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Fowler EV, Starkie ML, Blacket MJ, Mayer DG, Schutze MK. Effect of temperature and humidity on insect DNA integrity evaluated by real-time PCR. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 117:1995-2002. [PMID: 39212660 PMCID: PMC11473036 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toae193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Insects collected in dry traps can degrade rapidly, especially in warm, humid environments where many biodiversity and biosecurity surveillance activities are undertaken. Degradation can severely impact diagnostics, as trap catches can become difficult to identify to species level using morphological characters or, of increasing importance, molecular approaches. This is especially problematic for biosecurity surveillance of exotic tephritid fruit flies, where diagnostics are heavily reliant on morphological characters. We tested the effects of differing temperature and humidity conditions on mock samples of tephritid fruit flies in a controlled environment and compared our results to field trap catches. DNA degradation was quantified using real-time PCR assays, including one assay newly developed and tested here. We observed a correlation between increasing DNA degradation and increasing temperature and humidity. The greatest DNA degradation occurred under combined high humidity (90% relative humidity) and constant high temperature (35 °C). Unexpectedly, fluctuating temperature did not have a significant impact on DNA. Other factors, such as trap design, time in the field, and rainfall, did not significantly correlate with DNA quality across the field samples tested. When plotted against mock samples, field samples clustered together, with no clear pattern or predictability regarding the quantity of DNA preserved, indicating other untested environmental variables may be at play. Predictably, increased exposure time was found to have a detrimental effect on DNA quality for all treatments. These findings will improve the delivery of surveillance activities through the implementation of shorter trap clearance timeframes and improved trap designs and procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth V Fowler
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Biosecurity Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Agri-Science Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Melissa L Starkie
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Biosecurity Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark J Blacket
- Agriculture Victoria Research, Invertebrate & Weed Sciences, AgriBio Centre, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - David G Mayer
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Agri-Science Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark K Schutze
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Biosecurity Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Li S, Liu Z, Lv J, Lv D, Xu H, Shi H, Liu G, Lin D, Jin Y. Establishment of Canine Oral Mucosal Melanoma Cell Lines and Their Xenogeneic Animal Models. Cells 2024; 13:992. [PMID: 38891124 PMCID: PMC11171988 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Canine oral melanoma is the most prevalent malignant tumor in dogs and has a poor prognosis due to its high aggressiveness and high metastasis and recurrence rates. More research is needed into its treatment and to understand its pathogenic factors. In this study, we isolated a canine oral mucosal melanoma (COMM) cell line designated as COMM6605, which has now been stably passaged for more than 100 generations, with a successful monoclonal assay and a cell multiplication time of 22.2 h. G-banded karyotype analysis of the COMM6605 cell line revealed an abnormal chromosome count ranging from 45 to 74, with the identification of a double-armed chromosome as the characteristic marker chromosome of this cell line. The oral intralingual and dorsal subcutaneous implantation models of BALB/c-nu mice were successfully established; Melan-A (MLANA), S100 beta protein (S100β), PNL2, tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP1), and tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP2) were stably expressed positively in the canine oral tumor sections, tumor cell lines, and tumor sections of tumor-bearing mice. Sublines COMM6605-Luc-EGFP and COMM6605-Cherry were established through lentiviral transfection, with COMM6605-Luc-EGFP co-expressing firefly luciferase (Luc) and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and COMM6605-Cherry expressing the Cherry fluorescent protein gene. The COMM6605-Luc-EGFP fluorescent cell subline was injected via the tail vein and caused lung and lymph node metastasis, as detected by mouse live imaging, which can be used as an animal model to simulate the latter steps of hematogenous spread during tumor metastasis. The canine oral melanoma cell line COMM6605 and two sublines isolated and characterized in this study can offer a valuable model for studying mucosal melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yipeng Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China; (S.L.); (Z.L.); (J.L.); (D.L.); (H.X.); (H.S.); (G.L.); (D.L.)
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Zhao Z, Carey JR, Li Z. The Global Epidemic of Bactrocera Pests: Mixed-Species Invasions and Risk Assessment. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 69:219-237. [PMID: 37708416 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-012723-102658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Throughout the past century, the global spread of Bactrocera pests has continued to pose a significant threat to the commercial fruit and vegetable industry, resulting in substantial costs associated with both control measures and quarantine restrictions. The increasing volume of transcontinental trade has contributed to an escalating rate of Bactrocera pest introductions to new regions. To address the worldwide threat posed by this group of pests, we first provide an overview of Bactrocera. We then describe the global epidemic, including border interceptions, species diagnosis, population genetics, geographical expansion, and invasion tracing of Bactrocera pests. We further consider the literature concerning the invasion co-occurrences, life-history flexibility, risk assessment, bridgehead effects, and ongoing implications of invasion recurrences, as well as a case study of Bactrocera invasions of California. Finally, we call for global collaboration to effectively monitor, prevent, and control the ongoing spread of Bactrocera pests and to share experience and knowledge to combat it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihua Zhao
- Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China, ,
- MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - James R Carey
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, California, USA,
| | - Zhihong Li
- Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China, ,
- MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Awad M, Ben Gharsa H, ElKraly OA, Leclerque A, Elnagdy SM. COI Haplotyping and Comparative Microbiomics of the Peach Fruit Fly, an Emerging Pest of Egyptian Olive Orchards. BIOLOGY 2022; 12:biology12010027. [PMID: 36671720 PMCID: PMC9855353 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Tephritidae), is economically relevant as a highly polyphagous pest infesting over 50 host plants including commercial fruit and horticultural crops. As an invasive species, B. zonata was firmly established in Egypt and holds potential to spread further across the Mediterranean basin. The present study demonstrated that the peach fruit fly was found multiplying in olive orchards at two distant locations in Egypt. This is the first report of B. zonata developing in olives. COI barcoding has revealed evidence for high diversity across these peach fruit fly populations. These data are consistent with multiple rather than a single event leading to both peach fruit fly invasion to Egypt and its adaptation to olive. Comparative microbiomics data for B. zonata developing on different host plants were indicative for microbiome dynamics being involved in the adaptation to olive as a new niche with a potential adaptive role for Erwinia or Providencia bacteria. The possibility of symbiont transfer from the olive fruit fly to the peach fruit fly is discussed. Potentially host switch relevant bacterial symbionts might be preferred targets of symbiosis disruption strategies for integrated pest management or biological control of B. zonata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Awad
- Department of Economic Entomology and Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (A.L.); or (S.M.E.)
| | - Haifa Ben Gharsa
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Omnia Abdullah ElKraly
- Bioinsecticides Production Unit, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Giza 13611, Egypt
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Andreas Leclerque
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (A.L.); or (S.M.E.)
| | - Sherif M. Elnagdy
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (A.L.); or (S.M.E.)
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Starkie ML, Fowler EV, Zhu X, Agarwal A, Rako L, Schneider IC, Schutze MK, Royer JE, Gopurenko D, Gillespie P, Blacket MJ. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays for detection of the New Guinea fruit fly Bactrocera trivialis (Drew) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Sci Rep 2022; 12:12602. [PMID: 35871253 PMCID: PMC9308764 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16901-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The cue-lure-responding New Guinea fruit fly, Bactroceratrivialis, poses a biosecurity risk to neighbouring countries, e.g., Australia. In trapping programs, lure caught flies are usually morphologically discriminated from non-target species; however, DNA barcoding can be used to confirm similar species where morphology is inconclusive, e.g., Bactrocerabreviaculeus and B.rufofuscula. This can take days—and a laboratory—to resolve. A quicker, simpler, molecular diagnostic assay would facilitate a more rapid detection and potential incursion response. We developed LAMP assays targeting cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 3 Subunit L (EIF3L); both assays detected B.trivialis within 25 min. The BtrivCOI and BtrivEIF3L assay anneal derivatives were 82.7 ± 0.8 °C and 83.3 ± 1.3 °C, respectively, detecting down to 1 × 101 copies/µL and 1 × 103 copies/µL, respectively. Each assay amplified some non-targets from our test panel; however notably, BtrivCOI eliminated all morphologically similar non-targets, and combined, the assays eliminated all non-targets. Double-stranded DNA gBlocks were developed as positive controls; anneal derivatives for the COI and EIF3L gBlocks were 84.1 ± 0.7 °C and 85.8 ± 0.2 °C, respectively. We recommend the BtrivCOI assay for confirmation of suspect cue-lure-trapped B.trivialis, with BtrivEIF3L used for secondary confirmation when required.
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A LAMP Assay for the Detection of Thecodiplosis japonensis, an Alien Gall Midge Species Pest of Pine Trees. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13060540. [PMID: 35735877 PMCID: PMC9225623 DOI: 10.3390/insects13060540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Thecodiplosis japonensis is considered the most harmful pest to pines in South Korea. T. japonensis is a native species of Japan. Recently, T. japonensis was discovered in China and has caused serious damage to local pine trees. Due to the small size and little morphological difference with its related species, it is difficult to accurately identify T. japonensis by morphological methods. Accurate and efficient molecular identification methods are urgently needed to detect this invasive gall midge pest, yet there was no molecular identification method for T. japonensis. In this study, we developed a LAMP assay to detect T. japonensis based on the COI gene sequence. The LAMP assay could detect as little as 300 fg of gDNA. Using colorimetric amplification and a crude gDNA extraction method, the total procedure could be processed in 75 min. The method established in the study can be easily used in both laboratory and field conditions, enabling rapid molecular identification of T. japonensis. Abstract Pine needle gall midge (T. japonensis), native to Japan, has become a serious invasive pest in South Korea and, more recently in 2006, in China. It was first discovered in Qingdao, Shandong Province, and has caused serious damage to local Pinus thunbergii. The insect’s small size makes morphological-based identification difficult; therefore, molecular detection techniques are urgently needed for monitoring and preventing its further spread. At present, there is no simple and accurate field molecular identification tool. To solve this problem, a LAMP-based molecular diagnosis technology of T. japonensis was developed. Four LAMP primers were designed to specifically amplify T. japonensis DNA. Positive LAMP reactions usually produce amplification in one hour. The optimal incubation conditions for LAMP detection were determined with 4 LAMP primers for 60 min at 61 °C. The LAMP detection range of gDNA concentrations is wide, with a minimum detectable gDNA concentration of 300 fg. A non-destructive DNA-releasing procedure, HotSHOT “HS6”, which could extract “crude DNA” for LAMP assay in 10 min, was used for larval and adult samples. Therefore, we established a LAMP-based rapid molecular identification method that can be applied in the monitoring and management of T. japonensis.
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Starkie ML, Cameron SL, Krosch MN, Phillips MJ, Royer JE, Schutze MK, Strutt F, Sweet AD, Zalucki MP, Clarke AR. A comprehensive phylogeny helps clarify the evolutionary history of host breadth and lure response in the Australian Dacini fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2022; 172:107481. [PMID: 35452838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The tribe Dacini (Diptera: Tephritidae) contains over 930 recognised species and has been widely studied due to the economic importance of some taxa, such as the Oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis. Despite the attention this group has received, very few phylogenetic reconstructions have comprehensively sampled taxa from a single biogeographic region, thereby limiting our capacity to address more targeted evolutionary questions. To study the evolution of diet breadth and male lure response, two key traits fundamental to understanding dacine diversity and the biology of pest taxa, we analysed 273 individuals representing 144 described species from Australia (80% continental coverage), the Pacific, and select close relatives from South-east Asia to estimate a dated molecular phylogenetic reconstruction of the Dacini. We utilised seven loci with a combined total of 4,332 nucleotides, to estimate both Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood phylogenies of the tribe. Consistent with other molecular phylogenies of the tribe, there was a high level of disagreement between the placement of species in the phylogeny and their current subgeneric and species-complex level taxonomies. The Australian fauna exhibit high levels of endemism, with radiations of both exclusively Australian clades, and clades that originate elsewhere (e.g. the Bactrocera dorsalis species group). Bidirectional movement of species has occurred between Papua New Guinea and Australia, with evidence for multiple incursions over evolutionary time. The Bactrocera aglaiae species group emerged sister to all other Bactrocera species examined. Divergence time estimates were ∼ 30 my younger than previously reported for this group, with the tribe diverging from its most recent common ancestor ∼ 43 mya. Ancestral trait reconstruction and tests for trait phylogenetic signal revealed a strong signal for the evolution of male lure response across the tree, with cue-lure/raspberry ketone lure response the ancestral trait. Methyl eugenol response has arisen on multiple, independent occasions. The evolution of host breadth exhibited a weaker signal; yet, basal groups were more likely to be host specialists. Both the evolution of lure response and host fruit use provide predictive information for the outbreak management of understudied pest fruit flies for which direct inference of these features may be lacking. Our results, which parallel those of earlier research into the closely-related African Dacus spp., demonstrate how geographically focussed taxon coverage allows Dacini phylogenetics to more explicitly test evolutionary hypotheses, thereby progressing our understanding of the evolution of this highly diverse and recently-radiated group of flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Starkie
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - S L Cameron
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - M N Krosch
- Forensic Services Group, Queensland Police Service, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - M J Phillips
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - J E Royer
- Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - M K Schutze
- Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - F Strutt
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - A D Sweet
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, USA
| | - M P Zalucki
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - A R Clarke
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Weigand AM, Desquiotz N, Weigand H, Szucsich N. Application of propylene glycol in DNA-based studies of invertebrates. METABARCODING AND METAGENOMICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/mbmg.5.57278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing (HTS) studies on invertebrates commonly use ethanol as the main sample fixative (upon collection) and preservative (for storage and curation). However, alternative agents exists, which should not be automatically neglected when studies are newly designed. This review provides an overview of the application of propylene glycol (PG) in DNA-based studies of invertebrates, thus to stimulate an evidence-based discussion.
The use of PG in DNA-based studies of invertebrates is still limited (n = 79), but a steady increase has been visible since 2011. Most studies used PG as a fixative for passive trapping (73%) and performed Sanger sequencing (66%; e.g. DNA barcoding). More recently, HTS setups joined the field (11%). Terrestrial Coleoptera (30%) and Diptera (20%) were the most studied groups. Very often, information on the grade of PG used (75%) or storage conditions (duration, temperature) were lacking. This rendered direct comparisons of study results difficult, and highlight the need for further systematic studies on these subjects.
When compared to absolute ethanol, PG can be more widely and cheaply acquired (e.g. as an antifreeze, 13% of studies). It also enables longer trapping intervals, being especially relevant at remote or hard-to-reach places. Shipping of PG-conserved samples is regarded as risk-free and is authorised, pinpointing its potential for larger trapping programs or citizen science projects. Its property to retain flexibility of morphological characters as well as to lead to a reduced shrinkage effect was especially appraised by integrative study designs. Finally, the so far limited application of PG in the context of HTS showed promising results for short read amplicon sequencing and reduced representation methods. Knowledge of the influence of PG fixation and storage for long(er) read HTS setups is currently unavailable.
Given our review results and taking difficulties of direct methodological comparisons into account, future DNA-based studies of invertebrates should on a case-by-case basis critically scrutinise if the application of PG in their anticipated study design can be of benefit.
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