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Dahiya M, Jovel J, Monaghan T, Wong K, Elhenawy W, Chui L, McAlister F, Kao D. In Silico Analysis of Changes in Predicted Metabolic Capabilities of Intestinal Microbiota after Fecal Microbial Transplantation for Treatment of Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11041078. [PMID: 37110500 PMCID: PMC10143790 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11041078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Although highly effective in treating recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (RCDI), the mechanisms of action of fecal microbial transplantation (FMT) are not fully understood. AIM The aim of this study was to explore microbially derived products or pathways that could contribute to the therapeutic efficacy of FMT. METHODS Stool shotgun metagenomic sequencing data from 18 FMT-treated RCDI patients at 4 points in time were used for the taxonomic and functional profiling of their gut microbiome. The abundance of the KEGG orthology (KO) groups was subjected to univariate linear mixed models to assess the significance of the observed differences between 0 (pre-FMT), 1, 4, and 12 weeks after FMT. RESULTS Of the 59,987 KO groups identified by shotgun metagenomic sequencing, 27 demonstrated a statistically significant change after FMT. These KO groups are involved in many cellular processes, including iron homeostasis, glycerol metabolism, and arginine regulation, all of which have been implicated to play important roles in bacterial growth and virulence in addition to modulating the intestinal microbial composition. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest potential changes in key KO groups post-FMT, which may contribute to FMT efficacy beyond the restored microbial composition/diversity and metabolism of bile acids and short-chain fatty acids. Future larger studies that include a fecal metabolomics analysis combined with animal model validation work are required to further elucidate the molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Dahiya
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Juan Jovel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Tanya Monaghan
- National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Karen Wong
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Wael Elhenawy
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Linda Chui
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Public Health Laboratory, Alberta Precision Laboratories, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Finlay McAlister
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Dina Kao
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
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Prosdocimi EM, Arioli S, Mapelli F, Zeaiter Z, Fusi M, Daffonchio D, Borin S, Crotti E. Cell phenotype changes and oxidative stress response in Vibrio spp. induced into viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state. ANN MICROBIOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-022-01703-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Aquatic bacteria of the genus Vibrio include animal and human pathogens. The occurrence of Vibrio-related diseases has been associated with the current climate change-driven increase of sea surface temperature. Vibrio spp. can enter into the viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state, as a consequence of starvation in seawater at low temperatures. In such physiological state, Vibrio cells are no longer culturable on standard media agar plates but can resuscitate if incubated at 30 °C prior to plating, retaining virulence. Since limited information is available on regards to this topic, in this work, we characterized the phenotypic changes of four Vibrio spp. strains (one laboratory strain and three environmental isolates) in cold seawater microcosms, investigating the relationship between resuscitation and a hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress.
Methods
Cell phenotypic changes and the effect of hydrogen peroxide and/or catalase addition to the medium were studied on VBNC and resuscitated cells by flow cytometry in microcosm experiments, paralleled by culturability experiments by plating.
Results
The cells of all the Vibrio strains changed their phenotype upon the induction of the VBNC state resulting in cell dwarfing and decrease in DNA quantity, losing the ability to grow on solid media. These features were partially or totally reverted when the cells were treated for resuscitation. Hydrogen peroxide at concentrations as low as 0.007 mM prevented resuscitation and a prolonged exposure to hydrogen peroxide at concentrations far under those inhibiting the growth of log-phase cells permanently damaged VBNC cells, which could not be resuscitated. However, the potential of culturability of VBNC cells could be preserved, at least for a part of the population, by plating the cells in the presence of catalase. The study also showed that during the resuscitation process, the cells gradually increased their resistance to hydrogen peroxide.
Conclusions
The timing and mode of induction of the VBNC state, as well as cell resuscitation and response to hydrogen peroxide, differed among Vibrio strains, indicating that induction and resuscitation from dormancy could vary in the context of species belonging to a single genus.
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Chebotar' IV, Emelyanova MA, Bocharova JA, Mayansky NA, Kopantseva EE, Mikhailovich VM. The classification of bacterial survival strategies in the presence of antimicrobials. Microb Pathog 2021; 155:104901. [PMID: 33930413 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The survival of bacteria under antibiotic therapy varies in nature and is based on the bacterial ability to employ a wide range of fundamentally different resistance mechanisms. This great diversity requires a disambiguation of the term 'resistance' and the development of a more precise classification of bacterial survival strategies during contact with antibiotics. The absence of a unified definition for the terms 'resistance', 'tolerance' and 'persistence' further aggravates the imperfections of the current classification system. This review suggests a number of original classification criteria that will take into account (1) the bacterial ability to replicate in the presence of antimicrobial agents, (2) existing evolutionary stability of a trait within a species, and (3) the presence or absence of specialized genes that determine the ability of a microorganism to decrease its own metabolism or switch it completely off. This review describes potential advantages of the suggested classification system, which include a better understanding of the relationship between bacterial survival in the presence of antibiotics and molecular mechanisms of cellular metabolism suppression, the opportunity to pinpoint targets to identify a true bacterial resistance profile. The true resistance profile in turn, could be used to develop effective diagnostic and antimicrobial therapy methods, while taking into consideration specific bacterial survival mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor V Chebotar'
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova St., Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1 Ostrovitianov St., Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Marina A Emelyanova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova St., Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Julia A Bocharova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1 Ostrovitianov St., Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolay A Mayansky
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1 Ostrovitianov St., Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Elena E Kopantseva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova St., Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir M Mikhailovich
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova St., Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.
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Orruño M, Parada C, Kaberdin VR, Arana I. The Effect of Visible Light on Cell Envelope Subproteome during Vibrio harveyi Survival at 20 °C in Seawater. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030594. [PMID: 33805730 PMCID: PMC8001661 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of Vibrio spp. belong to the well-studied model organisms used to understand the strategies developed by marine bacteria to cope with adverse conditions (starvation, suboptimal temperature, solar radiation, etc.) in their natural environments. Temperature and nutrient availability are considered to be the key factors that influence Vibrio harveyi physiology, morphology, and persistence in aquatic systems. In contrast to the well-studied effects of temperature and starvation on Vibrio survival, little is known about the impact of visible light able to cause photooxidative stress. Here we employ V. harveyi ATCC 14126T as a model organism to analyze and compare the survival patterns and changes in the protein composition of its cell envelope during the long-term permanence of this bacterium in seawater microcosm at 20 °C in the presence and absence of illumination with visible light. We found that V. harveyi exposure to visible light reduces cell culturability likely inducing the entry into the Viable but Non Culturable state (VBNC), whereas populations maintained in darkness remained culturable for at least 21 days. Despite these differences, the starved cells in both populations underwent morphological changes by reducing their size. Moreover, further proteomic analysis revealed a number of changes in the composition of cell envelope potentially accountable for the different adaptation pattern manifested in the absence and presence of visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Orruño
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48340 Leioa, Spain; (M.O.); (C.P.); (V.R.K.)
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE-UPV/EHU), 48620 Plentzia, Spain
| | - Claudia Parada
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48340 Leioa, Spain; (M.O.); (C.P.); (V.R.K.)
| | - Vladimir R. Kaberdin
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48340 Leioa, Spain; (M.O.); (C.P.); (V.R.K.)
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE-UPV/EHU), 48620 Plentzia, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Inés Arana
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48340 Leioa, Spain; (M.O.); (C.P.); (V.R.K.)
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE-UPV/EHU), 48620 Plentzia, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Kloska A, Cech GM, Sadowska M, Krause K, Szalewska-Pałasz A, Olszewski P. Adaptation of the Marine Bacterium Shewanella baltica to Low Temperature Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124338. [PMID: 32570789 PMCID: PMC7352654 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine bacteria display significant versatility in adaptation to variations in the environment and stress conditions, including temperature shifts. Shewanella baltica plays a major role in denitrification and bioremediation in the marine environment, but is also identified to be responsible for spoilage of ice-stored seafood. We aimed to characterize transcriptional response of S. baltica to cold stress in order to achieve a better insight into mechanisms governing its adaptation. We exposed bacterial cells to 8 °C for 90 and 180 min, and assessed changes in the bacterial transcriptome with RNA sequencing validated with the RT-qPCR method. We found that S. baltica general response to cold stress is associated with massive downregulation of gene expression, which covered about 70% of differentially expressed genes. Enrichment analysis revealed upregulation of only few pathways, including aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, sulfur metabolism and the flagellar assembly process. Downregulation was observed for fatty acid degradation, amino acid metabolism and a bacterial secretion system. We found that the entire type II secretion system was transcriptionally shut down at low temperatures. We also observed transcriptional reprogramming through the induction of RpoE and repression of RpoD sigma factors to mediate the cold stress response. Our study revealed how diverse and complex the cold stress response in S. baltica is.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kloska
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (P.O.)
| | - Grzegorz M. Cech
- Department of Bacterial Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (G.M.C.); (M.S.); (K.K.); (A.S.-P.)
| | - Marta Sadowska
- Department of Bacterial Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (G.M.C.); (M.S.); (K.K.); (A.S.-P.)
| | - Klaudyna Krause
- Department of Bacterial Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (G.M.C.); (M.S.); (K.K.); (A.S.-P.)
| | - Agnieszka Szalewska-Pałasz
- Department of Bacterial Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (G.M.C.); (M.S.); (K.K.); (A.S.-P.)
| | - Paweł Olszewski
- 3P Medicine Laboratory, International Research Agenda, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (P.O.)
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Plágaro AH, Pearman PB, Kaberdin VR. Defining the transcription landscape of the Gram-negative marine bacterium Vibrio harveyi. Genomics 2018; 111:1547-1556. [PMID: 30423347 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio harveyi is a Gram-negative pathogenic bacterium ubiquitously present in natural aquatic systems. Although environmental adaptability in V. harveyi may be enabled by profound reprogramming of gene expression previously observed during responses to starvation, suboptimal temperatures and other stress factors, the key characteristics of V. harveyi transcripts and operons, such as their boundaries and size as well as location of small RNA genes, remain largely unknown. To reveal the main features of the V. harveyi transcriptome, total RNA of this organism was analyzed by differential RNA sequencing (dRNA-seq). Analysis of the dRNA-seq data made it possible to define the primary transcriptome of V. harveyi along with cis-acting regulatory elements (riboswitches and leader sequences) and new genes. The latter encode a number of putative polypeptides and new phylogenetically conserved antisense RNAs potentially involved in the post-transcriptional control of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ander Hernández Plágaro
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
| | - Peter B Pearman
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Vladimir R Kaberdin
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE-UPV/EHU), 48620 Plentzia, Spain.
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7
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Jian H, Li S, Tang X, Xiao X. Microarray analysis of the benthic bacterium Shewanella piezotolerans WP3 at low temperature. Mar Genomics 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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8
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Orruño M, Kaberdin VR, Arana I. Survival strategies of Escherichia coli and Vibrio spp.: contribution of the viable but nonculturable phenotype to their stress-resistance and persistence in adverse environments. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:45. [PMID: 28161849 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2218-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In their natural ecosystems, bacteria are continuously exposed to changing environmental factors including physicochemical parameters (e.g. temperature, pH, etc.), availability of nutrients as well as interaction(s) with other organisms. To increase their tolerance and survival under adverse conditions, bacteria trigger a number of adaptation mechanisms. One of the well-known adaptation responses of the non-spore-forming bacteria is the acquisition of the viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state. This phenotype is induced by different stress factors (e.g. low temperature) and is characterized by the temporal loss of culturability, which can potentially be restored. Moreover, this response can be combined with the bust and boom strategy, which implies the death of the main population of the stressed cells (or their entry into the VBNC state) upon stress, thus enabling the remaining cells (i.e. residual culturable population) to subsist at the expense of the dead or/and VBNC cells. In this review, we discuss the characteristics of the VBNC state, its biological significance and contribution to bacterial survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Orruño
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena S/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - V R Kaberdin
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena S/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
| | - I Arana
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena S/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain.
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Parada C, Orruño M, Kaberdin V, Bravo Z, Barcina I, Arana I. Changes in the Vibrio harveyi Cell Envelope Subproteome During Permanence in Cold Seawater. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2016; 72:549-558. [PMID: 27324654 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-016-0802-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous work demonstrated that physiological, morphological, and gene expression changes as well as the time-dependent entry into the viable but not culturable (VBNC) state are used by Vibrio species to survive and cope with diverse stress conditions including seasonal temperature downshifts and starvation. To learn more about the nature and specific contribution of membrane proteins to cell adaptation and survival, we analyzed variations in the protein composition of cell envelope and related them to morphological and physiological changes that were taking place during the long-term permanence of Vibrio harveyi in seawater microcosm at 4 °C. We found that after 21 days of permanence, nearly all population (ca. 99 %) of V. harveyi acquired the VBNC phenotype. Although the size of V. harveyi cells gradually decreased during the incubation time, we found that this morphological change was not directly related to their entry into the VBNC state. Our proteomic study revealed that the level of membrane proteins playing key roles in cellular transport, maintenance of cell structure, and in bioenergetics processes remained unchanged along starvation at low temperature, thus suggesting that V. harveyi might need these proteins for the long-term survival and/or for the resuscitation process. On a contrary, the level of two proteins, elongation factor Tu (EF-TU) and bacterioferritin, greatly increased reaching the maximal values by the end of the incubation period. We further discuss the above data with respect to the putative roles likely exerted by membrane proteins during transition to and maintaining of the VBNC state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Parada
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Maite Orruño
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Vladimir Kaberdin
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Zaloa Bravo
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Isabel Barcina
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Inés Arana
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain.
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Kaberdin VR, Montánchez I, Parada C, Orruño M, Arana I, Barcina I. Unveiling the Metabolic Pathways Associated with the Adaptive Reduction of Cell Size During Vibrio harveyi Persistence in Seawater Microcosms. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2015; 70:689-700. [PMID: 25903990 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-015-0614-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their ubiquitous presence and ability to act as primary or opportunistic pathogens, Vibrio species greatly contribute to the diversity and evolution of marine ecosystems. This study was aimed at unveiling the cellular strategies enabling the marine gammaproteobacterium Vibrio harveyi to adapt and persist in natural aquatic systems. We found that, although V. harveyi incubation in seawater microcosm at 20 °C for 2 weeks did not change cell viability and culturability, it led to a progressive reduction in the average cell size. Microarray analysis revealed that this morphological change was accompanied by a profound decrease in gene expression affecting the central carbon metabolism, major biosynthetic pathways, and energy production. In contrast, V. harveyi elevated expression of genes closely linked to the composition and function of cell envelope. In addition to triggering lipid degradation via the β-oxidation pathway and apparently promoting the use of endogenous fatty acids as a major energy and carbon source, V. harveyi upregulated genes involved in ancillary mechanisms important for sustaining iron homeostasis, cell resistance to the toxic effect of reactive oxygen species, and recycling of amino acids. The above adaptation mechanisms and morphological changes appear to represent the major hallmarks of the initial V. harveyi response to starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir R Kaberdin
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Itxaso Montánchez
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Claudia Parada
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Maite Orruño
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Inés Arana
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Isabel Barcina
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
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Meng L, Alter T, Aho T, Huehn S. Gene expression profiles of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in viable but non-culturable state. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2015; 91:fiv035. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiv035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Bjelland AM, Fauske AK, Nguyen A, Orlien IE, Ostgaard IM, Sørum H. Expression of Vibrio salmonicida virulence genes and immune response parameters in experimentally challenged Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Front Microbiol 2013; 4:401. [PMID: 24391635 PMCID: PMC3868895 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio salmonicida is the causative agent of cold-water vibriosis (CV), a hemorrhagic septicemia that primarily affects farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). The mechanisms of disease development, host specificity and adaptation, as well as the immunogenic properties of V. salmonicida are largely unknown. Therefore, to gain more knowledge on the pathogenesis of CV, 90 Atlantic salmon parr were injected intraperitoneally with 6 × 10(6) CFU of V. salmonicida LFI1238. Samples from blood and spleen tissue were taken at different time points throughout the challenge for gene expression analysis by two-step reverse transcription (RT) quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Out of a panel of six housekeeping genes, accD, gapA, and 16S rDNA were found to be the most suitable references for expression analysis in Vibrio salmonicida. The bacterial proliferation during challenge was monitored based on the expression of the 16S rRNA encoding gene. Before day 4, the concentrations of V. salmonicida in blood and spleen tissue demonstrated a lag phase. From day 4, the bacterial proliferation was exponential. The expression profiles of eight genes encoding potential virulence factors of V. salmonicida were studied. Surprisingly, all tested virulence genes were generally highest expressed in broth cultures compared to the in vivo samples. We hypothesize that this general muting of gene expression in vivo may be a strategy for V. salmonicida to hide from the host immune system. To further investigate this hypothesis, the expression profiles of eight genes encoding innate immune factors were analyzed. The results demonstrated a strong and rapid, but short-lasting innate immune response against V. salmonicida. These results suggest that the bacterium possesses mechanisms that inhibit and/or resist the salmon innate immune system until the host becomes exhausted of fighting the on-going and eventually overwhelming infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane M Bjelland
- Section for Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science Oslo, Norway
| | - Aud K Fauske
- Section for Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science Oslo, Norway
| | - Anh Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingvild E Orlien
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid M Ostgaard
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences Oslo, Norway
| | - Henning Sørum
- Section for Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science Oslo, Norway
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