Rare manifestation of Neurofibromatosis type 1: A plexiform neurofibroma involving the mediastinum and lungs with endobronchial neurofibromata

Neurogenic tumours of the posterior mediastinum and differential diagnosis considerations

The mediastinal compartment harbours vital organs and structures, including the heart, great vessels, major airways, and thymus. These structures are embedded in and associated with soft-tissue elements consisting of adipose and fibro-collagenous tissue in which soft-tissue tumours may develop. A detailed inventory of soft-tissue tumours that may be encountered in the mediastinum based on the WHO 2013 classification was published in 2015. In addition, several comprehensive reviews on mediastinal soft-tissue pathology are available, including reviews focusing specifically on a single tumour type. This review will focus on primary neurogenic and spindle cell tumours of the somatic soft tissue of the posterior mediastinum and provide a discussion of the pertinent differential diagnoses.

Endobronchial mucosal nodules and actinomycosis in a child with activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase delta syndrome (APDS)

In this report, we describe a case of a 5-year-old girl with poor growth and unresolving pneumonia. Bronchoscopy showed numerous endobronchial mucosal nodules, consisting of dense lymphoid infiltrates. Bacterial culture of the nodule biopsy suggested endobronchial actinomycosis. Genetic test confirmed the diagnosis of APDS.