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Peng TL, Syazwan SA, Hamdan RH, Najwa NS, Ramli MF, Harshiny N, Ishak IH. Virulence and proteomic responses of Metarhizium anisopliae against Aedes albopictus larvae. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 203:105982. [PMID: 39084787 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.105982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
The tropical climate in Malaysia provides an ideal environment for the rapid proliferation of Aedes mosquitoes, notably Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, prominent vectors of dengue fever. Alarmingly, these species are increasingly developing resistance to conventional pesticides. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Metarhizium anisopliae isolate HSAH5 spores, specifically on conidia (CO) and blastospores (BL), against Ae. albopictus larvae. The study centered on evaluating their pathogenic effects and the resultant changes in protein expression. Spore suspensions with varying concentrations were prepared for larvicidal bioassays, and protein expressions were analysed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Subsequently, protein annotation and network analysis were conducted to elucidate infection mechanisms and the proteomic response. Based on the lethal concentrations and time frames, CO exhibited faster larval mortality than BL at lower concentrations. Despite this, both spore types demonstrated comparable overall pathogenic effects. Results from the proteomic profiling revealed 150 proteins with varied expressions following exposure to Ae. albopictus extract, shedding light on distinct infection strategies between the spores. Gene Ontology enrichment and network analysis illustrated the diverse metabolic adaptations of M. anisopliae and interactions with mosquito larvae. This highlighted the complexity of host-pathogen dynamics and the significance of biosynthetic processes, energy storage, and cellular interaction pathways in disease progression. The BL network, consisting 80 proteins and 74 connections, demonstrates the intricate fungal mechanisms triggered by host stimuli. Conversely, the CO network, though smaller, displayed notable interconnectivity and concentrated involvement at the cell periphery, suggesting a deliberate strategy for initial host contact. This study offers valuable insights into proteome dynamics of M. anisopliae's BL and CO for managing mosquito populations and combating disease transmission, thereby significantly advancing public health and environmental conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Li Peng
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, 16100 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Samsuddin Ahmad Syazwan
- Mycology and Pathology Branch, Forest Biodiversity Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109 Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Forest Science and Biodiversity, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ruhil Hayati Hamdan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, 16100 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nurainun Sofea Najwa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, 16100 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Fahmi Ramli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, 16100 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nalliah Harshiny
- Mycology and Pathology Branch, Forest Biodiversity Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109 Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Forest Science and Biodiversity, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Intan Haslina Ishak
- School of Biological Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Persiaran Sains, 11800 Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Liu Z, Li C, Yang W, Wu Q, Xiao W, Zhu Y, Wei Q, Dong Z, Zhang G, Lu C, Pan M, Chen P. The Bombyx mori singed Gene Is Involved in the High-Temperature Resistance of Silkworms. INSECTS 2024; 15:264. [PMID: 38667394 PMCID: PMC11049829 DOI: 10.3390/insects15040264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Temperature is an important factor in the growth, development, survival, and reproduction of organisms. The high-temperature resistance mechanism of insects may be significant for use in the prevention and control of insect pests. The silkworm, Bombyx mori, is an important Lepidoptera model species for studies on pest control in agriculture and forestry. We identified a gene in B. mori, the B. mori singed (Bmsn) gene, which is involved in the high-temperature resistance of silkworms. Sn proteins are highly conserved among species in many taxonomic groups. The overexpression of the Bmsn gene promoted the proliferation of silkworm cells, reduced oxidation, and reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species under stress. Interfering with the Bmsn gene had the opposite result. We constructed a transgenic B. mori strain that overexpressed the Bmsn gene. The physiological traits of the transgenic strain were significantly improved, and it had stronger high-temperature resistance. The Bmsn gene is involved in the process by which fat bodies respond to high-temperature stress. These findings provide insights into the mechanism of high-temperature resistance of insects and offer a new perspective on agricultural and forestry pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenye Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (W.Y.); (Q.W.); (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (Q.W.); (Z.D.); (C.L.)
| | - Cong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (W.Y.); (Q.W.); (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (Q.W.); (Z.D.); (C.L.)
| | - Wenyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (W.Y.); (Q.W.); (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (Q.W.); (Z.D.); (C.L.)
| | - Qiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (W.Y.); (Q.W.); (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (Q.W.); (Z.D.); (C.L.)
| | - Wenfu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (W.Y.); (Q.W.); (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (Q.W.); (Z.D.); (C.L.)
- Sericultural Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchong 637000, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (W.Y.); (Q.W.); (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (Q.W.); (Z.D.); (C.L.)
| | - Qiongqiong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (W.Y.); (Q.W.); (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (Q.W.); (Z.D.); (C.L.)
| | - Zhanqi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (W.Y.); (Q.W.); (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (Q.W.); (Z.D.); (C.L.)
| | - Guizheng Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sericultural Genetic Improvement and Efficient Breeding, Sericulture Technology Promotion Station of Guangxi, Nanning 530007, China;
| | - Cheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (W.Y.); (Q.W.); (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (Q.W.); (Z.D.); (C.L.)
| | - Minhui Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (W.Y.); (Q.W.); (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (Q.W.); (Z.D.); (C.L.)
| | - Peng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (W.Y.); (Q.W.); (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (Q.W.); (Z.D.); (C.L.)
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Herren P, Hesketh H, Meyling NV, Dunn AM. Environment-host-parasite interactions in mass-reared insects. Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:588-602. [PMID: 37258342 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The mass production of insects is rapidly expanding globally, supporting multiple industrial needs. However, parasite infections in insect mass-production systems can lower productivity and can lead to devastating losses. High rearing densities and artificial environmental conditions in mass-rearing facilities affect the insect hosts as well as their parasites. Environmental conditions such as temperature, gases, light, vibration, and ionizing radiation can affect productivity in insect mass-production facilities by altering insect development and susceptibility to parasites. This review explores the recent literature on environment-host-parasite interactions with a specific focus on mass-reared insect species. Understanding these complex interactions offers opportunities to optimise environmental conditions for the prevention of infectious diseases in mass-reared insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Herren
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK; Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark; Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Helen Hesketh
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Nicolai V Meyling
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Alison M Dunn
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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Kryukov V, Kosman E, Tomilova O, Polenogova O, Rotskaya U, Yaroslavtseva O, Salimova D, Kryukova N, Berestetskiy A. Tenuazonic acid alters immune and physiological reactions and susceptibility to pathogens in Galleria mellonella larvae. Mycotoxin Res 2023; 39:135-149. [PMID: 37071305 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00479-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Tenuazonic acid (TeA) is synthesized by phytopathogenic and opportunistic fungi and is detected in a broad range of foods. This natural compound is of interest in terms of toxicity to animals, but its mechanisms of action on insects are poorly understood. We administered TeA orally at different concentrations (0.2-5.0 mg/[gram of a growth medium]) to the model insect Galleria mellonella, with subsequent estimation of physiological, histological, and immunological parameters in different tissues (midgut, fat body, and hemolymph). Susceptibility of the TeA-treated larvae to pathogenic microorganisms Beauveria bassiana and Bacillus thuringiensis was also analyzed. The feeding of TeA to the larvae led to a substation delay of larval growth, apoptosis-like changes in midgut cells, and an increase in midgut bacterial load. A decrease in activities of detoxification enzymes and downregulation of genes Nox, lysozyme, and cecropin in the midgut and/or hemocoel tissues were detected. By contrast, genes gloverin, gallerimycin, and galiomycin and phenoloxidase activity proved to be upregulated in the studied tissues. Hemocyte density did not change under the influence of TeA. TeA administration increased susceptibility of the larvae to B. bassiana but diminished their susceptibility to B. thuringiensis. The results indicate that TeA disturbs wax moth gut physiology and immunity and also exerts a systemic action on this insect. Mechanisms underlying the observed changes in wax moth susceptibility to the pathogens are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Kryukov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630091, Frunze 11, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena Kosman
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630091, Frunze 11, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Oksana Tomilova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630091, Frunze 11, Novosibirsk, Russia
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, 196608, Podbel'skogo Sh. 3, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga Polenogova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630091, Frunze 11, Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - Ulyana Rotskaya
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630091, Frunze 11, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga Yaroslavtseva
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630091, Frunze 11, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dilara Salimova
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, 196608, Podbel'skogo Sh. 3, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalia Kryukova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630091, Frunze 11, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Berestetskiy
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, 196608, Podbel'skogo Sh. 3, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Ferguson LV, Adamo SA. From perplexing to predictive: are we ready to forecast insect disease susceptibility in a warming world? J Exp Biol 2023; 226:288412. [PMID: 36825944 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Insects are critical to our ecosystems, but we do not fully understand their future in our warming world. Rising temperatures are affecting insect physiology in myriad ways, including changes to their immune systems and the ability to fight infection. Whether predicted changes in temperature will contribute to insect mortality or success, and the role of disease in their future survival, remains unclear. Although heat can enhance immunity by activating the integrated defense system (e.g. via the production of protective molecules such as heat-shock proteins) and accelerating enzyme activity, heat can also compromise the immune system through energetic-resource trade-offs and damage. The responses to heat are highly variable among species. The reasons for this variability are poorly known, and we are lagging in our understanding of how and why the immune system responds to changes in temperature. In this Commentary, we highlight the variation in insect immune responses to heat and the likely underlying mechanisms. We suggest that we are currently limited in our ability to predict the effects of rising temperatures on insect immunity and disease susceptibility, largely owing to incomplete information, coupled with a lack of tools for data integration. Moreover, existing data are concentrated on a relatively small number of insect Orders. We provide suggestions for a path towards making more accurate predictions, which will require studies with realistic temperature exposures and housing design, and a greater understanding of both the thermal biology of the immune system and connections between immunity and the physiological responses to heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura V Ferguson
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Shelley A Adamo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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Antifeedant and larvicidal activity of bioactive compounds isolated from entomopathogenic fungi Penicillium sp. for the control of agricultural and medically important insect pest (Spodoptera litura and Culex quinquefasciatus). Parasitol Int 2023; 92:102688. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Gourgoulianni N, Schäfer MA, Kapun M, Busso JP, Blanckenhorn WU. Temperature-dependent melanism and phenoloxidase activity in the dimorphic sepsid fly Sepsis thoracica. J Therm Biol 2023; 112:103473. [PMID: 36796918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Climate is changing towards both higher average temperatures and more frequent and severe heat waves. Whereas numerous studies have investigated temperature effects on animal life histories, assessments of their immune function are limited. In the size- and colour-dimorphic black scavenger (or dung) fly Sepsis thoracica (Diptera: Sepsidae), we experimentally studied how developmental temperature and larval density influence phenoloxidase (PO) activity, a key enzyme in insect pigmentation, thermoregulation, and immunity. Flies from five latitudinal European populations were raised at three developmental temperatures (18, 24, 30 °C). PO activity increased with developmental temperature differently in the sexes and the two male morphs (black and orange), altering the sigmoid relationship between melanism, i.e. colouration and fly size. PO activity further positively correlated with larval rearing density, potentially because of higher risks of pathogen infection or greater developmental stress following stronger resource competition. Populations varied somewhat in PO activity, body size and colouration, however with no clear latitudinal pattern. Overall our results indicate that morph- and sex-specific PO activity, and thus likely immune function, in S. thoracica depends on temperature and larval density, modifying the underlying putative trade-off between immunity and body size. The strong dampening of the immune system of all morphs at cool temperatures suggests low-temperature stress in this warm-adapted species common in southern Europe. Our results also support the population density dependent prophylaxis hypothesis, which predicts higher investment in immunity when facing limited resource availability and increased pathogen infection probability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gourgoulianni
- Department of Evolutionary Biology & Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Martin A Schäfer
- Department of Evolutionary Biology & Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Kapun
- Department of Evolutionary Biology & Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland; Natural History Museum of Vienna, Austria.
| | - Juan Pablo Busso
- Department of Evolutionary Biology & Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Wolf U Blanckenhorn
- Department of Evolutionary Biology & Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Zhu G, Ding W, Xue M, Zhao Y, Li M, Li Z. Identification and Pathogenicity of a New Entomopathogenic Fungus, Mucor hiemalis (Mucorales: Mucorales), on the Root Maggot, Bradysia odoriphaga (Diptera: Sciaridae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2022; 22:2. [PMID: 35303105 PMCID: PMC8932411 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieac010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bradysia odoriphaga Yang and Zhang (Diptera: Sciaridae), the Chinese chive root maggot, is a destructive pest of Allium vegetables and flowers that causes severe losses in northern China. Novel biological control technologies are needed for controlling this pest. We identified a new entomopathogenic fungus isolated from infected B. odoriphaga larvae and evaluated the susceptibility of the biological stages of B. odoriphaga and the effects of temperature on fungus growth and pathogenicity. Based on morphological characteristics and molecular phylogeny, the fungus was identified as Mucor hiemalis BO-1 (Mucorales: Mucorales). This fungus had the strongest virulence to B. odoriphaga larvae followed by eggs and pupae, while B. odoriphaga adults were not susceptible. A temperature range of 18-28°C was optimum for the growth and sporulation of M. hiemalis BO-1 and virulence to B. odoriphaga larvae. At 3 and 5 d after inoculation with 105 spores/ml at 23°C, the survival rates were 24.8% and 4.8% (2nd instar larvae), respectively, and 49.6% and 12.8% (4th instar larvae), respectively. The potted plant trials confirmed that M. hiemalis BO-1 exerted excellent control efficiency against B. odoriphaga larvae, and the control exceeded 80% within 5 d when the spore concentration applied exceeded 107 spores/ml. In conclusion, these findings supported the hypotheses that this fungus could serve as an effective control agent against B. odoriphaga larvae and is worth being further tested to determine its full potential as a biocontrol agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Zhu
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Shandong Province, 252000, China
| | - Wenjuan Ding
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Ming Xue
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Yongfei Zhao
- Liaocheng Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - Mingzhu Li
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Shandong Province, 252000, China
| | - Zizheng Li
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Shandong Province, 252000, China
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Li XH, Peng YJ, Ding JL, Feng MG, Ying SH. A homologue of yeast acyl-CoA synthetase Faa1 contributes to cytomembrane functionality involved in development and virulence in the insect pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Microb Pathog 2022; 164:105419. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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de Paula AR, Silva LEI, Ribeiro A, da Silva GA, Silva CP, Butt TM, Samuels RI. Metarhizium anisopliae blastospores are highly virulent to adult Aedes aegypti, an important arbovirus vector. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:555. [PMID: 34711272 PMCID: PMC8555014 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05055-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) for the control of adult mosquitoes is a promising alternative to synthetic insecticides. Previous studies have only evaluated conidiospores against adult mosquitoes. However, blastospores, which are highly virulent against mosquito larvae and pupae, could also be effective against adults. METHODS Metarhizium anisopliae (ESALQ 818 and LEF 2000) blastospores and conidia were first tested against adult Aedes aegypti by spraying insects with spore suspensions. Blastospores were then tested using an indirect contact bioassay, exposing mosquitoes to fungus-impregnated cloths. Virulence when using blastospores suspended in 20% sunflower oil was also investigated. RESULTS Female mosquitoes sprayed with blastospores or conidia at a concentration of 108 propagules ml-1 were highly susceptible to both types of spores, resulting in 100% mortality within 7 days. However, significant differences in virulence of the isolates and propagules became apparent at 107 spores ml-1, with ESALQ 818 blastospores being more virulent than LEF 2000 blastospores. ESALQ 818 blastospores were highly virulent when mosquitoes were exposed to black cotton cloths impregnated with blastospores shortly after preparing the suspensions, but virulence declined rapidly 12 h post-application. The addition of vegetable oil to blastospores helped maintain virulence for up to 48 h. CONCLUSION The results showed that blastospores were more virulent to adult female Ae. aegypti than conidia when sprayed onto the insects or applied to black cloths. Vegetable oil helped maintain blastospore virulence. The results show that blastospores have potential for use in integrated vector management, although new formulations and drying techniques need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Rodrigues de Paula
- Laboratório de Entomologia e Fitopatologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Leila Eid Imad Silva
- Laboratório de Entomologia e Fitopatologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Anderson Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Entomologia e Fitopatologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Gerson Adriano da Silva
- Laboratório de Entomologia e Fitopatologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Carlos Peres Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Tariq M Butt
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Richard Ian Samuels
- Laboratório de Entomologia e Fitopatologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, 28013-602, Brazil.
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Coulm M, Meunier J. Effects of temperature, fungal infection and weight on intermoult duration and survival of starving earwig larvae. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 132:104262. [PMID: 34029609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Moulting is a cornerstone of arthropods development. It can be determined by numerous factors such as body mass, temperature, and immunity. However, the effects of these factors can be dependent on each other, so that it is often difficult to predict whether and how they shape moulting, and whether their effects are additive or interactive. In this study, we addressed these questions by testing the effects of body mass, ambient temperature, fungal infection and their interaction on intermoult duration and survival in starved juveniles of the European earwig Forficula auricularia. We recorded the date of moult and death of a total of 207 earwig juveniles that were weighed, exposed to different doses of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarizium brunneum and then maintained at either 20 °C or 24 °C. Our results first reveal that juveniles moulted earlier when they were heavy compared to light on the day of exposure, as well as earlier when maintained at 24 °C compared to 20 °C. By contrast, pathogen exposure did not affect the moulting date. We also found that nymphs died faster when they were light compared to heavy on the day of exposure, when they were exposed to high (106 and 107 spores/ml) compared to low (104, 105 and 0 spores/ml) pathogen concentrations, and when they were maintained at 24 °C compared to 20 °C. We detected no sign of interaction between temperature, fungal infection and body mass on both moulting and survival. Overall, these findings shed light on the limited importance of infection on moulting in starved juveniles, and reveal that weight, temperature, and infection have additive effects on their survival. More generally, this study emphasizes that the three tested factors do not necessarily interact to shape key physiological processes in an insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Coulm
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI), UMR 7261, CNRS, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Joël Meunier
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI), UMR 7261, CNRS, University of Tours, Tours, France.
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Identification of the Ricin-B-Lectin LdRBLk in the Colorado Potato Beetle and an Analysis of Its Expression in Response to Fungal Infections. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7050364. [PMID: 34066637 PMCID: PMC8148562 DOI: 10.3390/jof7050364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ricin-B-lectins (RBLs) have been identified in many groups of organisms, including coleopterans insects, particularly the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata (LdRBLs). We hypothesized that one of these LdRBLs (LdRBLk) may be involved in the immune response to fungal infections. We performed a theoretical analysis of the structure of this protein. Additionally, the expression levels of the LdRBlk gene were measured in L. decemlineata in response to infections with the fungi Metarhizium robertsii and Beauveria bassiana. The expression levels of LdRBlk in the L. decemlineata cuticle and fat body were increased in response to both infections. The induction of LdRBlk expression was dependent on the susceptibility of larvae to the fungi. Upregulation of the LdRBlk gene was also observed in response to other stresses, particularly thermal burns. Elevation of LdRBlk expression was frequently observed to be correlated with the expression of the antimicrobial peptide attacin but was not correlated with hsp90 regulation. Commercially available β-lectin of ricin from Ricinuscommunis was observed to inhibit the germination of conidia of the fungi. We suggest that LdRBLk is involved in antifungal immune responses in the Colorado potato beetle, either exerting fungicidal properties directly or acting as a modulator of the immune response.
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Matuszewski S, Mądra-Bielewicz A. Heat production in a feeding matrix formed on carrion by communally breeding beetles. Front Zool 2021; 18:5. [PMID: 33526056 PMCID: PMC7851950 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-020-00385-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects regulate their body temperature mostly behaviourally, by changing posture or microhabitat. Usually they use heat that is already present in the environment. Sometimes, however, they may manipulate the environment to affect, focus or benefit from thermogenesis. Carrion beetles create a feeding matrix by applying to cadaver surface anal or oral exudates. We tested the hypothesis that the matrix, which is formed on carrion by communally breeding beetle Necrodes littoralis L. (Silphidae), produces heat that enhances insect fitness. Using thermal imaging we demonstrate that heat produced in the matrix formed on meat by adult or larval beetles is larger than in meat decomposing without insects. Larval beetles regularly warmed up in the matrix. Moreover, by comparing matrix temperature and larval fitness in colonies with and without preparation of meat by adult beetles, we provide evidence that formation of the matrix by adult beetles has deferred thermal effects for larval microhabitat. We found an increase in heat production of the matrix and a decrease in development time and mortality of larvae after adult beetles applied their exudates on meat in the pre-larval phase. Our findings indicate that spreading of exudates over carrion by Necrodes larvae, apart from other likely functions (e.g. digesting carrion or promoting growth of beneficial microbes), facilitates thermoregulation. In case of adult beetles, this behaviour brings distinct thermal benefits for their offspring and therefore may be viewed as a new form of indirect parental care with an important thermal component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Matuszewski
- Laboratory of Criminalistics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Święty Marcin 90, 61-809, Poznań, Poland. .,Wielkopolska Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Anna Mądra-Bielewicz
- Laboratory of Criminalistics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Święty Marcin 90, 61-809, Poznań, Poland.,Wielkopolska Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
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HapX, an Indispensable bZIP Transcription Factor for Iron Acquisition, Regulates Infection Initiation by Orchestrating Conidial Oleic Acid Homeostasis and Cytomembrane Functionality in Mycopathogen Beauveria bassiana. mSystems 2020; 5:5/5/e00695-20. [PMID: 33051379 PMCID: PMC7567583 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00695-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Conidial maturation and germination are highly coupled physiological processes in filamentous fungi that are critical for the pathogenicity of mycopathogens. Compared to the mechanisms involved in conidial germination, those of conidial reserves during maturation are less understood. The insect-pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana, as a representative species of filamentous fungi, is important for applied and fundamental research. In addition to its conserved roles in fungal adaptation to iron status, the bZIP transcription factor HapX acts as a master regulator involved in conidial virulence and regulates fatty acid/lipid metabolism. Further investigation revealed that the Δ9-fatty acid desaturase gene (Ole1) is a direct downstream target of HapX. This study reveals the HapX-Ole1 pathway involved in the fatty acid/lipid accumulation associated with conidial maturation and provides new insights into the startup mechanism of infection caused by spores from pathogenic fungi. In pathogenic filamentous fungi, conidial germination not only is fundamental for propagation in the environment but is also a critical step of infection. In the insect mycopathogen Beauveria bassiana, we genetically characterized the role of the basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor HapX (BbHapX) in conidial nutrient reserves and pathogen-host interaction. Ablation of BbHapX resulted in an almost complete loss of virulence in the topical inoculation and intrahemocoel injection assays. Comparative transcriptomic analysis revealed that BbHapX is required for fatty acid (FA)/lipid metabolism, and biochemical analyses indicated that BbHapX loss caused a significant reduction in conidial FA contents. Exogenous oleic acid could partially or completely restore the impaired phenotypes of the ΔBbHapX mutant, including germination rate, membrane integrity, vegetative growth, and virulence. BbHapX mediates fungal iron acquisition which is not required for desaturation of stearic acid. Additionally, inactivation of the Δ9-fatty acid desaturase gene (BbOle1) generated defects similar to those of the ΔBbHapX mutant; oleic acid also had significant restorative effects on the defective phenotypes of the ΔBbOle1 mutant. A gel retarding assay revealed that BbHapX directly regulated the expression of BbOle1. Lipidomic analyses indicated that both BbHapX and BbOle1 contributed to the homeostasis of phospholipids with nonpolar tails derived from oleic acid; therefore, exogenous phospholipids could significantly restore membrane integrity. These data reveal that the HapX-Ole1 pathway contributes to conidial fatty acid/lipid reserves and that there are important links between the lipid biology and membrane functionality involved in the early stages of infection caused by B.bassiana. IMPORTANCE Conidial maturation and germination are highly coupled physiological processes in filamentous fungi that are critical for the pathogenicity of mycopathogens. Compared to the mechanisms involved in conidial germination, those of conidial reserves during maturation are less understood. The insect-pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana, as a representative species of filamentous fungi, is important for applied and fundamental research. In addition to its conserved roles in fungal adaptation to iron status, the bZIP transcription factor HapX acts as a master regulator involved in conidial virulence and regulates fatty acid/lipid metabolism. Further investigation revealed that the Δ9-fatty acid desaturase gene (Ole1) is a direct downstream target of HapX. This study reveals the HapX-Ole1 pathway involved in the fatty acid/lipid accumulation associated with conidial maturation and provides new insights into the startup mechanism of infection caused by spores from pathogenic fungi.
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15
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Kryukov VY, Kosman E, Tomilova O, Polenogova O, Rotskaya U, Tyurin M, Alikina T, Yaroslavtseva O, Kabilov M, Glupov V. Interplay between Fungal Infection and Bacterial Associates in the Wax Moth Galleria mellonella under Different Temperature Conditions. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E170. [PMID: 32927906 PMCID: PMC7558722 DOI: 10.3390/jof6030170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Various insect bacterial associates are involved in pathogeneses caused by entomopathogenic fungi. The outcome of infection (fungal growth or decomposition) may depend on environmental factors such as temperature. The aim of this study was to analyze the bacterial communities and immune response of Galleria mellonella larvae injected with Cordyceps militaris and incubated at 15 °C and 25 °C. We examined changes in the bacterial CFUs, bacterial communities (Illumina MiSeq 16S rRNA gene sequencing) and expression of immune, apoptosis, ROS and stress-related genes (qPCR) in larval tissues in response to fungal infection at the mentioned temperatures. Increased survival of larvae after C. militaris injection was observed at 25 °C, although more frequent episodes of spontaneous bacteriosis were observed at this temperature compared to 15 °C. We revealed an increase in the abundance of enterococci and enterobacteria in the midgut and hemolymph in response to infection at 25 °C, which was not observed at 15 °C. Antifungal peptide genes showed the highest expression at 25 °C, while antibacterial peptides and inhibitor of apoptosis genes were strongly expressed at 15 °C. Cultivable bacteria significantly suppressed the growth of C. militaris. We suggest that fungi such as C. militaris may need low temperatures to avoid competition with host bacterial associates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Yu Kryukov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Frunze str. 11, 630091 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.K.); (O.T.); (O.P.); (U.R.); (M.T.); (O.Y.); (V.G.)
| | - Elena Kosman
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Frunze str. 11, 630091 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.K.); (O.T.); (O.P.); (U.R.); (M.T.); (O.Y.); (V.G.)
| | - Oksana Tomilova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Frunze str. 11, 630091 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.K.); (O.T.); (O.P.); (U.R.); (M.T.); (O.Y.); (V.G.)
| | - Olga Polenogova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Frunze str. 11, 630091 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.K.); (O.T.); (O.P.); (U.R.); (M.T.); (O.Y.); (V.G.)
| | - Ulyana Rotskaya
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Frunze str. 11, 630091 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.K.); (O.T.); (O.P.); (U.R.); (M.T.); (O.Y.); (V.G.)
| | - Maksim Tyurin
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Frunze str. 11, 630091 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.K.); (O.T.); (O.P.); (U.R.); (M.T.); (O.Y.); (V.G.)
| | - Tatyana Alikina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Lavrentiev av. 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (T.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Olga Yaroslavtseva
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Frunze str. 11, 630091 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.K.); (O.T.); (O.P.); (U.R.); (M.T.); (O.Y.); (V.G.)
| | - Marsel Kabilov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Lavrentiev av. 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (T.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Viktor Glupov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Frunze str. 11, 630091 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.K.); (O.T.); (O.P.); (U.R.); (M.T.); (O.Y.); (V.G.)
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16
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Grizanova EV, Coates CJ, Dubovskiy IM, Butt TM. Metarhizium brunneum infection dynamics differ at the cuticle interface of susceptible and tolerant morphs of Galleria mellonella. Virulence 2020; 10:999-1012. [PMID: 31724467 PMCID: PMC8647853 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2019.1693230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In order for entomopathogenic fungi to colonize an insect host, they must first attach to, and penetrate, the cuticle layers of the integument. Herein, we explored the interactions between the fungal pathogen Metarhizium brunneum ARSEF 4556 and two immunologically distinct morphs, melanic (M) and non-melanic (NM), of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella. We first interrogated the cuticular compositions of both insect morphs to reveal substantial differences in their physiochemical properties. Enhanced melanin accumulation, fewer hydrocarbons, and higher L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) decarboxylase activity were evident in the cuticle of the M larvae. This “hostile” terrain proved challenging for M. brunneum – reflected in poor conidial attachment and germination, and elevated expression of stress-associated genes (e.g., Hsp30, Hsp70). Lack of adherence to the cuticle impacted negatively on the speed of kill and overall host mortality; a dose of 107 conidia killed ~30% of M larvae over a 12-day period, whereas a 100-fold lower dose (105 conidia) achieved a similar result for NM larvae. Candidate gene expression patterns between the insect morphs indicated that M larvae are primed to “switch-on” immunity-associated genes (e.g., phenoloxidase) within 6–12 h of conidia exposure and can sustain a “defense” response. Critically, M. brunneum responds to the distinct physiochemical cues of both hosts and adjusts the expression of pathogenicity-related genes accordingly (e.g., Pr2, Mad1, Mad2). We reveal previously uncharacterized mechanisms of attack and defence in fungal-insect antibiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina V Grizanova
- Laboratory of Biological Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Ivan M Dubovskiy
- Laboratory of Biological Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agro-BioTechnologies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoobsk, Russia
| | - Tariq M Butt
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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17
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Tomilova OG, Yaroslavtseva ON, Ganina MD, Tyurin MV, Chernyak EI, Senderskiy IV, Noskov YA, Polenogova OV, Akhanaev YB, Kryukov VY, Glupov VV, Morozov SV. Changes in antifungal defence systems during the intermoult period in the Colorado potato beetle. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 116:106-117. [PMID: 31077710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Susceptibility to the fungus Metarhizium robertsii and changes in host defences were evaluated in different stages of the intermoult period (4-6 h, 34-36 h and 84-86 h post moult in IV larval instars) of the Colorado potato beetle. A significant thickening of the cuticle during larval growth was accompanied by decreases in cuticle melanization, phenoloxidase activity and epicuticular hydrocarbon contents (C28-C32). At the same time, a decrease in the conidial adhesion rate and an increase in resistance to the fungus were observed. In addition, we recorded significant elevation of the encapsulation rate and total haemocyte counts in the haemolymph during the specified period. The activity of detoxification enzymes decreased in the haemolymph but increased in the fat body during larval growth. No significant differences in the fatty acid content in the epicuticle were observed. The role of developmental disorders in susceptibility to entomopathogenic fungi is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana G Tomilova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, st. Frunze 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia
| | - Olga N Yaroslavtseva
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, st. Frunze 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia
| | - Mariya D Ganina
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Academician Lavrentyev Ave., 9, 630090, Russia
| | - Maksim V Tyurin
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, st. Frunze 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia
| | - Elena I Chernyak
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Academician Lavrentyev Ave., 9, 630090, Russia
| | - Igor V Senderskiy
- All-Russia Institute of Plant Protection, sh. Podbel'skogo, 3, St. Petersburg - Pushkin, 196608, Russia
| | - Yury A Noskov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, st. Frunze 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia; Tomsk State University, st. Lenin, 36, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - Olga V Polenogova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, st. Frunze 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia
| | - Yuriy B Akhanaev
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, st. Frunze 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia
| | - Vadim Yu Kryukov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, st. Frunze 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia.
| | - Viktor V Glupov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, st. Frunze 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia
| | - Sergey V Morozov
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Academician Lavrentyev Ave., 9, 630090, Russia
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18
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Wuensch A, Trusch F, Iberahim NA, van West P. Galleria melonella as an experimental in vivo host model for the fish-pathogenic oomycete Saprolegnia parasitica. Fungal Biol 2019; 122:182-189. [PMID: 29458721 PMCID: PMC5840505 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Oomycetes are eukaryotic pathogens infecting animals and plants. Amongst them Saprolegnia parasitica is a fish pathogenic oomycete causing devastating losses in the aquaculture industry. To secure fish supply, new drugs are in high demand and since fish experiments are time consuming, expensive and involve animal welfare issues the search for adequate model systems is essential. Galleria mellonella serves as a heterologous host model for bacterial and fungal infections. This study extends the use of G. mellonella for studying infections with oomycetes. Saprolegniales are highly pathogenic to the insects while in contrast, the plant pathogen Phytophthora infestans showed no pathogenicity. Melanisation of hyphae below the cuticle allowed direct macroscopic monitoring of disease progression. However, the melanin response is not systemic as for other pathogens but instead is very local. The mortality of the larvae is dose-dependent and can be induced by cysts or regenerating protoplasts as an alternative source of inoculation. Galleria mellonella serves as a heterologous host model system for Saprolegniales. The melanisation of the larvae is local around the growing hyphae. Regenerating protoplasts can be used as an alternative inoculum to cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Wuensch
- Aberdeen Oomycete Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK; International Centre for Aquaculture Research and Development (ICARD), University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.
| | - Franziska Trusch
- Aberdeen Oomycete Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK; International Centre for Aquaculture Research and Development (ICARD), University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.
| | - Nurul A Iberahim
- Aberdeen Oomycete Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK; International Centre for Aquaculture Research and Development (ICARD), University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.
| | - Pieter van West
- Aberdeen Oomycete Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK; International Centre for Aquaculture Research and Development (ICARD), University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.
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19
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Temperature adaptations of Cordyceps militaris, impact of host thermal biology and immunity on mycosis development. FUNGAL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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