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Frinculescu A, Mercer B, Shine T, Ramsey J, Couchman L, Douce D, Frascione N, Abbate V. Assessment of a Single Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer Combined with an Atmospheric Solids Analysis Probe for the On-Site Identification of Amnesty Bin Drugs. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:1480-1489. [PMID: 38837752 PMCID: PMC11228975 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.4c00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The surging number of people who abuse drugs has a great impact on healthcare and law enforcement systems. Amnesty bin drug analysis helps monitor the "street drug market" and tailor the harm reduction advice. Therefore, rapid and accurate drug analysis methods are crucial for on-site work. An analytical method for the rapid identification of five commonly detected drugs ((3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), cocaine, ketamine, 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine, and chloromethcathinone)) at various summer festivals in the U.K. was developed and validated employing a single quadrupole mass spectrometer combined with an atmospheric pressure solids analysis probe (ASAP-MS). The results were confirmed on a benchtop gas chromatography-mass spectrometry instrument and included all samples that challenged the conventional spectroscopic techniques routinely employed on-site. Although the selectivity/specificity step of the validation assessment of the MS system proved a challenge, it still produced 93% (N = 279) and 92.5% (N = 87) correct results when tested on- and off-site, respectively. A few "partly correct" results showed some discrepancies between the results, with the MS-only unit missing some low intensity active ingredients (N-ethylpentylone, MDMA) and cutting agents (caffeine, paracetamol, and benzocaine) or detecting some when not present. The incorrect results were mainly based on library coverage. The study proved that the ASAP-MS instrument can successfully complement the spectroscopic techniques used for qualitative drug analysis on- and off-site. Although the validation testing highlighted some areas for improvement concerning selectivity/specificity for structurally similar compounds, this method has the potential to be used in trend monitoring and harm reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Frinculescu
- Department
of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United
Kingdom
- TICTAC
Communications Limited, Room 1.159 Jenner Wing, St. George’s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, United
Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Mercer
- Clinical
Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor Shine
- TICTAC
Communications Limited, Room 1.159 Jenner Wing, St. George’s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, United
Kingdom
| | - John Ramsey
- TICTAC
Communications Limited, Room 1.159 Jenner Wing, St. George’s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, United
Kingdom
| | - Lewis Couchman
- Department
of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United
Kingdom
- Analytical
Services International, St. George’s
University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - David Douce
- Waters
Corporation, Stamford
Avenue, Wilmslow SK9 4AX, United Kingdom
| | - Nunzianda Frascione
- Department
of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United
Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Abbate
- Department
of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United
Kingdom
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Dogruer Erkok S, Gallois R, Leegwater L, Gonzalez PC, van Asten A, McCord B. Combining surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS) for illicit drug detection. Talanta 2024; 278:126414. [PMID: 38950500 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
There is an ongoing effort in the US illicit drug market to make new psychoactive compounds more potent and addictive. Due to continuous chemical modifications, many fentanyl analogs are developed and mixed with more traditional illicit drugs, such as cocaine and heroin. Detecting fentanyl and fentanyl analogs in these illicit drug mixtures has become more crucial because of the increased potency and associated health risks. Most confirmatory procedures require time-consuming and expensive, highly sophisticated laboratory equipment and experimental procedures, which can delay critical information that might save a victim or find a suspect. In this study, we propose miniaturizing and accelerating this process by combining surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) analysis and paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS). For this aim, dual-purposed paper substrates were developed through soaking in Au/Ag nanostars suspensions. These novel, in-house prepared paper SERS substrates showed stability for up to four weeks with and without the presence of drug compounds. Fentanyl analogs with similar SERS spectra were differentiated by coupling with PS-MS. The limit of detection (LOD) for fentanyl on the paper substrates is 34 μg/mL and 0.32 μg/mL for SERS and PS-MS, respectively. Fentanyl and fentanyl analogs show selective SERS enhancement that helped to detect trace amounts of these opioids in heroin and cocaine street samples. In short, we propose the combination of SERS/PS-MS by using modified paper substrates to develop cost-effective, sensitive, rapid, portable, reliable, and reproducible methods to detect illicit drugs, especially trace amounts of fentanyl and fentanyl analogs in illicit drug mixtures. The combination of these two category A techniques allows for the identification of illicit drugs according to the SWGDRUG guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevde Dogruer Erkok
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Roxanne Gallois
- Department of Chemistry, L'Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon and Claude Bernard University, Lyon, France
| | - Leon Leegwater
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pascal Camoiras Gonzalez
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arian van Asten
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; CLHC, Amsterdam Center for Forensic Science and Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bruce McCord
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
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Hasan MR, Haque MM, Hoque MA, Sultana S, Rahman MM, Ali Shaikh MA, Sarker MKU. Antioxidant activity study and GC-MS profiling of Camellia sinensis Linn. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23514. [PMID: 38192794 PMCID: PMC10772584 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The antioxidant activity of tea leaves extract is a widely researched topic. Tea leaves, particularly those from the Camellia sinensis Linn plant, have garnered attention due to their potential health benefits attributed to their antioxidant properties. Antioxidants are compounds that can neutralize harmful free radicals in the body, which can damage cells and contribute to various health issues, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and aging. In this research, the matured tea leaves which has been considered as agricultural waste in Moulovibazar area of Bangladesh have been investigated as a potential source of antioxidant. Methanol was used as solvent for the extraction of antioxidant. DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl) scavenging free radical assay method was used to assess the antioxidant activity of the extracts and ascorbic acid was used as positive control. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis method was conducted on this extract to investigate the principal components. The half inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of methanol extract and ascorbic acid were found to be 69.51 μg/mL and 10.70 μg/mL, respectively. Caffeine is the main compound (74.47%) among the eight bioactive compounds was identify and quantified by GC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Rashed Hasan
- Fibre and Polymer Research Division, BCSIR Dhaka Laboratories, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Majedul Haque
- Fibre and Polymer Research Division, BCSIR Dhaka Laboratories, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Amirul Hoque
- Fibre and Polymer Research Division, BCSIR Dhaka Laboratories, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shahin Sultana
- Fibre and Polymer Research Division, BCSIR Dhaka Laboratories, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mahbubur Rahman
- Fibre and Polymer Research Division, BCSIR Dhaka Laboratories, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Aftab Ali Shaikh
- Fibre and Polymer Research Division, BCSIR Dhaka Laboratories, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Khabir Uddin Sarker
- Fibre and Polymer Research Division, BCSIR Dhaka Laboratories, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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