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Ashonibare VJ, Akorede BA, Ashonibare PJ, Akhigbe TM, Akhigbe RE. Gut microbiota-gonadal axis: the impact of gut microbiota on reproductive functions. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1346035. [PMID: 38482009 PMCID: PMC10933031 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1346035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The influence of gut microbiota on physiological processes is rapidly gaining attention globally. Despite being under-studied, there are available data demonstrating a gut microbiota-gonadal cross-talk, and the importance of this axis in reproduction. This study reviews the impacts of gut microbiota on reproduction. In addition, the possible mechanisms by which gut microbiota modulates male and female reproduction are presented. Databases, including Embase, Google scholar, Pubmed/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science, were explored using relevant key words. Findings showed that gut microbiota promotes gonadal functions by modulating the circulating levels of steroid sex hormones, insulin sensitivity, immune system, and gonadal microbiota. Gut microbiota also alters ROS generation and the activation of cytokine accumulation. In conclusion, available data demonstrate the existence of a gut microbiota-gonadal axis, and role of this axis on gonadal functions. However, majority of the data were compelling evidences from animal studies with a great dearth of human data. Therefore, human studies validating the reports of experimental studies using animal models are important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victory J. Ashonibare
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- Reproductive Biology and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Oasis of Grace Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Bolaji A. Akorede
- Reproductive Biology and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Oasis of Grace Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Precious J. Ashonibare
- Reproductive Biology and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Oasis of Grace Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Tunmise M. Akhigbe
- Reproductive Biology and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Oasis of Grace Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria
- Breeding and Genetic Unit, Department of Agronomy, Osun State University, Ejigbo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Roland Eghoghosoa Akhigbe
- Reproductive Biology and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Oasis of Grace Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
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2
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Metwaly A, Haller D. The TNF∆ARE Model of Crohn's Disease-like Ileitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2024; 30:132-145. [PMID: 37756666 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izad205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is one of the 2 main phenotypes of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs); CD ischaracterized by a discontinuous, spontaneously recurring, transmural immunopathology that largely affects the terminal ileum. Crohn's disease exhibits both a relapsing and progressive course, and its prevalence is on the rise globally, mirroring the trends of industrialization. While the precise pathogenesis of CD remains unknown, various factors including immune cell dysregulation, microbial dysbiosis, genetic susceptibility, and environmental factors have been implicated in disease etiology. Animal models, particularly ileitis mouse models, have provided valuable tools for studying the specific mechanisms underlying CD, allowing longitudinal assessment and sampling in interventional preclinical studies. Furthermore, animal models assess to evaluate the distinct role that bacterial and dietary antigens play in causing inflammation, using germ-free animals, involving the introduction of individual bacteria (monoassociation studies), and experimenting with well-defined dietary components. An ideal animal model for studying IBD, specifically CD, should exhibit an inherent intestinal condition that arises spontaneously and closely mimics the distinct transmural inflammation observed in the human disease, particularly in the terminal ileum. We have recently characterized the impact of disease-relevant, noninfectious microbiota and specific bacteria in a mouse model that replicates CD-like ileitis, capturing the intricate nature of human CD, namely the TNF∆ARE mouse model. Using germ-free mice, we studied the impact of different diets on the expansion of disease-relevant pathobionts and on the severity of inflammation. In this review article, we review some of the currently available ileitis mouse models and discuss in detail the TNF∆ARE model of CD-like Ileitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Metwaly
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Dirk Haller
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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3
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Olek K, Kuczaj AA, Warwas S, Hrapkowicz T, Przybyłowski P, Tanasiewicz M. Gut Microbiome in Patients after Heart Transplantation-Current State of Knowledge. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1588. [PMID: 37371683 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiota include over 10 trillion microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, archaea, and protozoa. Many reports indicate the strong correlation between dysbiosis and the severity of cardiovascular diseases. Microbiota seem to interact with the host's alloimmunity and may have an immunomodulatory role in graft rejection processes. In our study, we present the current state of the knowledge of microbiota in heart transplant recipients. We present up-to-date microbiota diagnostic methods, interactions between microbiota and immunosuppressive drugs, the immunomodulatory effects of dysbiosis, and the available strategies (experimental and clinical strategies) to modulate host microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Olek
- Department of Dental Propedeutics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Anna Kuczaj
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Transplantology, Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, M.C. Sklodowskiej 9, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Szymon Warwas
- Students' Scientific Association Affiliated with the Department of Cardiac, Vascular and Endovascular Surgery and Transplantology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Tomasz Hrapkowicz
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Transplantology, Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, M.C. Sklodowskiej 9, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Piotr Przybyłowski
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Transplantology, Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, M.C. Sklodowskiej 9, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Marta Tanasiewicz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
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4
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Metwaly A, Jovic J, Waldschmitt N, Khaloian S, Heimes H, Häcker D, Ahmed M, Hammoudi N, Le Bourhis L, Mayorgas A, Siebert K, Basic M, Schwerd T, Allez M, Panes J, Salas A, Bleich A, Zeissig S, Schnupf P, Cominelli F, Haller D. Diet prevents the expansion of segmented filamentous bacteria and ileo-colonic inflammation in a model of Crohn's disease. MICROBIOME 2023; 11:66. [PMID: 37004103 PMCID: PMC10064692 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01508-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crohn's disease (CD) is associated with changes in the microbiota, and murine models of CD-like ileo-colonic inflammation depend on the presence of microbial triggers. Increased abundance of unknown Clostridiales and the microscopic detection of filamentous structures close to the epithelium of Tnf ΔARE mice, a mouse model of CD-like ileitis pointed towards segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB), a commensal mucosal adherent bacterium involved in ileal inflammation. RESULTS We show that the abundance of SFB strongly correlates with the severity of CD-like ileal inflammation in two mouse models of ileal inflammation, including Tnf ΔARE and SAMP/Yit mice. SFB mono-colonization of germ-free Tnf ΔARE mice confirmed the causal link and resulted in severe ileo-colonic inflammation, characterized by elevated tissue levels of Tnf and Il-17A, neutrophil infiltration and loss of Paneth and goblet cell function. Co-colonization of SFB in human-microbiota associated Tnf ΔARE mice confirmed that SFB presence is indispensable for disease development. Screening of 468 ileal and colonic mucosal biopsies from adult and pediatric IBD patients, using previously published and newly designed human SFB-specific primer sets, showed no presence of SFB in human tissue samples, suggesting a species-specific functionality of the pathobiont. Simulating the human relevant therapeutic effect of exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN), EEN-like purified diet antagonized SFB colonization and prevented disease development in Tnf ΔARE mice, providing functional evidence for the protective mechanism of diet in modulating microbiota-dependent inflammation in IBD. CONCLUSIONS We identified a novel pathogenic role of SFB in driving severe CD-like ileo-colonic inflammation characterized by loss of Paneth and goblet cell functions in Tnf ΔARE mice. A purified diet antagonized SFB colonization and prevented disease development in Tnf ΔARE mice in contrast to a fiber-containing chow diet, clearly demonstrating the important role of diet in modulating a novel IBD-relevant pathobiont and supporting a direct link between diet and microbial communities in mediating protective functions. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Metwaly
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Jelena Jovic
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Nadine Waldschmitt
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Sevana Khaloian
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Helena Heimes
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Deborah Häcker
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Mohamed Ahmed
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Nassim Hammoudi
- APHP, Hôpital Saint Louis, Department of Gastroenterology, INSERM UMRS 1160, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité University, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1160, EMiLy, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Lionel Le Bourhis
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1160, EMiLy, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Aida Mayorgas
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona CSIC, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kolja Siebert
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marijana Basic
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Schwerd
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthieu Allez
- APHP, Hôpital Saint Louis, Department of Gastroenterology, INSERM UMRS 1160, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité University, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1160, EMiLy, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Julian Panes
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona CSIC, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Azucena Salas
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona CSIC, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - André Bleich
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zeissig
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Dresden, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Pamela Schnupf
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Fabio Cominelli
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Dirk Haller
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.
- ZIEL-Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.
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Wang Y, Takano T, Zhou Y, Wang R, Toshimitsu T, Sashihara T, Tanokura M, Miyakawa T, Nakajima-Adachi H, Hachimura S. Orally administered Lactiplantibacillus plantarum OLL2712 decreased intestinal permeability, especially in the ileum: Ingested lactic acid bacteria alleviated obesity-induced inflammation by collaborating with gut microbiota. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1123052. [PMID: 36911680 PMCID: PMC9995389 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1123052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chronic inflammation caused by dietary obesity has been considered to induce lifestyle-related diseases and functional ingredients with anti-inflammatory effects are attracting attention. Although multiple studies on obesity had proved the anti-inflammatory effects of ingestion of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and other functional ingredients on adipose tissue, the precise effects on the intestine, especially on the individual intestinal segments have not been made clear. In this study, we elucidated the mechanisms of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (basonym: Lactobacillus plantarum) OLL2712 in suppressing obesity-induced inflammation using high fat diet (HFD)-fed mice obesity model. Methods We orally administered heat-treated LAB to HFD-fed mice model, and investigated the inflammatory changes in adipose tissue and intestinal immune cells. We also analyzed gut microbiota, and evaluated the inflammation and permeability of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon; four intestinal segments differing in gut bacteria composition and immune response. Results After 3-week LAB administration, the gene expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines were downregulated in adipose tissue, colon, and Peyer's patches (PP)-derived F4/80+ cells. The LAB treatment alleviated obesity-related gut microbiota imbalance. L. plantarum OLL2712 treatment helps maintain intestinal barrier function, especially in the ileum, possibly by preventing ZO-1 and Occludin downregulation. Discussion Our results suggest that the oral administration of the LAB strain regulated the gut microbiota, suppressed intestinal inflammation, and improved the gut barrier, which could inhibit the products of obesity-induced gut dysbiosis from translocating into the bloodstream and the adipose tissue, through which the LAB finally alleviated the inflammation caused by dietary obesity. Barrier improvement was observed, especially in the ileum, suggesting collaborative modulation of the intestinal immune responses by ingested LAB and microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimei Wang
- Research Center for Food Safety, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Takano
- Research Center for Food Safety, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yingyu Zhou
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Masaru Tanokura
- Research Center for Food Safety, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Miyakawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Satoshi Hachimura
- Research Center for Food Safety, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Oemcke LA, Anderson RC, Altermann E, Roy NC, McNabb WC. The Role of Segmented Filamentous Bacteria in Immune Barrier Maturation of the Small Intestine at Weaning. Front Nutr 2021; 8:759137. [PMID: 34869529 PMCID: PMC8637878 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.759137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiological, physical, chemical, and immunological barriers of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) begin developing in utero and finish maturing postnatally. Maturation of these barriers is essential for the proper functioning of the GIT. Maturation, particularly of the immunological barrier, involves stimulation by bacteria. Segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) which are anaerobic, spore-forming commensals have been linked to immune activation. The presence and changes in SFB abundance have been positively correlated to immune markers (cytokines and immunoglobulins) in the rat ileum and stool samples, pre- and post-weaning. The abundance of SFB in infant stool increases from 6 months, peaks around 12 months and plateaus 25 months post-weaning. Changes in SFB abundance at these times correlate positively and negatively with the production of interleukin 17 (IL 17) and immunoglobulin A (IgA), respectively, indicating involvement in immune function and maturation. Additionally, the peak in SFB abundance when a human milk diet was complemented by solid foods hints at a diet effect. SFB genome analysis revealed enzymes involved in metabolic pathways for survival, growth and development, host mucosal attachment and substrate acquisition. This narrative review discusses the current knowledge of SFB and their suggested effects on the small intestine immune system. Referencing the published genomes of rat and mouse SFB, the use of food substrates to modulate SFB abundance is proposed while considering their effects on other microbes. Changes in the immune response caused by the interaction of food substrate with SFB may provide insight into their role in infant immunological barrier maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Oemcke
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Smart Foods Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Rachel C Anderson
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Smart Foods Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Eric Altermann
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Consumer Interface Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicole C Roy
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Warren C McNabb
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
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Chen J, Liu Y, Huang Y, Tong A, Liu B, Zeng F. Schizochytrium
oil and its Mixture with Fish Oil and
Sacha inchi
Oil Ameliorate Gut Microbiota Composition and Lipid Metabolism via the FAS/HMGCR/SREBP Signaling Pathway. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- College of Food Science Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Yilin Liu
- College of Food Science Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Ying Huang
- College of Food Science Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Aijun Tong
- College of Food Science Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Food Science Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou 350002 China
- National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Feng Zeng
- College of Food Science Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou 350002 China
- National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou 350002 China
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8
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Barlow JT, Leite G, Romano AE, Sedighi R, Chang C, Celly S, Rezaie A, Mathur R, Pimentel M, Ismagilov RF. Quantitative sequencing clarifies the role of disruptor taxa, oral microbiota, and strict anaerobes in the human small-intestine microbiome. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:214. [PMID: 34724979 PMCID: PMC8561862 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01162-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Upper gastrointestinal (GI) disorders and abdominal pain afflict between 12 and 30% of the worldwide population and research suggests these conditions are linked to the gut microbiome. Although large-intestine microbiota have been linked to several GI diseases, the microbiota of the human small intestine and its relation to human disease has been understudied. The small intestine is the major site for immune surveillance in the gut, and compared with the large intestine, it has greater than 100 times the surface area and a thinner and more permeable mucus layer. RESULTS Using quantitative sequencing, we evaluated total and taxon-specific absolute microbial loads from 250 duodenal-aspirate samples and 21 paired duodenum-saliva samples from participants in the REIMAGINE study. Log-transformed total microbial loads spanned 5 logs and were normally distributed. Paired saliva-duodenum samples suggested potential transmission of oral microbes to the duodenum, including organisms from the HACEK group. Several taxa, including Klebsiella, Escherichia, Enterococcus, and Clostridium, seemed to displace strict anaerobes common in the duodenum, so we refer to these taxa as disruptors. Disruptor taxa were enriched in samples with high total microbial loads and in individuals with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). Absolute loads of disruptors were associated with more severe GI symptoms, highlighting the value of absolute taxon quantification when studying small-intestine health and function. CONCLUSION This study provides the largest dataset of the absolute abundance of microbiota from the human duodenum to date. The results reveal a clear relationship between the oral microbiota and the duodenal microbiota and suggest an association between the absolute abundance of disruptor taxa, SIBO, and the prevalence of severe GI symptoms. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T. Barlow
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
| | - Gabriela Leite
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Anna E. Romano
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
| | - Rashin Sedighi
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Christine Chang
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Shreya Celly
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Ali Rezaie
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Ruchi Mathur
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Mark Pimentel
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Rustem F. Ismagilov
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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9
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Genome sequence of segmented filamentous bacteria present in the human intestine. Commun Biol 2020; 3:485. [PMID: 32887924 PMCID: PMC7474095 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01214-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) are unique immune modulatory bacteria colonizing the small intestine of a variety of animals in a host-specific manner. SFB exhibit filamentous growth and attach to the host’s intestinal epithelium, offering a physical route of interaction. SFB affect functions of the host immune system, among them IgA production and T-cell maturation. Until now, no human-specific SFB genome has been reported. Here, we report the metagenomic reconstruction of an SFB genome from a human ileostomy sample. Phylogenomic analysis clusters the genome with SFB genomes from mouse, rat and turkey, but the genome is genetically distinct, displaying 65–71% average amino acid identity to the others. By screening human faecal metagenomic datasets, we identified individuals carrying sequences identical to the new SFB genome. We thus conclude that a unique SFB variant exists in humans and foresee a renewed interest in the elucidation of SFB functionality in this environment. Hans Jonsson et al. report the metagenomic reconstruction of the genome of a potentially immune modulatory segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) from a human ileostomy sample. They demonstrate that the genome clusters closely with SFB genomes from other species. They also detect the unique SFB variant in human faecal metagenomics datasets.
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10
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Chen H, Wang L, Wang X, Wang X, Liu H, Yin Y. Distribution and Strain Diversity of Immunoregulating Segmented Filamentous Bacteria in Human Intestinal Lavage Samples. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2020; 79:1021-1033. [PMID: 31728601 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-019-01441-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) are well known for their functions in the immunoregulation of hosts including the promotion of Th17 cell differentiation, B cell maturation, and immune system development. However, most analyses of SFB have focused on animal models, and thus, investigation of SFB prevalence in humans and their roles in human immunoregulation and health is needed. Although little is known overall of SFB prevalence in humans, they are characteristically abundant in animals during weaning. In this study, SFB-like bacteria were detected in ileal lavage samples from human children that were aged between 1 to 17 years old by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, and their insertion into the mucosa was also observed. In addition, the expression of SFB flagellin at the human bacterial interface was observed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blot. Moreover, two pairs of primers specific for SFB, but targeting different genes, were used to detect SFB in human intestinal lavage samples. These analyses indicated that SFB were present in over 50% of patient ileal samples independent of age. High-throughput gene sequencing indicated that different SFB strains were detected among samples. Between nine and 23 SFB flagellin gene operational taxonomic units were identified. In addition to evaluating the prevalence of SFB in human samples, correlations between SFB presence and chief complaints of clinical symptoms were evaluated, as well as the relationship between SFB and patient serum immunoglobulin concentrations. SFB prevalence was significantly higher in hematochezia patients (68%) than in abdominal pain (56.10%) and diarrhea (43.75%) patients. Furthermore, the concentrations of serum IgA, IgM, and IgE, were similar between SFB-positive and SFB-negative patient groups, although IgG concentrations were significantly higher in the SFB-negative group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huahai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Advantage Plants Resources in Hunan South, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou, Hunan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Children's Hospital of Shanghai, Children's Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Children's Hospital of Shanghai, Children's Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Haifeng Liu
- Children's Hospital of Shanghai, Children's Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yeshi Yin
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Advantage Plants Resources in Hunan South, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou, Hunan, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China.
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11
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Tang Q, Jin G, Wang G, Liu T, Liu X, Wang B, Cao H. Current Sampling Methods for Gut Microbiota: A Call for More Precise Devices. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:151. [PMID: 32328469 PMCID: PMC7161087 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of next-generation sequencing technology has enabled researchers to explore and understand the gut microbiome from a broader and deeper perspective. However, the results of different studies on gut microbiota are highly variable even in the same disease, which makes it difficult to guide clinical diagnosis and treatment. The ideal sampling method should be non-invasive, involve little cross-contamination or bowel preparation, and collect gut microbiota at different sites. Currently, sequencing technologies are usually based on samples collected from feces, mucosal biopsy, intestinal fluid, etc. However, different parts of the gastrointestinal tract possess various physiological characteristics that are essential for particular species of living microbiota. Moreover, current sampling methods are somewhat defective. For example, fecal samples are just a proxy for intestinal microbiota, while biopsies are invasive for patients and not suitable for healthy controls. In this review, we summarize the current sampling methods and their advantages and shortcomings. New sampling technologies, such as the Brisbane Aseptic Biopsy Device and the intelligent capsule, are also mentioned to inspire the development of future precise description methods of the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ge Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tianyu Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bangmao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hailong Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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12
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Chen B, Chen H, Shu X, Yin Y, Li J, Qin J, Chen L, Peng K, Xu F, Gu W, Zhao H, Jiang L, Li L, Song J, Elitsur Y, Yu HD, Jiang M, Wang X, Xiang C. Presence of Segmented Filamentous Bacteria in Human Children and Its Potential Role in the Modulation of Human Gut Immunity. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1403. [PMID: 30008704 PMCID: PMC6034559 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) are commensal organisms that grow by anchoring a specialized holdfast structure to the intestinal walls of a variety of animals. Interaction of SFB with Peyer's patches in mice promotes the post-natal maturation of the immune system. We previously reported that the colonization of SFB in humans mainly occurs by 36 months of age, and is difficult to be detected afterward. In this study, we measured the level of SFB in intestinal fluids of human children. SFB were found via qPCR to represent a small fraction of the whole SFB-positive microbiota (105 SFB in 1011 total bacteria). Bacteria with filamentous segmented morphology were observed in intestinal fluids via fluorescent in situ hybridization, and from gut biopsies via scanning electron microscopy. SFB-specific DNA and peptide fragments were also identified via multiple displacement amplification PCR and mass spectrometry. There was an overall positive correlation between the presence of SFB and the titer of total secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), which is more apparent in intestinal fluids of the age group of 8-36 months. Afterward there was a decline of SFB in numbers correlated with a reduction of total sIgA. RT-qPCR analysis of the terminal ileal biopsies revealed that the expression of Th17 pathway genes were induced in SFB-positive samples, while the markers of T and B cell receptor signaling pathways were also upregulated. Collectively, these data suggest that SFB is a rare member of microbiota, and may play an important role in the development of human gut immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases–Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huahai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest–Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Shu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yeshi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest–Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases–Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Lijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases–Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kerong Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest–Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weizhong Gu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liqin Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases–Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Song
- Advanced Information Systems, Exelis, Herndon, VA, United States
| | - Yoram Elitsur
- Department of Pediatrics, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Hongwei D. Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Mizu Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest–Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Charlie Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases–Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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13
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Million M, Tomas J, Wagner C, Lelouard H, Raoult D, Gorvel JP. New insights in gut microbiota and mucosal immunity of the small intestine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humic.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Finotti A, Gasparello J, Lampronti I, Cosenza LC, Maconi G, Matarese V, Gentili V, Di Luca D, Gambari R, Caselli M. PCR detection of segmented filamentous bacteria in the terminal ileum of patients with ulcerative colitis. BMJ Open Gastroenterol 2017; 4:e000172. [PMID: 29259792 PMCID: PMC5728270 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgast-2017-000172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) have been detected in a wide range of different animal. Recently, the presence of SFB-like bacteria was shown in biopsies of the terminal ileum and ileocecal valve of both patients with ulcerative colitis and control subjects. The aim of this study was to verify whether PCR methods could be used for the detection of SFB in biopsy of patients with ulcerative colitis and its relationships with the disease stage. Methods PCR methods were used to identify SFB in biopsies from the terminal ileum of patients with ulcerative colitis, showing that this approach represents a useful tool for the detection of SFB presence and analysis of the bacterial load. Results Our analysis detected SFB in all faecal samples of children at the time of weaning, and also show that putative SFB sequences are present in both patients with ulcerative colitis and control subjects. Results obtained using real-time quantitative PCR analysis confirm the presence of putative SFB sequences in samples from the terminal ileum of patients with ulcerative colitis and in control subjects. Conclusions The presence of putative SFB sequence in both patients with ulcerative colitis and control subject suggests that SFB cannot be considered as being uniquely associated with the disease. The second conclusion is that among the patients with ulcerative colitis, a tendency does exist for active disease samples to show higher SFB load, opening new perspectives about possible identification and pharmacological manipulation of SFB-mediated processes for new therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Finotti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Jessica Gasparello
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ilaria Lampronti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Lucia Carmela Cosenza
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Maconi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Gentili
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Dario Di Luca
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberto Gambari
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Michele Caselli
- School of Gastroenterology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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15
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Host Specificity of Flagellins from Segmented Filamentous Bacteria Affects Their Patterns of Interaction with Mouse Ileal Mucosal Proteins. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.01061-17. [PMID: 28687648 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01061-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) are known modulators of the mammalian immune system. Currently, the technology for investigating SFB culture in vitro is immature, and as a result, the mechanisms of SFB colonization and immune regulation are not yet fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the gene diversity and host specificity of SFB flagellin genes. The fliC1 and fliC2 genes are relatively conserved, while the fliC3 and fliC4 genes are more variable, especially at the central and C-terminal regions. Host specificity analysis demonstrated that the fliC1 genes do not cluster together based on the host organism, whereas the fliC3 and fliC4 genes were host specific at the nucleotide and deduced amino acid levels. SFB flagellin protein expression in the ileum mucosa and cecal contents was detected by using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) combined with immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis, immunoblotting, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Although the purified SFB FliC3 protein originating from both mouse and rat was able to activate Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5)-linked NF-κB signaling, no host specificity was observed. Interestingly, the patterns of interaction with mouse ileum mucosal proteins were different for mouse FliC3 (mFliC3) and rat FliC3 (rFliC3). Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG analyses indicated that more adherence-related proteins interacted with mFliC3, while more lysosome- and proteolysis-related proteins interacted with rFliC3. In vitro degradation experiments indicated that the stability of rFliC3 was lower than that of mFliC3 when they were incubated with mouse ileum mucosal proteins. In summary, the gene diversity and host specificity of SFB flagellin genes were investigated, and SFB flagellin expression was detected in gut samples.IMPORTANCE Since SFB genomes contain only one copy of each FliC gene, the diversity of FliC is representative of SFB strain diversity. Currently, little is known regarding the diversity and specificity of members of the group of SFB. The work presented herein demonstrates that select SFB strains, exhibiting unique FliC patterns, are present in a variety of mammalian hosts. SFB fliC genes were found to interact with a number of unique targets, providing further evidence for SFB host selection. Together, this work represents a major advancement in identifying SFB and delineating how members of the group of SFB interact with the host. Future examination of FliC genes will likely enhance our knowledge of intestinal colonization by the gut microbiota.
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16
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Dzutsev A, Goldszmid RS, Viaud S, Zitvogel L, Trinchieri G. The role of the microbiota in inflammation, carcinogenesis, and cancer therapy. Eur J Immunol 2014; 45:17-31. [PMID: 25328099 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Commensal microorganisms colonize barrier surfaces of all multicellular organisms, including those of humans. For more than 500 million years, commensal microorganisms and their hosts have coevolved and adapted to each other. As a result, the commensal microbiota affects many immune and nonimmune functions of their hosts, and de facto the two together comprise one metaorganism. The commensal microbiota communicates with the host via biologically active molecules. Recently, it has been reported that microbial imbalance may play a critical role in the development of multiple diseases, such as cancer, autoimmune conditions, and increased susceptibility to infection. In this review, we focus on the role of the commensal microbiota in the development, progression, and immune evasion of cancer, as well as some modulatory effects on the treatment of cancer. In particular, we discuss the mechanisms of microbiota-mediated regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses to tumors, and the consequences on cancer progression and whether tumors subsequently become resistant or susceptible to different anticancer therapeutic regiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amiran Dzutsev
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA; Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick, MD, USA
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17
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Ge Z, Feng Y, Woods SE, Fox JG. Spatial and temporal colonization dynamics of segmented filamentous bacteria is influenced by gender, age and experimental infection with Helicobacter hepaticus in Swiss Webster mice. Microbes Infect 2014; 17:16-22. [PMID: 25448636 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examined colonization dynamics of segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) in intestine of Swiss Webster (SW) mice infected with Helicobacter hepaticus (Hh). At 8 weeks post-inoculation with Hh (WPI), cecal and colonic SFB levels in the control males were significantly lower compared to those at 16 WPI. Hh infection in both genders did not alter SFB levels in the jejunum and ileum, but increased SFB levels in the cecum and colon of males compared to the controls (P < 0.05) at 8 WPI. At 16 WPI, the Hh-infected females contained lower levels of SFB in the jejunum, cecum and colon compared to the female controls. Irrespective of gender, aging and Hh infection, the Il-17A mRNA levels decreased from the small intestine to the cecum and then to the colon, whereas the Foxp3 mRNA levels were comparable in these intestinal regions. There were significant differences in Il-17A mRNA levels in the ileum (P < 0.05, R(2) = 0.31), with females having greater Il-17A mRNA levels than males, and higher SFB colonization levels related to more Il-17A mRNA. These results indicate that aging and gender play an important role in colonization dynamics of intestinal SFB and ileal SFB-associated Th17 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongming Ge
- Division of Comparative Medicine, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Yan Feng
- Division of Comparative Medicine, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Stephanie E Woods
- Division of Comparative Medicine, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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