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Zhang R, Hu G, Wang Y, Li L, Guo Y, Wang Y, Tao L. Development of Phormia regina at seven constant temperatures for minimum postmortem interval estimation. Int J Legal Med 2024; 138:1055-1065. [PMID: 37952074 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-023-03120-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Phormia regina (Meigen, 1826) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) can colonize carcasses quickly, and its immature stages are reliable entomological evidence for the estimation of the minimum postmortem interval (PMImin). There are discrepancies in the developmental data from previous studies on P. regina, and the related PMImin indicators need to be refined. We investigated the accuracy of forensic entomological evidence using development durations, growth accumulated degree hours, and larval body length variations of P. regina at seven constant temperatures ranging from 16 to 34 °C. We also established development models such as the isomorphen diagram, thermal summation model, isomegalen diagram, and body length simulation equation to assist with PMImin estimation. The developmental duration of P. regina from egg to adult at 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31, and 34 °C was 840.8 ± 42.8 h, 580.1 ± 10.1 h, 390.4 ± 8.7 h, 316.8 ± 9.4 h, 291.4 ± 21.2 h, 238.4 ± 2.8 h, and 222.5 ± 5.2 h, respectively. The lower threshold temperature TL was 9.97 ± 0.50 °C, while the thermal constant K was 5052.7 ± 229 degree days. The lower developmental thresholds, intrinsic optimum temperature, and upper lethal developmental threshold obtained by the Optim SSI models were 13.15, 21.20, and 36.86 °C, respectively. This study aims to provide developmental models for P. regina aimed at common case-site temperatures in the northern provinces of China, which can be used for accurate PMImin estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Gengwang Hu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Yinghui Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Liangliang Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, 215000, China.
| | - Luyang Tao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, 215000, China
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Charabidze D, Aubernon C. Aggregation in an heterospecific population of blowfly larvae: social behaviour is impacted by species-specific thermal requirements and settlement order. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220098. [PMID: 37066644 PMCID: PMC10107231 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Larvae of several blowfly species grow on carcasses and actively aggregate together. They face harsh developmental conditions resulting in a strong pressure to reduce development time: this is achieved either through thermoregulation or aggregation. We investigate how these two developmental strategies are modulated within heterospecific groups. In a first experiment, larvae of two species with different thermal requirements were deposited simultaneously on a thermal gradient. This resulted in the formation of two monospecific groups, each located at the species-specific thermal preferendum. However, when Calliphora vomitoria (Linnaeus) larvae were placed first, the later arriving Lucilia sericata (Meigen) larvae attracted the whole group to its own thermal preferendum. In the reverse experiment, half of the replicates resulted in single dense heterospecific groups observed at temperatures ranging from C. vomitoria to L. sericata preferendum. The other half of the replicates resulted in loose groups spread out on the thermal gradient. These results highlight the emergence of collective decisions ranging from thermal optimization to heterospecific aggregation at suboptimal temperatures. They demonstrate that species settlement order strongly affects self-organization processes and mixed-species group formation. We conclude that thermal optimization and heterospecific niche construction are two developmental strategies of carrion fly larvae. This article is part of the theme issue 'Mixed-species groups and aggregations: shaping ecological and behavioural patterns and processes'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Charabidze
- Centre d'Histoire Judiciaire, UMR 8025, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
- University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
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3
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Li C, Addeo NF, Rusch TW, Tarone AM, Tomberlin JK. Black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larval heat generation and management. INSECT SCIENCE 2023. [PMID: 37189246 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Mass production of black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), larvae results in massive heat generation, which impacts facility management, waste conversion, and larval production. We tested daily substrate temperatures with different population densities (i.e., 0, 500, 1000, 5000, and 10 000 larvae/pan), different population sizes (i.e., 166, 1000, and 10 000 larvae at a fixed feed ratio) and air temperatures (i.e., 20 and 30 °C) on various production parameters. Impacts of shifting larvae from 30 to 20 °C on either day 9 or 11 were also determined. Larval activity increased substrate temperatures significantly (i.e., at least 10 °C above air temperatures). Low air temperature favored growth with the higher population sizes while high temperature favored growth with low population sizes. The greatest average individual larval weights (e.g., 0.126 and 0.124 g) and feed conversion ratios (e.g., 1.92 and 2.08 g/g) were recorded for either 10 000 larvae reared at 20 °C or 100 larvae reared at 30 °C. Shifting temperatures from high (30 °C) to low (20 °C) in between (∼10-d-old larvae) impacted larval production weights (16% increases) and feed conversion ratios (increased 14%). Facilities should consider the impact of larval density, population size, and air temperature during black soldier fly mass production as these factors impact overall larval production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chujun Li
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Unique Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nicola F Addeo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Travis W Rusch
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Aaron M Tarone
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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Fouche Q, Charabidze D, Lucas C. Synomones in necrophagous larvae of the blow flies Lucilia sericata and Calliphora vomitoria. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 37:170-175. [PMID: 36196866 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chemical signals are widespread in insects, but those resulting in interspecific communication (i.e., synomones) remain understudied. Here, we analysed chemicals left on substrates by two species of blow fly larvae, Lucilia sericata (Meigen) and Calliphora vomitoria (Linneaus) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), which can aggregate together on carrion. Using solid-phase microextraction and dynamic headspace analysis, we identified six compounds common to both species: the decanoic, tetradecanoic, pentadecanoic, hexadecanoic and octadecanoic acids, and the 2-ethylhexyl salicylate. We then tested the behavioural effects of the decanoic and pentadecanoic acids using binary-choice experiments, along with the (Z)-9-tricosene, a pheromone found in many arthropods. The time spent by a larva and its average crawling speed were measured in two sides of an arena, where only one contained a compound at 0.25 or 25 μg/μl. No effect was observed when testing the decanoic acid. The pentadecanoic acid only reduced the speed of C. vomitoria larvae at 25 μg/μl. Finally, L. sericata larvae spent less time in the side containing the (Z)-9-tricosene at 0.25 μg/μl, whereas C. vomitoria spent more time and crawled faster in this side at 25 μg/μl. Although these results did not directly evidence synomones, they suggest that the (Z)-9-tricosene could regulate larval aggregations on carrion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Fouche
- CHU Lille, EA 7367 - UTML - Unité de Taphonomie Médico-Légale, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Damien Charabidze
- UMR 8025, Centre d'Histoire Judiciaire, University of Lille, Lille, France
- Unit of Social Ecology (USE), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Christophe Lucas
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (UMR 7261), CNRS - University of Tours, Tours, France
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Ivorra T, Martínez-Sánchez A, Rojo S. Coexistence and intraguild competition of Chrysomya albiceps and Lucilia sericata larvae: case reports and experimental studies applied to forensic entomology. Acta Trop 2022; 226:106233. [PMID: 34808117 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The larval development of Chrysomya albiceps and Lucilia sericata is a well-known and valuable tool for estimating the postmortem interval (PMI). The third instar larvae of Ch. albiceps are facultative predators of the larvae of other necrophagous dipterans, and this behaviour is undoubtedly an important factor to consider. Both species are found together during human autopsies in Spain and other parts of Europe, where they cohabit, so a precise knowledge of their larval coexistence data is essential. The aim of this study is to investigate their coexistence and the intraguild predation of Ch. albiceps on L. sericata under experimental conditions and in real case reports. To analyse intra- and interspecific competition, four densities were used under controlled abiotic conditions [25ºC, 60-70% RH and 12:12 (D:N)]. The experimental data were compared with data corresponding to their coexistence in natural conditions, so annual activity and forensic case reports for both species were studied. The results indicate that the mortality of immature specimens in both species, the preimaginal developmental time, and adult size were affected by competition. In natural conditions, adult coexistence during the spring-summer period was confirmed. The simultaneity of the two species colonising human corpses is frequent in the studied area, with Ch. albiceps being the dominant species, and L. sericata the relevant species for estimating the minimum postmortem interval.
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Matuszewski S, MĄdra-Bielewicz A. Competition of insect decomposers over large vertebrate carrion: Necrodes beetles (Silphidae) vs. blow flies (Calliphoridae). Curr Zool 2021; 68:645-656. [PMID: 36743221 PMCID: PMC9892793 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoab100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Large carrion is inhabited by highly variable and interactive communities of insects. Positive interactions in carrion insect communities have been recently the focus in carrion ecology. In contrast, competition between carrion insects is rather undervalued. Here we provide evidence that blow flies (Calliphoridae) and Necrodes beetles (Silphidae), dominant decomposers of large carcasses in terrestrial habitats, compete over carrion. By reanalyzing the results from 90 pig carcasses, we demonstrated that the contribution of the flies and the beetles to the decay was negatively related. The greater part of the large carrion pool was monopolized by blow flies, whereas Necrodes beetles abundantly colonized carcasses, on which blow flies were less effective as decomposers. In behavioral assays, we found that adult beetles killed 4 times more frequently feeding than postfeeding third instar larvae of the flies, with the large decrease in the killing frequency after the larvae reached the age of early third instar. Therefore, adult Necrodes beetles preferentially killed the larvae that were before or in their peak feeding. The study provides evidence that the interaction between blow flies and Necrodes beetles is a combination of indirect exploitative effects of the flies and direct interference effects of the beetles (the mixed competition).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna MĄdra-Bielewicz
- Laboratory of Criminalistics, Adam Mickiewicz University,
Poznań 61-809, Poland,Wielkopolska Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz
University, Poznań 61-614, Poland
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Komo L, Charabidze D. Balance between larval and pupal development time in carrion blowflies. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 133:104292. [PMID: 34371061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have highlighted the impact of environmental factors such as food type or larval density on the development of blowfly larvae. We investigated how changes in development speed (due to larval density and group composition) are divided among feeding and post-feeding stages. Even if these parameters impinge only on feeding larvae, they may ultimately also affect their subsequent development, and especially metamorphosis duration. Therefore, this study analysed the effect of larval density and group composition on the rhythm of necrophagous blowfly development. Based on laboratory studies, we highlighted that Calliphora vicina individuals with a fast development during their feeding phase developed slower in the later post-feeding phase (i.e., they had a compensatory effect). Lucilia sericata, a calliphorid species also frequently found on carrion at the same time as C. vicina, showed a different developmental strategy by not making its post-larval development speed dependent on the larval development speed. Finally, while a compensatory effect may exist, variations in the development rate more often accumulate through life-stages and resulted in a larger variability for later development instars. In this respect, the inclusion of detailed development duration covering all life stages, including post-feeding, is recommended in future studies, especially those dedicated to forensic entomology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Komo
- CHU Lille, EA 7367 - UTML - Unite de Taphonomie Medico-Legale, University of Lille, Rue André Verhaeghe, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - Damien Charabidze
- UMR 8025, Centre d'Histoire Judiciaire, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; Unit of Social Ecology (USE), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
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Calvo Martín M, Eeckhout M, Deneubourg JL, Nicolis SC. Consensus driven by a minority in heterogenous groups of the cockroach Periplaneta american a. iScience 2021; 24:102723. [PMID: 34258556 PMCID: PMC8254023 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Many social species are able to perform collective decisions and reach consensus. However, how the interplay between social interactions, the diversity of preferences among the group members and the group size affects these dynamics is usually overlooked. The collective choice between odourous and odorless shelters is tested for the following three groups of social cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) which are solitary foragers: naive (individuals preferring the odorous shelter), conditioned (individuals without preference), and mixed (combining, unevenly, conditioned, and naive individuals). The robustness of the consensus is not affected by the naive individuals' proportion, but the rate and the frequency of selection of the odorous shelter are correlated to this proportion. In mixed groups, the naive individuals act as influencers. Simulations based on the mechanisms highlighted in our experiments predict that the consensus emerges only for intermediate group sizes. The universality of these mechanisms suggests that such phenomena are widely present in social systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Calvo Martín
- Center for Nonlinear Phenomena and Complex Systems (Cenoli), Université libre de Bruxelles, Campus Plaine, Boulevard du Triomphe 155, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Department de Biologie des Organismes, Université libre de Bruxelles, Campus Solbosch, Avenue Franklin Roosevelt 50, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Max Eeckhout
- Center for Nonlinear Phenomena and Complex Systems (Cenoli), Université libre de Bruxelles, Campus Plaine, Boulevard du Triomphe 155, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Department de Biologie des Organismes, Université libre de Bruxelles, Campus Solbosch, Avenue Franklin Roosevelt 50, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Louis Deneubourg
- Center for Nonlinear Phenomena and Complex Systems (Cenoli), Université libre de Bruxelles, Campus Plaine, Boulevard du Triomphe 155, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stamatios C Nicolis
- Center for Nonlinear Phenomena and Complex Systems (Cenoli), Université libre de Bruxelles, Campus Plaine, Boulevard du Triomphe 155, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Charabidze D, Trumbo S, Grzywacz A, Costa JT, Benbow ME, Barton PS, Matuszewski S. Convergence of Social Strategies in Carrion Breeding Insects. Bioscience 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biab068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Carrion is a highly ephemeral and nutrient rich resource, characterized by extreme biotic and abiotic stressors. We hypothesized that specific constraints of the carrion ecosystem, and especially its nutrient richness, ephemerality, and competition with microbes, have promoted the evolution of social behaviors in necrophagous insects. We show that group living is prevalent among early succession carrion breeding insects, suggesting that this trait has emerged as an adaptation to facilitate survival in the highly competitive environment of fresh carrion. We then highlight how developmental niche construction allows larvae to compete with microbes, efficiently feed on fresh cadavers, and rapidly reach maturity. We observed that larval societies and parental care are two different strategies responding to similar competitive and environmental constraints. We conclude that intra and interspecific competition on carrion are mitigated by social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Charabidze
- Centre d'Histoire Judiciaire, Université de Lille, Lille, France, with the Unit of Social Ecology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Stephen Trumbo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Waterbury, in Waterbury, Connecticut, United States
| | - Andrzej Grzywacz
- Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - James T Costa
- Highlands Biological Station, Highlands, North Carolina, United States, and with the Department of Biology, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, North Carolina, United States
| | - Mark E Benbow
- Department of Osteopathic Medical Specialties, with the Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior Program, with AgBioResearch, and with the Department of Entomology at Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
| | - Philip S Barton
- Future Regions Research Centre, and School of Science, Psychology, and Sport, Federation University, Mount Helen, Victoria, Australia
| | - Szymon Matuszewski
- Laboratory of Criminalistics and with the Centre for Advanced Technologies at Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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Hans KR, Vanlaerhoven SL. Impact of Comingled Heterospecific Assemblages on Developmentally Based Estimates of the Post-Mortem Interval-A Study with Lucilia sericata (Meigen), Phormia regina (Meigen) and Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Calliphoridae). INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12040280. [PMID: 33805865 PMCID: PMC8064309 DOI: 10.3390/insects12040280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary In forensic entomology, blow flies are often the first insects to arrive to decomposing remains. The development rates of blow flies are used to estimate the minimum amount of time between death and discovery of the remains, or post-mortem interval (PMI). When there are multiple species of flies interacting on the same remains, there could be changes in the development of the flies. We tested the development of three different species of blow flies in different combinations at different temperatures and measured the development and the rate of growth. One species (Lucilia sericata) grew larger when it developed with the species Phormia regina at certain temperatures. The larvae of Calliphora vicina gained weight slower when interacting with P. regina and P. regina grew faster when interacting with these two other species. Due to these differences in the development rates of the flies, depending on the species they are interacting with, more research is needed to further examine other species combinations and temperatures. Abstract Estimates of the minimum post-mortem interval (mPMI) using the development rate of blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) are common in modern forensic entomology casework. These estimates are based on single species developing in the absence of heterospecific interactions. Yet, in real-world situations, it is not uncommon to have 2 or more blow fly species developing on a body. Species interactions have the potential to change the acceptance of resources as suitable for oviposition, the timing of oviposition, growth rate, size and development time of immature stages, as well as impacting the survival of immature stages to reach adult. This study measured larval development and growth rate of the blow flies Lucilia sericata (Meigen, 1826), Phormia regina (Meigen, 1826) and Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Calliphoridae) over five constant temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30, 35 °C), in the presence of conspecifics or two-species heterospecific assemblages. Temperature and species treatment interacted such that L. sericata larvae gained mass more rapidly when in the presence of P. regina at 20 and 30 °C, however only developed faster at first instar. At later stages, the presence of P. regina slowed development of L. sericata immatures. Development time of C. vicina immatures was not affected by the presence of P. regina, however larvae gained mass more slowly. Development time of P. regina immatures was faster in the presence of either L. sericata or C. vicina until third instar, at which point, the presence of L. sericata was neutral whereas C. vicina negatively impacted development time. Phormia regina larvae gained mass more rapidly in the presence of L. sericata at 20 °C but were negatively impacted at 25 °C by the presence of either L. sericata or C. vicina. The results of this study indicate that metrics such as development time or larval mass used for estimating mPMI with blow flies are impacted by the presence of comingled heterospecific blow fly assemblages. As the effects of heterospecific assemblages are not uniformly positive or negative between stages, temperatures or species combinations, more research into these effects is vital. Until then, caution should be used when estimating mPMI in cases with multiple blow fly species interacting on a body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal R. Hans
- Department of Biology, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada;
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, 901 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-765-494-1079
| | - Sherah L. Vanlaerhoven
- Department of Biology, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada;
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