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Righetti GIC, Faedi F, Famulari A. Embracing Sustainability: The World of Bio-Based Polymers in a Mini Review. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:950. [PMID: 38611207 PMCID: PMC11013738 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The proliferation of polymer science and technology in recent decades has been remarkable, with synthetic polymers derived predominantly from petroleum-based sources dominating the market. However, concerns about their environmental impacts and the finite nature of fossil resources have sparked interest in sustainable alternatives. Bio-based polymers, derived from renewable sources such as plants and microbes, offer promise in addressing these challenges. This review provides an overview of bio-based polymers, discussing their production methods, properties, and potential applications. Specifically, it explores prominent examples including polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), and polyhydroxy polyamides (PHPAs). Despite their current limited market share, the growing awareness of environmental issues and advancements in technology are driving increased demand for bio-based polymers, positioning them as essential components in the transition towards a more sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Isa C. Righetti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Antonino Famulari
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Sason G, Yedidia I, Nussinovitch A, Chalegoua E, Pun M, Jurkevitch E. Self-demise of soft rot bacteria by activation of microbial predators by pectin-based carriers. Microb Biotechnol 2023. [PMID: 37209364 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft rot pectobacteria (SRP) are phytopathogens of the genera Pectobacterium and Dickeya that cause soft rots on a wide range of crops and ornamental plants. SRP produce plant cell wall degrading enzymes (PCWDEs), including pectinases. Bdellovibrio and like organisms are bacterial predators that can prey on a variety of Gram-negative species, including SRP. In this research, a low methoxyl pectin (LMP)-based immobilization system for B. bacteriovorus is established. It takes advantage that pectin residues induce PCWDE secretion by the pathogens, bringing upon the release of the encapsulated predators. Three commercial LMPs differing in the degree of esterification (DE) and amidation (DA) were tested as potential carriers, by examining their effect on SRP growth, enzymes secretion and substrate breakdown. A clear advantage was observed for pectin 5 CS with the lowest DE and DA content. The degradation of 5 CS pectin-based carriers was further optimized by reducing cross-linker and pectin concentration, by adding gelatin and by dehydration. This resulted in SRP-induced disintegration of the carrier within 72 h. The released encapsulated predator caused a large decrease in SRP population while its own significantly increased, demonstrating the efficiency of this system in which the pathogen brings about its own demise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Sason
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Iris Yedidia
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Department of Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, ARO, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeTsiyon, Israel
| | - Amos Nussinovitch
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Errikos Chalegoua
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Department of Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, ARO, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeTsiyon, Israel
| | - Manoj Pun
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Department of Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, ARO, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeTsiyon, Israel
| | - Edouard Jurkevitch
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Novel Production Methods of Polyhydroxyalkanoates and Their Innovative Uses in Biomedicine and Industry. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238351. [PMID: 36500442 PMCID: PMC9740486 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), a biodegradable polymer obtained from microorganisms and plants, have been widely used in biomedical applications and devices, such as sutures, cardiac valves, bone scaffold, and drug delivery of compounds with pharmaceutical interests, as well as in food packaging. This review focuses on the use of polyhydroxyalkanoates beyond the most common uses, aiming to inform about the potential uses of the biopolymer as a biosensor, cosmetics, drug delivery, flame retardancy, and electrospinning, among other interesting uses. The novel applications are based on the production and composition of the polymer, which can be modified by genetic engineering, a semi-synthetic approach, by changing feeding carbon sources and/or supplement addition, among others. The future of PHA is promising, and despite its production costs being higher than petroleum-based plastics, tools given by synthetic biology, bioinformatics, and machine learning, among others, have allowed for great production yields, monomer and polymer functionalization, stability, and versatility, a key feature to increase the uses of this interesting family of polymers.
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Biological control of soft rot in potato by κ-carrageenan carriers encapsulated microbial predators. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 107:81-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12294-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Polyhydroxyalkanoate Decelerates the Release of Paclitaxel from Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081618. [PMID: 36015244 PMCID: PMC9416746 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable nanoparticles (NPs) are preferred as drug carriers because of their effectiveness in encapsulating drugs, ability to control drug release, and low cytotoxicity. Although poly(lactide co-glycolide) (PLGA)-based NPs have been used for controlled release strategies, they have some disadvantages. This study describes an approach using biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) to overcome these challenges. By varying the amount of PHA, NPs were successfully fabricated by a solvent evaporation method. The size range of the NPS ranged from 137.60 to 186.93 nm, and showed zero-order release kinetics of paclitaxel (PTX) for 7 h, and more sustained release profiles compared with NPs composed of PLGA alone. Increasing the amount of PHA improved the PTX loading efficiency of NPs. Overall, these findings suggest that PHA can be used for designing polymeric nanocarriers, which offer a potential strategy for the development of improved drug delivery systems for sustained and controlled release.
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Stoica D, Alexe P, Ivan AS, Stanciu S, Tatu DM, Stoica M. Bioplastics from Biomass. Biopolymers 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-98392-5_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hernández‐Arriaga AM, Campano C, Rivero‐Buceta V, Prieto MA. When microbial biotechnology meets material engineering. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:149-163. [PMID: 34818460 PMCID: PMC8719833 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biopolymers such as bacterial cellulose (BC), alginate or polyhydroxyalkanotes (PHAs) have aroused the interest of researchers in many fields, for instance biomedicine and packaging, due to their being biodegradable, biocompatible and renewable. Their properties can easily be tuned by means of microbial biotechnology strategies combined with materials science. This provides them with highly diverse properties, conferring them non-native features. Herein we highlight the enormous structural diversity of these macromolecules, how are they produced, as well as their wide range of potential applications in our daily lives. The emergence of new technologies, such as synthetic biology, enables the creation of next-generation-advanced materials presenting smart functional properties, for example the ability to sense and respond to stimuli as well as the capacity for self-repair. All this has given rise to the recent emergence of biohybrid materials, in which a synthetic component is brought to life with living organisms. Two different subfields have recently garnered particular attention: hybrid living materials (HLMs), such as encapsulation or bioprinting, and engineered living materials (ELMs), in which the material is created bottom-up with the use of microbial biotechnology tools. Early studies showed the strong potential of alginate and PHAs as HLMs, whilst BC constituted the most currently promising material for the creation of ELMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Hernández‐Arriaga
- Polymer Biotechnology Group, Department of Plant and Microbial BiotechnologyBiological Research Centre Margarita SalasSpanish National Research Council (CIB‐CSIC)MadridSpain
- Interdisciplinary Platform for Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy‐CSIC (SusPlast‐CSIC)MadridSpain
| | - Cristina Campano
- Polymer Biotechnology Group, Department of Plant and Microbial BiotechnologyBiological Research Centre Margarita SalasSpanish National Research Council (CIB‐CSIC)MadridSpain
- Interdisciplinary Platform for Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy‐CSIC (SusPlast‐CSIC)MadridSpain
| | - Virginia Rivero‐Buceta
- Polymer Biotechnology Group, Department of Plant and Microbial BiotechnologyBiological Research Centre Margarita SalasSpanish National Research Council (CIB‐CSIC)MadridSpain
- Interdisciplinary Platform for Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy‐CSIC (SusPlast‐CSIC)MadridSpain
| | - M. Auxiliadora Prieto
- Polymer Biotechnology Group, Department of Plant and Microbial BiotechnologyBiological Research Centre Margarita SalasSpanish National Research Council (CIB‐CSIC)MadridSpain
- Interdisciplinary Platform for Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy‐CSIC (SusPlast‐CSIC)MadridSpain
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Predatory and biocontrol potency of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus toward phytopathogenic strains of Pantoea sp. and Xanthomonas campestris in the presence of exo-biopolymers: in vitro and in vivo assessments. Int Microbiol 2021; 24:399-413. [PMID: 33956240 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-021-00177-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Bdellovibrios are predatory bacteria that invade other live Gram-negative bacterial cells for growth and reproduction. They have recently been considered as potential living antibiotics and biocontrol agents. In this study, the predatory activity and biocontrol potency of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus strain SOIR-1 against Pantoea sp. strain BCCS and Xanthomonas campestris, two exo-biopolymer-producing phytopathogens, was evaluated. Plaque formation assays and lysis analysis in the broth co-cultures were used for the in vitro evaluation of bacteriolytic activity of strain SOIR-1. The in vivo biocontrol potential of strain SOIR-1 was evaluated by pathogenicity tests on the onion bulbs and potato tuber slices. The phytopathogens were also recovered from the infected plant tissues and confirmed using biochemical tests and PCR-based 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Typical bdellovibrios plaques were developed on the lawn cultures of Pantoea sp. BCCS and X. campestris. The killing rate of strain SOIR-1 toward Pantoea sp. BCCS and X. campestris was 84.3% and 76.3%, respectively. Exo-biopolymers attenuated the predation efficiency of strain SOIR-1 up to 10.2-18.2% (Pantoea sp. BCCS) and 12.2-17.3% (X. campestris). The strain SOIR-1 significantly reduced rotting symptoms in the onion bulbs caused by Pantoea sp. BCCS (69.0%) and potato tuber slices caused by X. campestris (73.1%). Although more field assessments are necessary, strain SOIR-1 has the preliminary potential as a biocontrol agent against phytopathogenic Pantoea sp. BCCS and X. campestris, especially in postharvest storage. Due to the particular physicochemical properties of evaluated exo-biopolymers, they can be used in the designing encapsulation systems for delivery of bdellovibrios.
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Carriers based on poly-3-hydroxyalkanoates containing nanomagnetite to trigger hormone release. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 166:448-458. [PMID: 33127545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (P(3HB)) and poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate (P(3HB-co-3HHx)) are biocompatible and bioabsorbable biopolymers produced by different bacteria with potential for drug delivery in thermo-responsive magnetic microcarriers. Microparticles of P(3HB) and P(3HB-co-3HHx), with 5.85% mol of 3HHx, produced by Burkholderia sacchari, containing nanomagnetite (nM) and lipophilic hormone were prepared by simple emulsion (oil/water) technique leading to progesterone (Pg) encapsulation efficiency higher than 70% and magnetite loads of 3.1 and 2.3% (w/w) for P(3HB)/nM/Pg and P(3HB-co-3HHx)/nM/Pg, respectively. These formulations were characterized by Infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Thermal gravimetric analysis and Electron microscopy (TEM, SEM) techniques. The P(3HB)/nM/Pg and P(3HB-co-3HHx)/nM/Pg microparticles presented spherical geometry with wrinkled surfaces and average size between 2 and 40 μm for 90% of the microparticles. The release profiles of the P(3HB)/nM/Pg and P(3HB-co-3HHx)/nM/Pg formulations showed a hormone release trigger (6.9 and 11.1%, respectively) effect induced by oscillating external magnetic field (0.2 T), after 72 h. Progesterone release in non-magnetic tests with P(3HB-co-3HHx)/nM/Pg revealed a slight increment (5.6%) in relation to P(3HB)/nM/Pg. The experimental release of the P(3HB)/nM/Pg and P(3HB-co-3HHx)/nM/Pg samples presented a good agreement with Higuchi model. The 3HHx comonomer content improves the hormone release of the P(3HB-co-3HHx)/nM/Pg formulation with potential for application to synchronize the estrous cycle.
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