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Kulshreshtha S. Mushroom as Prebiotics: a Sustainable Approach for Healthcare. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024; 16:699-712. [PMID: 37776487 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-023-10164-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Mushrooms are considered as sustainable foods as they require less effort and can be cultivated on different agro-industrial wastes. Besides, these possess many nutraceuticals for providing health benefits along with supplementing nutrition. The mushrooms are also used as prebiotics for their ability to support beneficial microbes in the gut and inhibit the growth of pathogens. Furthermore, these remain undigested in the upper gut and reach the intestine to replenish the gut microbiota. The mushrooms boost health by inhibiting the binding of pathogenic bacteria, by promoting the growth of specific gut microbiota, producing short chain fatty acids, and regulating lipid metabolism and cancer. Research has been initiated in the commercial formulation of various products such as yogurt and symbiotic capsules. This paper sheds light on health-promoting effect, disease controlling, and regulating effect of mushroom prebiotics. This paper also presented a glimpse of commercialization of mushroom prebiotics. In the future, proper standardization of mushroom-based prebiotic formulations will be available to boost human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Kulshreshtha
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India.
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2
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Hegde M, Girisa S, Naliyadhara N, Kumar A, Alqahtani MS, Abbas M, Mohan CD, Warrier S, Hui KM, Rangappa KS, Sethi G, Kunnumakkara AB. Natural compounds targeting nuclear receptors for effective cancer therapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:765-822. [PMID: 36482154 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-022-10068-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human nuclear receptors (NRs) are a family of forty-eight transcription factors that modulate gene expression both spatially and temporally. Numerous biochemical, physiological, and pathological processes including cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, immune modulation, development, reproduction, and aging are extensively orchestrated by different NRs. The involvement of dysregulated NRs and NR-mediated signaling pathways in driving cancer cell hallmarks has been thoroughly investigated. Targeting NRs has been one of the major focuses of drug development strategies for cancer interventions. Interestingly, rapid progress in molecular biology and drug screening reveals that the naturally occurring compounds are promising modern oncology drugs which are free of potentially inevitable repercussions that are associated with synthetic compounds. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to draw our attention to the potential therapeutic effects of various classes of natural compounds that target NRs such as phytochemicals, dietary components, venom constituents, royal jelly-derived compounds, and microbial derivatives in the establishment of novel and safe medications for cancer treatment. This review also emphasizes molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that are leveraged to promote the anti-cancer effects of these natural compounds. We have also critically reviewed and assessed the advantages and limitations of current preclinical and clinical studies on this subject for cancer prophylaxis. This might subsequently pave the way for new paradigms in the discovery of drugs that target specific cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangala Hegde
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Sosmitha Girisa
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Nikunj Naliyadhara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Aviral Kumar
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Mohammed S Alqahtani
- Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
- BioImaging Unit, Space Research Centre, University of Leicester, Michael Atiyah Building, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Mohamed Abbas
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
- Electronics and Communications Department, College of Engineering, Delta University for Science and Technology, 35712, Gamasa, Egypt
| | | | - Sudha Warrier
- Division of Cancer Stem Cells and Cardiovascular Regeneration, School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore, 560065, India
- Cuor Stem Cellutions Pvt Ltd, Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Kam Man Hui
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | | | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore.
| | - Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
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3
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Gravina AG, Pellegrino R, Auletta S, Palladino G, Brandimarte G, D’Onofrio R, Arboretto G, Imperio G, Ventura A, Cipullo M, Romano M, Federico A. Hericium erinaceus, a medicinal fungus with a centuries-old history: Evidence in gastrointestinal diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:3048-3065. [PMID: 37346156 PMCID: PMC10280799 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i20.3048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hericium erinaceus is an edible and medicinal mushroom commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries. Several studies have highlighted its therapeutic potential for gastrointestinal disorders such as gastritis and inflammatory bowel diseases. In addition, some components of this mushroom appear to possess strong antineoplastic capabilities against gastric and colorectal cancer. This review aims to analyse all available evidence on the digestive therapeutic potential of this fungus as well as the possible underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raffaele Pellegrino
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Salvatore Auletta
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Giovanna Palladino
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Giovanni Brandimarte
- Division of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Cristo Re Hospital, Rome 00167, Italy
| | - Rossella D’Onofrio
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Giusi Arboretto
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Imperio
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Andrea Ventura
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Marina Cipullo
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Marco Romano
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Alessandro Federico
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples 80138, Italy
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Brandalise F, Roda E, Ratto D, Goppa L, Gargano ML, Cirlincione F, Priori EC, Venuti MT, Pastorelli E, Savino E, Rossi P. Hericium erinaceus in Neurodegenerative Diseases: From Bench to Bedside and Beyond, How Far from the Shoreline? J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050551. [PMID: 37233262 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing number of studies is focusing on the pharmacology and feasibility of bioactive compounds as a novel valuable approach to target a variety of human diseases related to neurological degeneration. Among the group of the so-called medicinal mushrooms (MMs), Hericium erinaceus has become one of the most promising candidates. In fact, some of the bioactive compounds extracted from H. erinaceus have been shown to recover, or at least ameliorate, a wide range of pathological brain conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, depression, Parkinson's disease, and spinal cord injury. In a large body of in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies on the central nervous system (CNS), the effects of erinacines have been correlated with a significant increase in the production of neurotrophic factors. Despite the promising outcome of preclinical investigations, only a limited number of clinical trials have been carried out so far in different neurological conditions. In this survey, we summarized the current state of knowledge on H. erinaceus dietary supplementation and its therapeutic potential in clinical settings. The bulk collected evidence underlies the urgent need to carry out further/wider clinical trials to prove the safety and efficacy of H. erinaceus supplementation, offering significant neuroprotective applications in brain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisa Roda
- Laboratory of Clinical & Experimental Toxicology, Pavia Poison Centre, National Toxicology Information Centre, Toxicology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniela Ratto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Goppa
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Gargano
- Department of Soil, Plant, and Food Sciences, Via G. Amendola, 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Fortunato Cirlincione
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Bldg. 5, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Erica Cecilia Priori
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Venuti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Emanuela Pastorelli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Elena Savino
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Paola Rossi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Kan Y, Liu Y, Huang Y, Zhao L, Jiang C, Zhu Y, Pang Z, Hu J, Pang W, Lin W. The regulatory effects of Pseudostellaria heterophylla polysaccharide on immune function and gut flora in immunosuppressed mice. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:3828-3841. [PMID: 36348804 PMCID: PMC9632217 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharide (PF40) has been recognized as a main bioactive substances in Pseudostellaria heterophylla (Miq.). The current study explored the potential protective effects of PF40 on immune system in mice with cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression. The mice were intragastric administered PF40 at the dosage of 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg once daily for 30 days, On the 24th and 25th day, the additional intraperitoneal injection of PF40 (50 mg/kg) were administered. The results showed that PF40 enhanced the cell-mediated immunity via improvements in macrophage phagocytosis, splenocyte proliferation, NK cell activity and delayed type hypersensitivity. Equally, it improves humoral immunity through promoting the formation of serum hemolysin. Moreover, PF40 maintain the immune balance of splenic lymphocytes and altered the intestinal physiological status in Cyp-induced mice. PF40 regulates the intestinal microbiota by restoring the relative abundance of Odoribacter and Mucispirillum and reducing the relative abundance of Sporosarcina, Yaniella, and Jeotgalicoccus in Cyp-intervened mice. The findings suggested that PF40 might be a promising natural functional foods for reducing chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Kan
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Fujian Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesFuzhouChina
| | - Yingying Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese MedicineFuzhouChina
| | - Yating Huang
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese MedicineFuzhouChina
| | - Li Zhao
- Fujian Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesFuzhouChina
| | - Chang Jiang
- Fujian Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesFuzhouChina
| | - Yanjin Zhu
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese MedicineFuzhouChina
| | - Ziqin Pang
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Juan Hu
- Fujian Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesFuzhouChina
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese MedicineFuzhouChina
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese MedicineFuzhouChina
| | - Wensheng Pang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese MedicineFuzhouChina
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese MedicineFuzhouChina
| | - Wenxiong Lin
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
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Cho HW, Choi S, Seo K, Kim KH, Jeon JH, Kim CH, Lim S, Jeong S, Chun JL. Gut microbiota profiling in aged dogs after feeding pet food contained Hericium erinaceus. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:937-949. [PMID: 36287790 PMCID: PMC9574611 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Health concern of dogs is the most important issue for pet owners. People who have companied the dogs long-term provide the utmost cares for their well-being and healthy life. Recently, it was revealed that the population and types of gut microbiota affect the metabolism and immunity of the host. However, there is little information on the gut microbiome of dogs. Hericium erinaceus (H. erinaceus; HE) is one of the well-known medicinal mushrooms and has multiple bioactive components including polyphenol, β-glucan, polysaccharides, ergothioneine, hericerin, erinacines, etc. Here we tested a pet food that contained H. erinaceus for improvement in the gut microbiota environment of aged dogs. A total of 18 dogs, each 11 years old, were utilized. For sixteen weeks, the dogs were fed with 0.4 g of H. erinaceus (HE-L), or 0.8 g (HE-H), or without H. erinaceus (CON) per body weight (kg) with daily diets (n = 6 per group). Taxonomic analysis was performed using metagenomics to investigate the difference in the gut microbiome. Resulting from principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) to confirm the distance difference between the groups, there was a significant difference between HE-H and CON due to weighted Unique fraction metric (Unifrac) distance (p = 0.047), but HE-L did not have a statistical difference compared to that of CON. Additionally, the result of Linear discriminate analysis of effect size (LEfSe) showed that phylum Bacteroidetes in HE-H and its order Bacteroidales increased, compared to that of CON, Additionally, phylum Firmicutes in HE-H, and its genera (Streptococcus, Tyzzerella) were reduced. Furthermore, at the family level, Campylobacteraceae and its genus Campylobacter in HE-H was decreased compared to that of CON. Summarily, our data demonstrated that the intake of H. erinaceus can regulate the gut microbial community in aged dogs, and an adequate supply of HE on pet diets would possibly improve immunity and anti-obesity on gut-microbiota in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Woo Cho
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development
Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Soyoung Choi
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development
Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Kangmin Seo
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development
Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development
Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Jeon
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development
Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Chan Ho Kim
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development
Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Sejin Lim
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development
Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Sohee Jeong
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development
Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Ju Lan Chun
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development
Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
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Lu L, Dong J, Liu Y, Qian Y, Zhang G, Zhou W, Zhao A, Ji G, Xu H. New insights into natural products that target the gut microbiota: Effects on the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:964793. [PMID: 36046819 PMCID: PMC9420899 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.964793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignant carcinomas. CRC is characterized by asymptomatic onset, and most patients are already in the middle and advanced stages of disease when they are diagnosed. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the inflammatory-cancer transformation of advanced colorectal adenoma are the main causes of CRC. There is an urgent need for effective prevention and intervention strategies for CRC. In recent years, rapid research progress has increased our understanding of gut microbiota. Meanwhile, with the deepening of research on the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer, gut microbiota has been confirmed to play a direct role in the occurrence and treatment of colorectal cancer. Strategies to regulate the gut microbiota have potential value for application in the prevention and treatment of CRC. Regulation of gut microbiota is one of the important ways for natural products to exert pharmacological effects, especially in the treatment of metabolic diseases and tumours. This review summarizes the role of gut microbiota in colorectal tumorigenesis and the mechanism by which natural products reduce tumorigenesis and improve therapeutic response. We point out that the regulation of gut microbiota by natural products may serve as a potential means of treatment and prevention of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahuan Dong
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujing Liu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufan Qian
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangtao Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjun Zhou
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Aiguang Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanchen Xu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Xie XQ, Geng Y, Guan Q, Ren Y, Guo L, Lv Q, Lu ZM, Shi JS, Xu ZH. Influence of Short-Term Consumption of Hericium erinaceus on Serum Biochemical Markers and the Changes of the Gut Microbiota: A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:1008. [PMID: 33800983 PMCID: PMC8004025 DOI: 10.3390/nu13031008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hericium erinaceus (H. erinaceus) is widely studied as a medicinal and edible fungus. Recent studies have shown that H. erinaceus has protective effects for diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease and cancer, which are related to gut microbiota. To investigate the benefits of H. erinaceus intake on gut microbiota and blood indices in adulthood, we recruited 13 healthy adults to consume H. erinaceus powder as a dietary supplement. Blood changes due to H. erinaceus consumption were determined by routine hematological examination and characterized by serum biochemical markers. Microbiota composition was profiled by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. Results showed that daily H. erinaceus supplementation increased the alpha diversity within the gut microbiota community, upregulated the relative abundance of some short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) producing bacteria (Kineothrix alysoides, Gemmiger formicilis, Fusicatenibacter saccharivorans, Eubacterium rectale, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii), and downregulated some pathobionts (Streptococcus thermophilus, Bacteroides caccae, Romboutsia timonensis). Changes within the gut microbiota were correlated with blood chemical indices including alkaline phosphatase (ALP), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), uric acid (UA), and creatinine (CREA). Thus, we found that the gut microbiota alterations may be part of physiological adaptations to a seven-day H. erinaceus supplementation, potentially influencing beneficial health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qian Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (X.-Q.X.); (Y.R.); (Q.L.); (J.-S.S.)
| | - Yan Geng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (X.-Q.X.); (Y.R.); (Q.L.); (J.-S.S.)
| | - Qijie Guan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.G.); (L.G.); (Z.-M.L.); (Z.-H.X.)
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Products Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yilin Ren
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (X.-Q.X.); (Y.R.); (Q.L.); (J.-S.S.)
| | - Lin Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.G.); (L.G.); (Z.-M.L.); (Z.-H.X.)
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Products Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qiqi Lv
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (X.-Q.X.); (Y.R.); (Q.L.); (J.-S.S.)
| | - Zhen-Ming Lu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.G.); (L.G.); (Z.-M.L.); (Z.-H.X.)
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Products Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jin-Song Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (X.-Q.X.); (Y.R.); (Q.L.); (J.-S.S.)
| | - Zheng-Hong Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.G.); (L.G.); (Z.-M.L.); (Z.-H.X.)
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Products Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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