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Hamanová Čechová M, Cvrček J, Dupej J, Brůžek J, Velemínská J. The influence of biological relatedness on sexual dimorphism and sex classification based on external morphology of the frontal bone. Int J Legal Med 2024; 138:1727-1740. [PMID: 38400922 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-024-03185-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
The most significant sexual differences in the human skull are located in the upper third of the face (the frontal bone), which is a useful research object, mainly in combination with virtual anthropology methods. However, the influence of biological relatedness on sexual dimorphism and frontal bone variability remains unknown. This study was directed at sexual difference description and sex classification using the form and shape of the external surface of the frontal bones from a genealogically documented Central European osteological sample (nineteenth to twentieth centuries). The study sample consisted of 47 cranial CT images of the adult members of several branches of one family group over 4 generations. Three-dimensional virtual models of the frontal bones were analyzed using geometric morphometrics and multidimensional statistics. Almost the entire external frontal surface was significantly different between males and females, especially in form. Significant differences were also found between this related sample and an unrelated one. Sex estimation of the biologically related individuals was performed using the classification models developed on a sample of unrelated individuals from the recent Czech population (Čechová et al. in Int J Legal Med 133: 1285 1294, 2019), with a result of 74.46% and 63.83% in form and shape, respectively. Failure of this classifier was caused by the existence of typical traits found in the biologically related sample different from the usual manifestation of sexual dimorphism. This can be explained as due to the increased degree of similarity and the reduction of variability in biologically related individuals. The results show the importance of testing previously published methods on genealogical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Hamanová Čechová
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Cvrček
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum, Cirkusová 1710, Prague 20, Horní Počernice, Czech Republic
| | - Ján Dupej
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Brůžek
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Velemínská
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
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De Lima AM, Júnior SAG, Serrano RV, Palma LF, De Moraes LOC. Morphometric analysis of the supraorbital region for sexual dimorphism: A study on Brazilian adult dry skulls. Natl J Maxillofac Surg 2024; 15:208-213. [PMID: 39234121 PMCID: PMC11371281 DOI: 10.4103/njms.njms_145_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pelvis, long bones, and skull are good indicators of sexual dimorphism. In the skull, the supraorbital region is considered a highly sexually dimorphic part. Thus, the present study aimed to analyze the sexual dimorphism of Brazilian adult dry skulls using conventional and geometric morphometry. Materials and Methods Conventional morphometry was performed on 179 skulls, through the analysis of six linear measurements. For geometric morphometry, 89 skulls (right side) were selected and seven landmarks were considered. Generalized procrustes analysis, principal component analysis, and linear discriminant analysis were then carried out. Results All linear measurements presented differences between both sexes. Geometric morphometry showed that 77.05% of the sample variation could be explained by the first three principal components. Moreover, considering the centroid size, there was a difference in shape between the sexes. Geometric morphometry classified sex correctly in 77.32% of the skulls and conventional morphometry from 60.89% to 73.74%. Conclusions According to the analyses, the supraorbital region presents significant sexual dimorphism in Brazilian adult dry skulls. Moreover, it can be analyzed efficiently by both conventional and geometric morphometry, although the latter seems to be slightly more accurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allana Muniz De Lima
- Biomedical Sciences Degree Course, Department of Morphology and Genetics, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Del Bove A, Menéndez L, Manzi G, Moggi-Cecchi J, Lorenzo C, Profico A. Mapping sexual dimorphism signal in the human cranium. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16847. [PMID: 37803023 PMCID: PMC10558540 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43007-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of sexual dimorphism in human crania has important applications in the fields of human evolution and human osteology. Current, the identification of sex from cranial morphology relies on manual visual inspection of identifiable anatomical features, which can lead to bias due to user's expertise. We developed a landmark-based approach to automatically map the sexual dimorphism signal on the human cranium. We used a sex-known sample of 228 individuals from different geographical locations to identify which cranial regions are most sexually dimorphic taking into account shape, form and size. Our results, which align with standard protocols, show that glabellar and supraciliary regions, the mastoid process and the nasal region are the most sexually dimorphic traits (with an accuracy of 73%). The accuracy increased to 77% if they were considered together. Surprisingly the occipital external protuberance resulted to be not sexually dimorphic but mainly related to variations in size. Our approach here applied could be expanded to map other variable signals on skeletal morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Del Bove
- Department of History and History of Arts, University Rovira i Virgli, Avinguda de Catalunya 35, 43002, Tarragona, Spain.
- Catalan Institute of Human Paleoecology and Social Evolution (IPHES-CERCA), Zona Educacional 4, Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W3), 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Lumila Menéndez
- Department of Anthropology of the Americas, University of Bonn, Oxfordstraße 15, 53111, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giorgio Manzi
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Jacopo Moggi-Cecchi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via del Proconsolo, 12, 50122, Florence, Italy
| | - Carlos Lorenzo
- Department of History and History of Arts, University Rovira i Virgli, Avinguda de Catalunya 35, 43002, Tarragona, Spain
- Catalan Institute of Human Paleoecology and Social Evolution (IPHES-CERCA), Zona Educacional 4, Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W3), 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Antonio Profico
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Luca Ghini, 13, 56126, Pisa, Italy
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Nowaczewska W, Górka K, Cieślik A. Assessment of the Relationship between the Total Occlusal Area of the Human Permanent Upper First and Second Molars and the Robusticity of the Facial Skeleton in Sex-Different Cranial Samples of Homo Sapiens: A Preliminary Study. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040566. [PMID: 37106765 PMCID: PMC10136266 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish whether there is a significant relationship between the total occlusal area (TOCA) of two types of permanent upper molars (first-M1 and second-M2) and facial robusticity, as well as which of the examined facial regions indicate a relationship concerning the grade of their massiveness with the TOCA of analyzed molars in different sex adult Homo sapiens cranial samples. To obtain the values of the TOCA of the molars (n = 145), a morphometric method was performed based on the calibrated digital images of their occlusal surface using ImageJ software. The grades of the massiveness of six facial regions were assessed using qualitative scales of their expression, and an index of general facial robusticity was calculated. Two types of analyses were performed concerning standardized and non-standardized traits to the facial size, including Spearman's/or Pearson's correlations and partial rank correlations. The obtained results indicated the presence of a positive relationship between the relative TOCA of M2s and the relative general facial robusticity, as well as between the TOCA of both types of molars and the massiveness of trigone region of the facial skeleton in male crania. However, most of the obtained results were not consistent with the assumptions of the "localized masticatory stress hypothesis".
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioletta Nowaczewska
- Department of Human Biology, University of Wrocław, S. Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Górka
- Department of Anthropology, L. Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Podwale 75, 50-449 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agata Cieślik
- Department of Anthropology, L. Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Podwale 75, 50-449 Wroclaw, Poland
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Zulkiflee NDI, Alias A, Chainchel Singh MK, Mohd Hadi Pritam H, Chung E, Sakaran R, Zaidun NH, Choy KW. Sexual Dimorphism of Frontal Sinus: A 2-Dimensional Geometric Morphometric Analysis on Lateral Skull Radiographs. FORENSIC IMAGING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2022.200506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sex estimation through geometric morphometric analysis of the frontal bone: an assessment in pre-pubertal and post-pubertal modern Spanish population. Int J Legal Med 2021; 136:319-328. [PMID: 34693478 PMCID: PMC8813871 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-021-02712-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Sex estimates is a key step of biological profile assessment in a forensic or anthropologic context. In this study, the sexual dimorphism of the frontal bone was analyzed to assess the accuracy of sex estimates using a geometric morphometric approach in a pre-pubertal and post-pubertal sample. The shape of the frontal bone was digitized on the lateral cephalograms of 87 pre-pubertal subjects (42 males, mean age 10.14, SD ± 1.48 years; 45 females mean age 10.02, SD ± 1.11 years) and 103 post-pubertal ones (53 males, mean age 29.33 SD ± 11.88 years; 50 females, mean age 26.77 SD ± 11.07 years). A generalized Procrustes analysis (GPA) was performed for shape analyses, filtering the effects of position, rotation, translation, and size. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on the GPA transformed variables, and a multiple logistic regression model was used to assess the accuracy of sex estimates. In both age groups, the average size of the centroid was significantly larger in males. The females presented shapes with a shorter distance between P2 (glabella) and P1 (supratoral) and a general narrowing of the structure on the sagittal plane. In the pre-pubertal group, the shape difference was not statistically significant. In the post-pubertal group, the mean shape was significantly different between the sexes. The method displayed a high accuracy for sex estimates (88.7% males, 90.3% females) also when applied in a validation sample (82.6% males and 94.1% females). The described morphometric analysis of the frontal bone is based on a limited number of landmarks, which allows sex estimates with high accuracy in post-pubertal subjects, while it is not applicable in pre-pubertal ones.
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Mello-Gentil T, Souza-Mello V. Contributions of anatomy to forensic sex estimation: focus on head and neck bones. Forensic Sci Res 2021; 7:11-23. [PMID: 35341126 PMCID: PMC8942509 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2021.1889136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study sought to provide an up-to-date review of the importance of anatomy to human identification, focusing on the usefulness of anatomical knowledge about the head and neck bones and teeth to sex estimation in routine forensic anthropology methods. A detailed search of osteology applications in forensic sex estimation was conducted through the electronic databases for the 10 years prior to July 2020. Relevant articles and classic literature on the subject were gathered and are outlined in this review. Among the available literature, several metric analyses showed accuracy superior to 80% in sexual diagnosis. Angles measured from the inclination of glabellae and analysis of the external frontal bone surface through three-dimensional computer-aided design emerge as reliable cranial indexes for sex estimation. In the mandible, the condylar and coronoid height, bigonial width, and coronion–gonion distance express significant sexual dimorphism. Measurements of the canine are the best option for sex estimation using teeth, as well as the thickness of the dentine or enamel of incisors. The axis vertebra surpasses other neck bones for sex estimation due to its atypical shape and the presence of the odontoid process. Metric analyses based on anatomy can provide reliable accuracy in sexual diagnosis. Adequate training and anatomical knowledge can reduce bias and interobserver differences, and the use of three-dimensional models and computed tomography images can enhance the accuracy of these methods for sex estimation. However, every method should be validated before being applied to a different population.
Key Points • Anatomy-based metric analyses can provide reliable accuracy in forensic sex estimation.
• Glabellae inclination, external frontal bone surface, mandible, and canine teeth measurements can reach accuracies superior to 80% in sexual diagnosis. • The use of three-dimensional models and computed tomography images can enhance accuracy in sex estimation. • Every method should be validated before being applied to a different population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanessa Souza-Mello
- Department of Anatomy, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Fauad MFM, Alias A, Noor KMKM, Choy KW, Ng WL, Chung E, Wu YS. Sexual dimorphism from third cervical vertebra (C3) on lateral cervical radiograph: A 2-dimensional geometric morphometric approach. FORENSIC IMAGING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2021.200441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Čechová M, Dupej J, Brůžek J, Bejdová Š, Velemínská J. A test of the Bulut et al. (2016) landmark-free method of quantifying sex differences in frontal bone roundness in a contemporary Czech sample. J Forensic Sci 2020; 66:694-699. [PMID: 33104239 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The skull, along with the pelvic bone, serves an important source of clues as to the sex of human skeletal remains. The frontal bone is one of the most significant sexually dimorphic structures employed in anthropological research, especially when studied by methods of virtual anthropology. For this reason, many new methods have been developed, but their utility for other populations remains to be verified. In the present study, we tested one such approach-the landmark-free method of Bulut et al. (2016) for quantifying sexually dimorphic differences in the shape of the frontal bone, developed using a sample of the Turkish population. Our study builds upon this methodology and tests its utility for the Czech population. We evaluated the shape of the male and female frontal bone using 3D morphometrics, comparing virtual models of frontal bones and corresponding software-generated spheres. To do so, we calculated the relative size of the frontal bone area deviating from the fitted sphere by less than 1 mm and used these data to estimate the sex of individuals. Using our sample of the Czech population, the method estimated the sex correctly in 72.8% of individuals. This success rate is about 5% lower than that achieved with the Turkish sample. This method is therefore not very suitable for estimating the sex of Czech individuals, especially considering the significantly greater success rates of other approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Čechová
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ján Dupej
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Software and Computer Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Brůžek
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Bejdová
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Velemínská
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Del Bove A, Profico A, Riga A, Bucchi A, Lorenzo C. A geometric morphometric approach to the study of sexual dimorphism in the modern human frontal bone. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 173:643-654. [PMID: 33025582 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We analyzed the main anatomical traits found in the human frontal bone by using a geometric morphometric approach. The objectives of this study are to explore how the frontal bone morphology varies between the sexes and to detect which part of the frontal bone are sexually dimorphic. MATERIALS AND METHODS The sample is composed of 161 skulls of European and North American individuals of known sex. For each cranium, we collected 3D landmarks and semilandmarks on the frontal bone, to examine the entire morphology and separate modules (frontal squama, supraorbital ridges, glabellar region, temporal lines, and mid-sagittal profile). We used Procrustes ANOVAs and LDAs (linear discriminant analyses) to evaluate the relation between frontal bone morphology and sexual dimorphism and to calculate precision and accuracy in the classification of sex. RESULTS All the frontal bone traits are influenced by sexual dimorphism, though each in a different manner. Variation in shape and size differs between the sexes, and this study confirmed that the supraorbital ridges and glabella are the most important regions for sex determination, although there is no covariation between them. The variable size does not contribute significantly to the discrimination between sexes. Thanks to a geometric morphometric analysis, it was found that the size variable is not an important element for the determination of sex in the frontal bone. CONCLUSION The usage of geometric morphometrics in analyzing the frontal bone has led to new knowledge on the morphological variations due to sexual dimorphism. The proposed protocol permits to quantify morphological covariation between modules, to calculate the shape variations related to sexual dimorphism including or omitting the variable size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Del Bove
- Àrea de Prehistòria, Facultat de Lletres, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Catalan Institute of Human Paleoecology and Social Evolution IPHES, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Antonio Profico
- PalaeoHub-Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Alessandro Riga
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Laboratory of Archaeoanthropology, SABAP-FI, Scandicci, Italy
| | - Ana Bucchi
- Àrea de Prehistòria, Facultat de Lletres, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Catalan Institute of Human Paleoecology and Social Evolution IPHES, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Carlos Lorenzo
- Àrea de Prehistòria, Facultat de Lletres, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Catalan Institute of Human Paleoecology and Social Evolution IPHES, Tarragona, Spain
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Koelzer SC, Kuemmel IV, Koelzer JT, Ramsthaler F, Holz F, Gehl A, Verhoff MA. Definitions of frontal bone inclination: Applicability and quantification. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 303:109929. [PMID: 31472305 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.109929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In sex determination from crania, a "vertical" forehead is considered a female feature, while a "sloping" forehead is considered a male feature. Precise description of frontal inclination with a quantitative measure like an angle is considerably more difficult as it requires accurate identification of clearly defined craniometric points. In the literature, the morphognostic terms "frontal bone inclination," or "frontal profile," are defined in numerous ways. The aim of this study was to determine which of these frontal inclination definitions is best suited for sex estimation. In a study in the context of the digital forensic osteology project, 10 of the frontal angle definitions described in the literature were assessed for their usefulness in sex determination on 211 virtual crania, reconstructed from postmortem CT-data. Custom-developed software was used for the automated measurement of frontal bone inclination angles from lateral-profile, volume-rendered 3D cranial images in which 10 anthropometric landmarks had been manually marked. Discriminant function analysis was performed to determine if satisfactory accuracy rates for the classification of sex could be achieved with defined variables. Four of the ten examined definitions were found to be highly significant for sex determination; three of these, also provided satisfactory intra- and inter-observer reliability. The frontal angle according to Schwalbe provided the best accuracy rate of 75.4% and a critical discriminatory value (separation value) of 88.6°: angles greater than this, suggest female sex; angles smaller than this, suggest male sex. Further, the open-source, custom-developed software introduced here proved compatible with commonly used image-processing and statistical programs and allowed quick, automated, valid measurement of numerous cranial angles. Other craniometric angles can, thus, also be quickly and easily determined with this software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Koelzer
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, Goethe University, Kennedyallee 104, 60596 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Ines V Kuemmel
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, Goethe University, Kennedyallee 104, 60596 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Jan T Koelzer
- Department of Computer Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstr. 10, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Frank Ramsthaler
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Saarland Medical School, Building 49.1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Franziska Holz
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, Goethe University, Kennedyallee 104, 60596 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Axel Gehl
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Building North N81, Butenfeld 34, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcel A Verhoff
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, Goethe University, Kennedyallee 104, 60596 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Sex estimation using external morphology of the frontal bone and frontal sinuses in a contemporary Czech population. Int J Legal Med 2019; 133:1285-1294. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-019-02063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Nikita E, Michopoulou E. A quantitative approach for sex estimation based on cranial morphology. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 165:507-517. [PMID: 29265191 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This paper proposes a method for the quantification of the shape of sexually dimorphic cranial traits, namely the glabella, mastoid process and external occipital protuberance. MATERIALS AND METHODS The proposed method was developed using 165 crania from the documented Athens Collection and tested on 20 Cretan crania. It is based on digital photographs of the lateral view of the cranium, drawing of the profile of three sexually dimorphic structures and calculation of variables that express the shape of these structures. RESULTS The combinations of variables that provide optimum discrimination between sexes are identified by means of binary logistic regression and discriminant analysis. The best cross-validated results are obtained when variables from all three structures are combined and range from 75.8 to 85.1% and 81.1 to 94.6% for males and females, respectively. The success rate is 86.3-94.1% for males and 83.9-93.5% for females when half of the sample is used for training and the rest for prediction. Correct classification for the Cretan material based upon the standards developed for the Athens sample was 80-90% for the optimum combinations of discriminant variables. DISCUSSION The proposed method provides an effective way to capture quantitatively the shape of sexually dimorphic cranial structures; it gives more accurate results relative to other existing methods and it does not require specialized equipment. Equations for sex estimation based on combinations of variables are provided, along with instructions on how to use the method and Excel macros for calculation of discriminant variables with automated implementation of the optimum equations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthymia Nikita
- Science and Technology in Archaeology Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 2121 Aglantzia, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Langley NR, Dudzik B, Cloutier A. A Decision Tree for Nonmetric Sex Assessment from the Skull. J Forensic Sci 2017; 63:31-37. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie R. Langley
- Department of Anatomy; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science; Scottsdale AZ
| | - Beatrix Dudzik
- Department of Anatomy; Lincoln Memorial University-DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine; Harrogate TN
| | - Alesia Cloutier
- Lincoln Memorial University-DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine; Harrogate TN
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Bulut O, Petaros A, Hizliol İ, Wärmländer SK, Hekimoglu B. Sexual dimorphism in frontal bone roundness quantified by a novel 3D-based and landmark-free method. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 261:162.e1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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