in the skin, hair, and eye (oculocutaneous albinism [OCA]), or primarily in the eye (ocular albinism [OA]), results from mutations in genes involved in the biosynthesis of melanin pigment. The lack of melanin pigment in the developing eye leads to fovea hypoplasia and abnormal routing of the optic nerves. These changes are responsible for the nystagmus, strabismus, and reduced visual acuity common to all types of albinism. Mutations in six genes have been reported to be responsible for different types of oculocutaneous and ocular albinism, including the tyrosinase gene (TYR) and OCA1 (MIM# 203100), the OCA2 gene and OCA2 (MIM# 203200), the tyrosinase-related protein-1 gene (TYRP1) and OCA3 (MIM# 203290), the HPS gene and Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (MIM# 203300), the CHS gene (CHS1), and Chediak-Higashi syndrome (MIM# 214500), and the X-linked ocular albinism gene and OA1 (MIM#300500). The function of only two of the gene products is known tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein-1 both of which are enzymes in the melanin biosynthetic pathway. Continued mutational analysis coupled with function/structure studies should aid our understanding of the function of the remaining genes and their role in albinism. Mutation and polymorphism data on these genes are available from the International Albinism Center Albinism Database web site (http://www.cbc.umn.edu/tad).
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Oetting
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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Skipper JC, Hendrickson RC, Gulden PH, Brichard V, Van Pel A, Chen Y, Shabanowitz J, Wolfel T, Slingluff CL, Boon T, Hunt DF, Engelhard VH. An HLA-A2-restricted tyrosinase antigen on melanoma cells results from posttranslational modification and suggests a novel pathway for processing of membrane proteins. J Exp Med 1996; 183:527-34. [PMID: 8627164 PMCID: PMC2192446 DOI: 10.1084/jem.183.2.527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes recognize antigens consisting of peptides presented by class I and II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. The peptides identified so far have been predictable from the amino acid sequences of proteins. We have identified the natural peptide target of a CTL clone that recognizes the tyrosinase gene product on melanoma cells. The peptide results from posttranslational conversion of asparagine to aspartic acid. This change is of central importance for peptide recognition by melanoma-specific T cells, but has no impact on peptide binding to the MHC molecule. This posttranslational modification has not been previously described for any MHC-associated peptide and represents the first demonstration of posttranslational modification of a naturally processed class I-associated peptide. This observation is relevant to the identification and prediction of potential peptide antigens. The most likely mechanism for production of this peptide leads to the suggestion that antigenic peptides can be derived from proteins that are translated into the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Skipper
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22908, USA
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Oetting WS, King RA. Analysis of tyrosinase mutations associated with tyrosinase-related oculocutaneous albinism (OCA1). PIGMENT CELL RESEARCH 1994; 7:285-90. [PMID: 7886000 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.1994.tb00629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Mutations of the tyrosinase gene associated with a partial or complete loss of enzymatic activity are responsible for tyrosinase related oculocutaneous albinism (OCA1). A large number of mutations have been identified and their analysis has provided insight into the biology of tyrosinase and the pathogenesis of these different mutations. Missense mutations produce their effect on the activity of an enzyme by altering an amino acid at a specific site. The location of these mutations in the peptide can be used to indicate potential domains important for enzymatic activity. Missense mutations of the tyrosinase polypeptide cluster in four regions, suggesting that these are important functional domains. Two of the potential domains involve the copper binding sites while the others are likely involved in substrate binding. More critical analysis of the copper binding domain of tyrosinase can be gained by analyzing the structure of hemocyanin, a copper-binding protein with a high degree of homology to tyrosinase in the copper binding region. This analysis indicates a single catalytic site in tyrosinase for all enzymatic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Oetting
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Spritz
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA
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Oetting WS, King RA. Molecular basis of type I (tyrosinase-related) oculocutaneous albinism: mutations and polymorphisms of the human tyrosinase gene. Hum Mutat 1993; 2:1-6. [PMID: 8477259 DOI: 10.1002/humu.1380020102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Type I (tyrosinase related) oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) results from mutations of the tyrosinase gene on chromosome 11q that lead to reduced or absent melanin pigment synthesis. The phenotype of Type I OCA is broad, ranging from a total lack to only a moderate reduction of melanin, and the phenotypic variation is associated with different mutant alleles at the tyrosinase locus. A total of 36 mutations have been identified in Type I OCA including 24 missense, 4 nonsense, and 8 frameshift mutations. The majority of affected individuals have been compound heterozygotes with different maternal and paternal alleles. Six polymorphic sites for haplotype analysis have been identified in the tyrosinase gene including 2 in the promoter region, 2 in the coding region associated with alternative amino acids in the protein, and 2 RFLPs in the first intron.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Oetting
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455
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Bennett DC. Genetics, development, and malignancy of melanocytes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1993; 146:191-260. [PMID: 8360012 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60383-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D C Bennett
- St George's Hospital Medical School, London, United Kingdom
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Oetting WS, King RA. Analysis of mutations in the copper B binding region associated with type I (tyrosinase-related) oculocutaneous albinism. PIGMENT CELL RESEARCH 1992; 5:274-8. [PMID: 1292009 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.1992.tb00549.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of the tyrosinase gene are responsible for type I (tyrosinase-related) oculocutaneous albinism (OCA), an autosomal recessive genetic syndrome with a broad phenotypic spectrum. Mutant tyrosinase alleles can be associated with no melanin synthesis (I-A, tyrosinase-negative OCA), small to moderate amounts of melanin (I-B, yellow OCA) or unusual pigment patterns (I-TS, temperature-sensitive OCA). A total of 26 mutations of this gene have been described in type I OCA. Analysis of all known mis-sense mutations (n = 17) shows that most cluster in three areas of the coding region. Two clusters involve the copper A or copper B binding sites and may disrupt the metal ion-protein interaction necessary for enzyme function and the third cluster is located in exon I. Computer modeling of the secondary structure of the copper binding regions based on homology with the known crystal structure of hemocyanin show that they both consist of two alpha helices containing three histidine ligands that complex to a single copper atom. Mutations in the copper B binding region lie in the region between the two alpha helices that consists of a loop structure. These mutations may affect tyrosinase activity by either altering the position of the alpha helical domains and thus preventing proper copper binding to the histidine ligands, or affecting a catalytic or substrate binding site located between the two alpha helical domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Oetting
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455
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Hearing VJ, Tsukamoto K, Urabe K, Kameyama K, Montague PM, Jackson IJ. Functional properties of cloned melanogenic proteins. PIGMENT CELL RESEARCH 1992; 5:264-70. [PMID: 1292007 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.1992.tb00547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Several genes critical to the regulation of melanin production in mammals have recently been cloned and characterized. They map to the albino, brown, and slaty loci in mice, and encode proteins with similar structures and features, but with distinct catalytic capacities. The albino locus encodes tyrosinase, an enzyme with three distinct catalytic activities--tyrosine hydroxylase, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) oxidase and DHI (5,6-dihydroxyindole) oxidase. The brown locus encodes TRP-1 (tyrosinase-related protein-1), which has the same, but greatly reduced, catalytic potential. The slaty locus encodes TRP-2, another tyrosinase related-protein, which has DOPAchrome tautomerase activity. In this study we have examined the enzymatic interactions of these proteins, and their regulation by a novel melanogenic inhibitor. We observed that tyrosinase activity is more stable in the presence of TRP-1 and/or TRP-2, but that the catalytic function of TRP-2 is not affected by the presence of TRP-1 or tyrosinase. Other factors also may influence melanogenesis and a unique melanogenic inhibitor suppresses tyrosinase and DOPAchrome tautomerase activities, but does not affect the spontaneous rate of DOPAchrome decarboxylation to DHI. The results demonstrate the catalytic functions of these proteins and how they stably interact within a melanogenic complex in the melanosome to regulate the quantity and quality of melanin synthesized by the melanocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Hearing
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Abstract
Since our first report showing that the phenotype of tyrosinase-negative or type IA oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is a consequence of a mutation in the tyrosinase gene (Tomita et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 164:990-996, 1989), a number of mutations were found in the tyrosinase gene of OCA patients. However, to establish the molecular basis of OCA in each patient, we must carry out several important experiments as summarized here. First, we should confirm that the cloned or amplified genomic DNA segments are not derived from the pseudogene or related gene. It should be noted that the putative tyrosinase pseudogene contains the sequence almost identical to exons 4 and 5, including their exon/intron boundaries of the authentic tyrosinase gene. Thus, the mutations, detected in exon 4 or 5 amplified from genomic DNA, must be carefully analyzed to exclude a possibility that the mutation is located in the pseudogene. Second, it is of significance to confirm the promoter activity of the patients' tyrosinase gene. Accordingly, we established the cell-free transcription system derived from melanoma cells where the cloned tyrosinase gene is faithfully transcribed. Finally, transient expression assay of mutant tyrosinase is invaluable to conclude that OCA phenotypes are associated with the mutant tyrosinase alleles. I also discuss the implications of a cluster of mutation sites in exon 1 coding for the amino-terminus of tyrosinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shibahara
- Department of Applied Physiology and Molecular Biology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
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Tripathi RK, Strunk KM, Giebel LB, Weleber RG, Spritz RA. Tyrosinase gene mutations in type I (tyrosinase-deficient) oculocutaneous albinism define two clusters of missense substitutions. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1992; 43:865-71. [PMID: 1642278 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320430523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Type I (tyrosinase-deficient) oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) results from mutations of the gene encoding tyrosinase, the enzyme that catalyzes the first 2 steps of melanin pigment biosynthesis. In type IA (tyrosinase-negative) OCA tyrosinase enzymatic activity is completely absent, and in type IB ("yellow") OCA tyrosinase activity is greatly reduced. Here, we describe 11 novel mutations of the tyrosinase gene in Caucasian patients with these 2 forms of type I OCA. Type I OCA in Caucasians appears to result from a great variety of different uncommon alleles. More than 80% of the known missense substitutions associated with type I OCA cluster within 2 relatively small regions of the tyrosinase polypeptide, suggesting that these may correspond to functionally important sites within the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Tripathi
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison
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Selective disaggregation of the H+-translocating ATPase. Isolation of two discrete complexes of the rutamycin-insensitive ATPase differing in mitochondrial membrane-binding properties. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)70032-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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