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Cardoso P, Arnedo MA, Macías-Hernández N, Carvalho WD, Carvalho JC, Hilário R. Optimal inventorying and monitoring of taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307156. [PMID: 39083565 PMCID: PMC11290677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Comparable data is essential to understand biodiversity patterns. While assemblage or community inventorying requires comprehensive sampling, monitoring focuses on as few components as possible to detect changes. Quantifying species, their evolutionary history, and the way they interact requires studying changes in taxonomic (TD), phylogenetic (PD) and functional diversity (FD). Here we propose a method for the optimization of sampling protocols for inventorying and monitoring assemblages or communities across these three diversity dimensions taking sampling costs into account. We used Iberian spiders and Amazonian bats as two case-studies. The optimal combination of methods for inventorying and monitoring required optimizing the accumulation curve of α-diversity and minimizing the difference between sampled and estimated β-diversity (bias), respectively. For Iberian spiders, the optimal combination for TD, PD and FD allowed sampling at least 50% of estimated diversity with 24 person-hours of fieldwork. The optimal combination of six person-hours allowed reaching a bias below 8% for all dimensions. For Amazonian bats, surveying all the 12 sites with mist-nets and 0 or 1 acoustic recorders was the optimal combination for almost all diversity types, resulting in >89% of the diversity and <10% bias with roughly a third of the cost. Only for phylogenetic α-diversity, the best solution was less clear and involved surveying both with mist nets and acoustic recorders. The widespread use of optimized and standardized sampling protocols and regular repetition in time will radically improve global inventory and monitoring of biodiversity. We strongly advocate for the global adoption of sampling protocols for both inventory and monitoring of taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Cardoso
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (Luomus), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miquel A. Arnedo
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology & Environmental Sciences, and Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Macías-Hernández
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (Luomus), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Animal Biology, Edaphology and Geology, University of Laguna, La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - William D. Carvalho
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Ecología, Terrestrial Ecology Group (TEG-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Associação Mata Ciliar, Jundiaí, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Tropical, Universidade Federal do Amapá (UNIFAP), Macapá, Brazil
| | - José C. Carvalho
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Renato Hilário
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Tropical, Universidade Federal do Amapá (UNIFAP), Macapá, Brazil
- Department of Environment and Development, Laboratory of Ecology, Federal University of Macapá, Macapá, Brazil
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2
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Luiselli J, Overcast I, Rominger A, Ruffley M, Morlon H, Rosindell J. Detecting the ecological footprint of selection. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302794. [PMID: 38848435 PMCID: PMC11161045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The structure of communities is influenced by many ecological and evolutionary processes, but the way these manifest in classic biodiversity patterns often remains unclear. Here we aim to distinguish the ecological footprint of selection-through competition or environmental filtering-from that of neutral processes that are invariant to species identity. We build on existing Massive Eco-evolutionary Synthesis Simulations (MESS), which uses information from three biodiversity axes-species abundances, genetic diversity, and trait variation-to distinguish between mechanistic processes. To correctly detect and characterise competition, we add a new and more realistic form of competition that explicitly compares the traits of each pair of individuals. Our results are qualitatively different to those of previous work in which competition is based on the distance of each individual's trait to the community mean. We find that our new form of competition is easier to identify in empirical data compared to the alternatives. This is especially true when trait data are available and used in the inference procedure. Our findings hint that signatures in empirical data previously attributed to neutrality may in fact be the result of pairwise-acting selective forces. We conclude that gathering more different types of data, together with more advanced mechanistic models and inference as done here, could be the key to unravelling the mechanisms of community assembly and question the relative roles of neutral and selective processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Luiselli
- Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure–PSL, Paris, France
- INSA-Lyon, Inria, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ECL, Université Lumière Lyon 2, LIRIS UMR5205, Lyon, France
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Isaac Overcast
- Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), Département de biologie, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States of America
| | - Andrew Rominger
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States of America
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States of America
| | - Megan Ruffley
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Hélène Morlon
- Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), Département de biologie, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - James Rosindell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire, United Kingdom
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3
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Suárez D, Arribas P, Macías-Hernández N, Emerson BC. Dispersal ability and niche breadth influence interspecific variation in spider abundance and occupancy. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230051. [PMID: 37181793 PMCID: PMC10170352 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between species local abundance and their regional distribution (occupancy) is one of the most extensively recognized and investigated patterns in ecology. While exceptions exist, the generally held model is that locally abundant species also tend to be more widespread geographically. However, there is only a limited understanding of both the mechanisms driving this relationship, and their scale dependency. Here we use occupancy and abundance data for 123 species of spider from across the Canary Islands to understand how both dispersal ability and niche breadth might mediate variation among species for local abundance and occupancy. We test the predictions that (i) dispersal ability explains variation among species for both abundance and occupancy, and (ii) species with a higher degree of habitat specialization, reflecting more limited niche breadth, will have both higher occupancy and abundance. We find no evidence within habitat patches for an effect of dispersal ability on either local abundance or site occupancy, while across all patches species with higher dispersal ability tend to occupy more sites. Species largely restricted to laurel forests have higher abundance than species with broader niche breadth, but similar occupancy. The study revealed that dispersal ability and niche breadth were significant predictors of the abundance-occupancy relationship, highlighting the importance of both factors for understanding patterns of abundance and occupancy among spider species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Suárez
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA-CSIC), C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands 38206, Spain
- School of Doctoral and Postgraduate Studies, University of La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands 38200, Spain
| | - Paula Arribas
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA-CSIC), C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands 38206, Spain
| | - Nuria Macías-Hernández
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Universidad of La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands 38200, Spain
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History LUOMUS, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Brent C. Emerson
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA-CSIC), C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands 38206, Spain
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4
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Suárez D, Arribas P, Jiménez-García E, Emerson BC. Dispersal ability and its consequences for population genetic differentiation and diversification. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220489. [PMID: 35582805 PMCID: PMC9115014 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dispersal ability is known to influence geographical structuring of genetic variation within species, with a direct relationship between low vagility and population genetic structure, which can potentially give rise to allopatric speciation. However, our general understanding of the relationship between dispersal ability, population differentiation and lineage diversification is limited. To address this issue, we sampled mitochondrial DNA variation within lineages of beetles and spiders across the Canary Islands to explore the relationships between dispersal ability, differentiation within lineages and diversification. We found positive relationships between population genetic structure and diversification for both beetles and spiders. Comparisons between dispersive and non-dispersive lineages revealed significant differences for both lineage differentiation and diversification. For both taxa, non-dispersive lineages had stronger population genetic structure. Genus-level endemic species richness and proxies for diversification rate within genera were higher in non-dispersive taxa for both beetles and spiders. Comparisons of average and maximum node divergences within genera suggest that species turnover may be higher in non-dispersive genera. Our results reveal a model where dispersal limitation may shape the diversity of lineages across evolutionary timescales by positively influencing intraspecific and species diversity, moderated by higher extinction rates compared to more dispersive lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Suárez
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, CSIC Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA-CSIC), C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands 38206, Spain,School of Doctoral and Postgraduate Studies, University of La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Paula Arribas
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, CSIC Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA-CSIC), C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands 38206, Spain
| | - Eduardo Jiménez-García
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, CSIC Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA-CSIC), C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands 38206, Spain,School of Doctoral and Postgraduate Studies, University of La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Brent C. Emerson
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, CSIC Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA-CSIC), C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands 38206, Spain
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5
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Overcast I, Ruffley M, Rosindell J, Harmon L, Borges PAV, Emerson BC, Etienne RS, Gillespie R, Krehenwinkel H, Mahler DL, Massol F, Parent CE, Patiño J, Peter B, Week B, Wagner C, Hickerson MJ, Rominger A. A unified model of species abundance, genetic diversity, and functional diversity reveals the mechanisms structuring ecological communities. Mol Ecol Resour 2021; 21:2782-2800. [PMID: 34569715 PMCID: PMC9297962 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biodiversity accumulates hierarchically by means of ecological and evolutionary processes and feedbacks. Within ecological communities drift, dispersal, speciation, and selection operate simultaneously to shape patterns of biodiversity. Reconciling the relative importance of these is hindered by current models and inference methods, which tend to focus on a subset of processes and their resulting predictions. Here we introduce massive ecoevolutionary synthesis simulations (MESS), a unified mechanistic model of community assembly, rooted in classic island biogeography theory, which makes temporally explicit joint predictions across three biodiversity data axes: (i) species richness and abundances, (ii) population genetic diversities, and (iii) trait variation in a phylogenetic context. Using simulations we demonstrate that each data axis captures information at different timescales, and that integrating these axes enables discriminating among previously unidentifiable community assembly models. MESS is unique in generating predictions of community‐scale genetic diversity, and in characterizing joint patterns of genetic diversity, abundance, and trait values. MESS unlocks the full potential for investigation of biodiversity processes using multidimensional community data including a genetic component, such as might be produced by contemporary eDNA or metabarcoding studies. We combine MESS with supervised machine learning to fit the parameters of the model to real data and infer processes underlying how biodiversity accumulates, using communities of tropical trees, arthropods, and gastropods as case studies that span a range of data availability scenarios, and spatial and taxonomic scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Overcast
- Biology Department, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA.,Biology Department, City College of New York, New York, New York, USA.,Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA
| | - Megan Ruffley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA.,Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies (IBEST), University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - James Rosindell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, Berkshire, UK
| | - Luke Harmon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Paulo A V Borges
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e do Ambiente, Universidade dos Açores, Açores, Portugal
| | - Brent C Emerson
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology, IPNA-CSIC), La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Rampal S Etienne
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rosemary Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | | | - D Luke Mahler
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Francois Massol
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, University of Lille, Lille, France.,Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France.,CNRS, Evo-Eco-Paleo, SPICI Group, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Christine E Parent
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA.,Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies (IBEST), University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Jairo Patiño
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology, IPNA-CSIC), La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.,Plant Conservation and Biogeography Group, Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
| | - Ben Peter
- Group of Genetic Diversity through Space and Time, Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bob Week
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Catherine Wagner
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Institute, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Michael J Hickerson
- Biology Department, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA.,Biology Department, City College of New York, New York, New York, USA.,Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrew Rominger
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA.,Maine Center for Genetics in the Environment, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
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6
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Gálvez-Reyes N, Arribas P, Andújar C, Emerson BC, Piñero D, Mastretta-Yanes A. Dispersal limitations and long-term persistence drive differentiation from haplotypes to communities within a tropical sky-island: Evidence from community metabarcoding. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:6611-6626. [PMID: 34564919 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Neutral theory proposes that dispersal stochasticity is one of the main drivers of local diversity. Haplotypes-level genetic variation can now be efficiently sampled from across whole communities, thus making it possible to test neutral predictions from the genetic to species-level diversity, and higher. However, empirical data is still limited, with the few studies to date coming from temperate latitudes. Here, we focus on a tropical mountain within the Transmexican Volcanic Belt to evaluate spatially fine-scale patterns of arthropod community assembly to understand the role of dispersal limitation and landscape features as drivers of diversity. We sampled whole-communities of arthropods for eight orders at a spatial scale ranging from 50 m to 19 km, using whole community metabarcoding. We explored multiple hierarchical levels, from individual haplotypes to lineages at 0.5, 1.5, 3, 5, and 7.5% similarity thresholds, to evaluate patterns of richness, turnover, and distance decay of similarity with isolation-by-distance and isolation-by-resistance (costs to dispersal given by landscape features) approaches. Our results showed that distance and altitude influence distance decay of similarity at all hierarchical levels. This holds for arthropod groups of contrasting dispersal abilities, but with different strength depending on the spatial scale. Our results support a model where local-scale differentiation mediated by dispersal constraints, combined with long-term persistence of lineages, is an important driver of diversity within tropical sky islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Gálvez-Reyes
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico.,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Paula Arribas
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Carmelo Andújar
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Brent C Emerson
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Daniel Piñero
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Alicia Mastretta-Yanes
- Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO), CDMX, Mexico.,Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Benito Juárez (CONACYT), CDMX, Mexico
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7
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Carvalho R, Cardoso P, Gil A, Ferreira MT, Ramos C, Lamelas-Lopez L, Pereira F, Malumbres-Olarte J, Ros-Prieto A, Boieiro M, Borges PAV. Standardised inventories of spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) on touristic trails of the native forests of the Azores (Portugal). Biodivers Data J 2021; 9:e62886. [PMID: 33911916 PMCID: PMC8065010 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.9.e62886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The sharp increase in tourist visitation of the Azores Archipelago from 2015 onwards raised concerns about the impacts of recreational tourism on native habitats. In response, a project was financed by the Azorean Government to investigate the drivers of biodiversity erosion associated with recreational tourism. Here, we present the data on spider biodiversity found on trails located within the native Azorean forests as they are home to several endemic species of great conservation value. We applied an optimised and standardised sampling protocol (COBRA) in twenty-three plots located in five trails on Terceira and São Miguel Islands and assessed diversity and abundance of spider species at different distances from the trail head and the trail itself. New information Of the 45 species (12435 specimens) collected, 13 were endemic to the Azores (9690 specimens), 10 native non-endemic (2047 specimens) and 22 introduced (698 specimens). This database will be the baseline of a long-term monitoring project for the assessment of touristic impacts on native forest trails. This methodology can also be used on other habitats and biogeograhical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Carvalho
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042, Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo Portugal.,Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Pedro Cardoso
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland.,cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042, Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo Portugal
| | - Artur Gil
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores Ponta Delgada Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Ferreira
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042, Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo Portugal
| | - Cândida Ramos
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042, Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo Portugal
| | - Lucas Lamelas-Lopez
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042, Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo Portugal
| | - Fernando Pereira
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042, Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo Portugal
| | - Jagoba Malumbres-Olarte
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland.,cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042, Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo Portugal
| | - Alejandra Ros-Prieto
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042, Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo Portugal
| | - Mário Boieiro
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042, Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo Portugal
| | - Paulo A V Borges
- IUCN SSC Mid-Atlantic Islands Specialist Group, Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal IUCN SSC Mid-Atlantic Islands Specialist Group Angra do Heroísmo Portugal.,cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042, Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo Portugal
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8
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Emerson BC, Jiménez-García E, Suárez D. Revealing community assembly through barcoding: Mediterranean butterflies and dispersal variation. J Anim Ecol 2021; 89:1992-1996. [PMID: 33448375 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In Focus: Scalercio, S., Cini, A., Menchetti, M., Vodă, R., Bonelli, S., Bordoni, A., … Dapporto, L. (2020). How long is 3 km for a butterfly? Ecological constraints and functional traits explain high mitochondrial genetic diversity between Sicily and the Italian Peninsula. Journal of Animal Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13196. Biotic and abiotic factors can shape geographical patterns of genetic variation within species, but few studies have addressed how this might generate common patterns at the level of communities of species. Scalercio et al. (2020) have combined mtDNA sequence data and life-history traits, to reveal a repeated pattern of genetic structure between Sicilian and southern Italian butterfly populations, which are separated by only 3 km of ocean. They reveal how intrinsic species traits and extrinsic environmental constraints explain this pattern, demonstrating an important role for wind. Moreover, the inclusion of almost 8,000 georeferenced sequences reveals that, in spite of also being present in southern Italy, almost half of Sicilian butterfly species are more closely related to populations from other parts of Europe, Asia or North Africa. We provide further discussion on the biogeographic barrier they identify, and the potential of community-level DNA barcoding to identify processes that structure genetic variation across communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent C Emerson
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA-CSIC), La Laguna, Spain
| | - Eduardo Jiménez-García
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA-CSIC), La Laguna, Spain.,School of Doctoral and Postgraduate Studies, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Daniel Suárez
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA-CSIC), La Laguna, Spain.,School of Doctoral and Postgraduate Studies, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
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9
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Salces-Castellano A, Andújar C, López H, Pérez-Delgado AJ, Arribas P, Emerson BC. Flightlessness in insects enhances diversification and determines assemblage structure across whole communities. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20202646. [PMID: 33593193 PMCID: PMC7935046 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dispersal limitation has been recurrently suggested to shape both macroecological patterns and microevolutionary processes within invertebrates. However, because of potential interactions among biological, environmental, temporal, and spatial variables, causal links among flight-related traits, diversification and spatial patterns of community assembly remain elusive. Integrating genetic variation within species across whole insect assemblages, within a simplified spatial and environmental framework, can be used to reduce the impact of these potentially confounding variables. Here, we used standardized sampling and mitochondrial DNA sequencing for a whole-community characterization of the beetle fauna inhabiting a singular forested habitat (laurel forest) within an oceanic archipelago setting (Canary Islands). The spatial structure of species assemblages together with species-level genetic diversity was compared at the archipelago and island scales for 104 winged and 110 wingless beetle lineages. We found that wingless beetle lineages have: (i) smaller range sizes at the archipelago scale, (ii) lower representation in younger island communities, (iii) stronger population genetic structure, and (iv) greater spatial structuring of species assemblages between and within islands. Our results reveal that dispersal limitation is a fundamental trait driving diversity patterns at multiple hierarchical levels by promoting spatial diversification and affecting the spatial configuration of entire assemblages at both island and archipelago scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Salces-Castellano
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA-CSIC), C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands 38206, Spain
- School of Doctoral and Postgraduate Studies, University of La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Carmelo Andújar
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA-CSIC), C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands 38206, Spain
| | - Heriberto López
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA-CSIC), C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands 38206, Spain
| | - Antonio J. Pérez-Delgado
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA-CSIC), C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands 38206, Spain
- School of Doctoral and Postgraduate Studies, University of La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Paula Arribas
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA-CSIC), C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands 38206, Spain
| | - Brent C. Emerson
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA-CSIC), C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands 38206, Spain
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10
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Kiljunen N, Pajunen T, Fukushima C, Soukainen A, Kuurne J, Korhonen T, Saarinen J, Falck I, Laine E, Mammola S, Urbano F, Macías-Hernández N, Cardoso P. Standardised spider (Arachnida, Araneae) inventory of Kilpisjärvi, Finland. Biodivers Data J 2020; 8:e56486. [PMID: 33013174 PMCID: PMC7515933 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.8.e56486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A spider taxonomy and ecology field course was organised in Kilpisjärvi Biological Station, northern Finland, in July 2019. During the course, four 50 × 50 m plots in mountain birch forest habitat were sampled following a standardised protocol. In addition to teaching and learning about spider identification, behaviour, ecology and sampling, the main aim of the course was to collect comparable data from the Kilpisjärvi area as part of a global project, with the purpose of uncovering global spider diversity patterns. New information A total of 2613 spiders were collected, of which 892 (34%) were adults. Due to uncertainty of juvenile identification, only adults are included in the data presented in this paper. The observed adult spiders belong to 51 species, 40 genera and 11 families, of which the Linyphiidae were the most rich and abundant with 28 (55%) species and 461 (52%) individuals. Lycosidae had six species and 286 individuals, Gnaphosidae five species and 19 individuals, Thomisidae four species and 24 individuals, Theridiidae two species and 23 individuals. All other six families had one species and less than 40 individuals. The most abundant species were the linyphiid Agnyphantesexpunctus (204) and the lycosids Pardosaeiseni (164) and Pardosahyperborea (107).
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Affiliation(s)
- Niina Kiljunen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland.,Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Timo Pajunen
- Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Caroline Fukushima
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Arttu Soukainen
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Jaakko Kuurne
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Tuuli Korhonen
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Joni Saarinen
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Ilari Falck
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Erkka Laine
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Stefano Mammola
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland.,Molecular Ecology Group (MEG), Water Research Institute, National Research Council (CNR-IRSA), Verbania Pallanza, Italy Molecular Ecology Group (MEG), Water Research Institute, National Research Council (CNR-IRSA) Verbania Pallanza Italy
| | - Fernando Urbano
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Nuria Macías-Hernández
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Pedro Cardoso
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
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11
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Building a Robust, Densely-Sampled Spider Tree of Life for Ecosystem Research. DIVERSITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/d12080288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenetic relatedness is a key diversity measure for the analysis and understanding of how species and communities evolve across time and space. Understanding the nonrandom loss of species with respect to phylogeny is also essential for better-informed conservation decisions. However, several factors are known to influence phylogenetic reconstruction and, ultimately, phylogenetic diversity metrics. In this study, we empirically tested how some of these factors (topological constraint, taxon sampling, genetic markers and calibration) affect phylogenetic resolution and uncertainty. We built a densely sampled, species-level phylogenetic tree for spiders, combining Sanger sequencing of species from local communities of two biogeographical regions (Iberian Peninsula and Macaronesia) with a taxon-rich backbone matrix of Genbank sequences and a topological constraint derived from recent phylogenomic studies. The resulting tree constitutes the most complete spider phylogeny to date, both in terms of terminals and background information, and may serve as a standard reference for the analysis of phylogenetic diversity patterns at the community level. We then used this tree to investigate how partial data affect phylogenetic reconstruction, phylogenetic diversity estimates and their rankings, and, ultimately, the ecological processes inferred for each community. We found that the incorporation of a single slowly evolving marker (28S) to the DNA barcode sequences from local communities, had the highest impact on tree topology, closely followed by the use of a backbone matrix. The increase in missing data resulting from combining partial sequences from local communities only had a moderate impact on the resulting trees, similar to the difference observed when using topological constraints. Our study further revealed substantial differences in both the phylogenetic structure and diversity rankings of the analyzed communities estimated from the different phylogenetic treatments, especially when using non-ultrametric trees (phylograms) instead of time-stamped trees (chronograms). Finally, we provide some recommendations on reconstructing phylogenetic trees to infer phylogenetic diversity within ecological studies.
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12
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Soukainen A, Pajunen T, Korhonen T, Saarinen J, Chichorro F, Jalonen S, Kiljunen N, Koskivirta N, Kuurne J, Leinonen S, Salonen T, Yrjölä V, Fukushima C, Cardoso P. Standardised spider (Arachnida, Araneae) inventory of Lammi, Finland. Biodivers Data J 2020; 8:e50775. [PMID: 32210673 PMCID: PMC7083949 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.8.e50775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In June 2019, an ecology field course of the University of Helsinki was held at Lammi Biological Station, Southern Finland. Within this course, the students familiarised themselves with field work and identification of spiders and explored the diversity of species in the area. Three sampling plots were chosen, one in grassland and two in boreal forest, to demonstrate the sampling techniques and, by applying a standardised protocol (COBRA), contribute to a global spider biodiversity project. New information The collected samples contained a total of 3445 spiders, of which 1956 (57%) were adult. Only adult spiders were accounted for in the inventory due to the impossibility of identification of juveniles. A total of 115 species belonging to 17 families were identified, of which the majority (58 species, 50%) were Linyphiidae. Lycosidae and Theridiidae both had 11 species (10%) and all the other families had seven or fewer species. Linyphiidae were also dominant in terms of adult individuals captured, with 756 (39%), followed by 705 (36%) Lycosidae. Other families with more than 100 individuals were Thomisidae (196, 10%) and Tetragnathidae (102, 5%). The most abundant species were the lycosids Pardosa fulvipes (362, 19%) and Pardosa riparia (290, 15%) and the linyphiid Neriene peltata (123, 6%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arttu Soukainen
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland.,Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Timo Pajunen
- Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Tuuli Korhonen
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland.,Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Joni Saarinen
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland.,Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Filipe Chichorro
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Sonja Jalonen
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Niina Kiljunen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland.,Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Nelli Koskivirta
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Jaakko Kuurne
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland.,Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Saija Leinonen
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Tero Salonen
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Veikko Yrjölä
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Caroline Fukushima
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Pedro Cardoso
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
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13
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Kennedy SR, Prost S, Overcast I, Rominger AJ, Gillespie RG, Krehenwinkel H. High-throughput sequencing for community analysis: the promise of DNA barcoding to uncover diversity, relatedness, abundances and interactions in spider communities. Dev Genes Evol 2020; 230:185-201. [PMID: 32040713 PMCID: PMC7127999 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-020-00652-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale studies on community ecology are highly desirable but often difficult to accomplish due to the considerable investment of time, labor and, money required to characterize richness, abundance, relatedness, and interactions. Nonetheless, such large-scale perspectives are necessary for understanding the composition, dynamics, and resilience of biological communities. Small invertebrates play a central role in ecosystems, occupying critical positions in the food web and performing a broad variety of ecological functions. However, it has been particularly difficult to adequately characterize communities of these animals because of their exceptionally high diversity and abundance. Spiders in particular fulfill key roles as both predator and prey in terrestrial food webs and are hence an important focus of ecological studies. In recent years, large-scale community analyses have benefitted tremendously from advances in DNA barcoding technology. High-throughput sequencing (HTS), particularly DNA metabarcoding, enables community-wide analyses of diversity and interactions at unprecedented scales and at a fraction of the cost that was previously possible. Here, we review the current state of the application of these technologies to the analysis of spider communities. We discuss amplicon-based DNA barcoding and metabarcoding for the analysis of community diversity and molecular gut content analysis for assessing predator-prey relationships. We also highlight applications of the third generation sequencing technology for long read and portable DNA barcoding. We then address the development of theoretical frameworks for community-level studies, and finally highlight critical gaps and future directions for DNA analysis of spider communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan R Kennedy
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Stefan Prost
- LOEWE-Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt, Germany
- National Zoological Garden, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Isaac Overcast
- Graduate Center of the City University New York, New York, NY, USA
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | | | - Rosemary G Gillespie
- Environmental Sciences Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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14
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de Kerdrel GA, Andersen JC, Kennedy SR, Gillespie R, Krehenwinkel H. Rapid and cost-effective generation of single specimen multilocus barcoding data from whole arthropod communities by multiple levels of multiplexing. Sci Rep 2020; 10:78. [PMID: 31919378 PMCID: PMC6952404 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54927-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In light of the current biodiversity crisis, molecular barcoding has developed into an irreplaceable tool. Barcoding has been considerably simplified by developments in high throughput sequencing technology, but still can be prohibitively expensive and laborious when community samples of thousands of specimens need to be processed. Here, we outline an Illumina amplicon sequencing approach to generate multilocus data from large collections of arthropods. We reduce cost and effort up to 50-fold, by combining multiplex PCRs and DNA extractions from pools of presorted and morphotyped specimens and using two levels of sample indexing. We test our protocol by generating a comprehensive, community wide dataset of barcode sequences for several thousand Hawaiian arthropods from 14 orders, which were collected across the archipelago using various trapping methods. We explore patterns of diversity across the Archipelago and compare the utility of different arthropod trapping methods for biodiversity explorations on Hawaii, highlighting undergrowth beating as highly efficient method. Moreover, we show the effects of barcode marker, taxonomy and relative biomass of the targeted specimens and sequencing coverage on taxon recovery. Our protocol enables rapid and inexpensive explorations of diversity patterns and the generation of multilocus barcode reference libraries across whole ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillemette A de Kerdrel
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Mulford Hall, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jeremy C Andersen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Mulford Hall, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Susan R Kennedy
- Department of Biogeography, Trier University, Trier, Germany
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna, Japan
| | - Rosemary Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Mulford Hall, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Henrik Krehenwinkel
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Mulford Hall, Berkeley, California, USA.
- Department of Biogeography, Trier University, Trier, Germany.
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15
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Salces‐Castellano A, Patiño J, Alvarez N, Andújar C, Arribas P, Braojos‐Ruiz JJ, Arco‐Aguilar M, García‐Olivares V, Karger DN, López H, Manolopoulou I, Oromí P, Pérez‐Delgado AJ, Peterman WE, Rijsdijk KF, Emerson BC. Climate drives community‐wide divergence within species over a limited spatial scale: evidence from an oceanic island. Ecol Lett 2019; 23:305-315. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Salces‐Castellano
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA‐CSIC) C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3 La Laguna Tenerife Canary Islands 38206 Spain
- School of Doctoral and Postgraduate Studies University of La Laguna 38200 La Laguna Tenerife Canary Islands Spain
| | - Jairo Patiño
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA‐CSIC) C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3 La Laguna Tenerife Canary Islands 38206 Spain
- Plant Conservation and Biogeography Group Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology University of La Laguna C/ Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 38206La Laguna Tenerife Canary Islands Spain
| | - Nadir Alvarez
- Natural History Museum of Geneva 1 route de Malagnou 1208 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Carmelo Andújar
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA‐CSIC) C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3 La Laguna Tenerife Canary Islands 38206 Spain
| | - Paula Arribas
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA‐CSIC) C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3 La Laguna Tenerife Canary Islands 38206 Spain
| | - Juan José Braojos‐Ruiz
- Tenerife Insular Water Council (CIATF) C/ Leoncio Rodríguez 2 38003 Santa Cruz de Tenerife Spain
| | - Marcelino Arco‐Aguilar
- Plant Conservation and Biogeography Group Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology University of La Laguna C/ Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 38206La Laguna Tenerife Canary Islands Spain
| | - Víctor García‐Olivares
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA‐CSIC) C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3 La Laguna Tenerife Canary Islands 38206 Spain
- School of Doctoral and Postgraduate Studies University of La Laguna 38200 La Laguna Tenerife Canary Islands Spain
| | - Dirk N. Karger
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Zürcherstrasse 1118903Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Heriberto López
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA‐CSIC) C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3 La Laguna Tenerife Canary Islands 38206 Spain
| | | | - Pedro Oromí
- Department of Animal Biology, Edaphology and Geology University of Laguna C/ Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife Canary Islands Spain
| | - Antonio J. Pérez‐Delgado
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA‐CSIC) C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3 La Laguna Tenerife Canary Islands 38206 Spain
- School of Doctoral and Postgraduate Studies University of La Laguna 38200 La Laguna Tenerife Canary Islands Spain
| | - William E. Peterman
- School of Environmental and Natural Resources The Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
| | - Kenneth F. Rijsdijk
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics University of Amsterdam Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Brent C. Emerson
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA‐CSIC) C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3 La Laguna Tenerife Canary Islands 38206 Spain
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16
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Malumbres-Olarte J, Cardoso P, Crespo LCF, Gabriel R, Pereira F, Carvalho R, Rego C, Nunes R, Ferreira MT, Amorim IR, Rigal F, Borges PAV. Standardised inventories of spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of Macaronesia I: The native forests of the Azores (Pico and Terceira islands). Biodivers Data J 2019; 7:e32625. [PMID: 31065232 PMCID: PMC6478652 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.7.e32625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The data presented here come from samples collected as part of two recent research projects (NETBIOME - ISLANDBIODIV and FCT - MACDIV) which aimed at understanding the drivers of community assembly in Macaronesian islands. We applied the sampling protocol COBRA (Conservation Oriented Biodiversity Rapid Assessment, Cardoso 2009) in sixteen 50 m x 50 m native forest plots in the Azorean Islands of Pico (6 plots) and Terceira (10 plots) to assess spider diversity. Through this publication, we contribute to the knowledge of the arachnofauna of the Azores and, more specifically, to that of the islands of Pico and Terceira. New information The collected samples yielded 8,789 specimens, of which 45% were adults (3,970) belonging to 13 families, 36 species and three morphospecies that have yet to be described. Species of the family Linyphiidae dominated the samples, with 17 species and two morphospecies that have yet to be described (48% of the taxa). Out of the identified (morpho)species, 16 were introduced, 13 Azorean endemic (three of which were undescribed) and seven native (five of them Macaronesian endemics). We report the first record of the introduced species Haplodrassussignifer and Agynetadecora in Pico Island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagoba Malumbres-Olarte
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042 , Angra do Heroísmo, Azores, Portugal cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Azores Portugal.,LIBRe - Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland LIBRe - Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Pedro Cardoso
- LIBRe - Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland LIBRe - Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland.,IUCN SSC Spider & Scorpion Specialist Group, Helsinki, Finland IUCN SSC Spider & Scorpion Specialist Group Helsinki Finland.,cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042 , Angra do Heroísmo, Azores, Portugal cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Azores Portugal
| | - Luís Carlos Fonseca Crespo
- Biodiversity Research Institute UB, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences (Athropods), Av. Diagonal 645, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain Biodiversity Research Institute UB, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences (Athropods), Av. Diagonal 645, E-08028 Barcelona Spain.,LIBRe - Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland LIBRe - Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Rosalina Gabriel
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042 , Angra do Heroísmo, Azores, Portugal cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Azores Portugal
| | - Fernando Pereira
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042 , Angra do Heroísmo, Azores, Portugal cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Azores Portugal
| | - Rui Carvalho
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042 , Angra do Heroísmo, Azores, Portugal cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Azores Portugal
| | - Carla Rego
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042 , Angra do Heroísmo, Azores, Portugal cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Azores Portugal
| | - Rui Nunes
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042 , Angra do Heroísmo, Azores, Portugal cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Azores Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Ferreira
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042 , Angra do Heroísmo, Azores, Portugal cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Azores Portugal
| | - Isabel R Amorim
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042 , Angra do Heroísmo, Azores, Portugal cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Azores Portugal
| | - François Rigal
- CNRS/ L'Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/ E2S UPPA, Institut Des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico - Chimie pour L'environnement et les Materiaux - MIRA, UMR5254, 64000, Pau, France CNRS/ L'Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/ E2S UPPA, Institut Des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico - Chimie pour L'environnement et les Materiaux - MIRA*, UMR5254 64000, Pau France.,cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042 , Angra do Heroísmo, Azores, Portugal cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Azores Portugal
| | - Paulo A V Borges
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042 , Angra do Heroísmo, Azores, Portugal cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Azores Portugal.,IUCN SSC Mid-Atlantic Islands Specialist Group, Angra do Heroísmo, Azores, Portugal IUCN SSC Mid-Atlantic Islands Specialist Group Angra do Heroísmo, Azores Portugal
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17
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Andújar C, Arribas P, Yu DW, Vogler AP, Emerson BC. Why the COI barcode should be the community DNA metabarcode for the metazoa. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:3968-3975. [PMID: 30129071 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabarcoding of complex metazoan communities is increasingly being used to measure biodiversity in terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems, revolutionizing our ability to observe patterns and infer processes regarding the origin and conservation of biodiversity. A fundamentally important question is which genetic marker to amplify, and although the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene is one of the more widely used markers in metabarcoding for the Metazoa, doubts have recently been raised about its suitability. We argue that (a) the extensive coverage of reference sequence databases for COI; (b) the variation it presents; (c) the comparative advantages for denoising protein-coding genes; and (d) recent advances in DNA sequencing protocols argue in favour of standardizing for the use of COI for metazoan community samples. We also highlight where research efforts should focus to maximize the utility of metabarcoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Andújar
- Grupo de Ecología y Evolución en Islas, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), San Cristóbal de la Laguna, Spain
| | - Paula Arribas
- Grupo de Ecología y Evolución en Islas, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), San Cristóbal de la Laguna, Spain
| | - Douglas W Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan, China
| | - Alfried P Vogler
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
| | - Brent C Emerson
- Grupo de Ecología y Evolución en Islas, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), San Cristóbal de la Laguna, Spain
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18
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Cardoso P, Heikkinen L, Jalkanen J, Kohonen M, Leponiemi M, Mattila L, Ollonen J, Ranki JP, Virolainen A, Zhou X, Pajunen T. Standardized spider (Arachnida, Araneae) inventory of Hankoniemi, Finland. Biodivers Data J 2017:e21010. [PMID: 29362553 PMCID: PMC5769724 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.5.e21010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During a field course on spider taxonomy and ecology at the University of Helsinki, the authors had the opportunity to sample four plots with a dual objective of both teaching on field methods, spider identification and behaviour and uncovering the spider diversity patterns found in the southern coastal forests of Hankoniemi, Finland. As an ultimate goal, this field course intended to contribute to a global project that intends to uncover spider diversity patterns worldwide. With that purpose, a set of standardised methods and procedures was followed that allow the comparability of obtained data with numerous other projects being conducted across all continents. New information A total of 104 species and 1997 adults was collected. Of these, 41 species (39%) were Linyphiidae and 13 (12%) Theridiidae. All other families had 6 or less species represented. Linyphiidae were also dominant in terms of adult individuals captured, with 1015 (51%), followed by 428 (21%) Lycosidae, 158 (8%) Tetragnathidae and 145 (7%) Theridiidae. All other families had less than 100 individuals. The most abundant species were Nerienepeltata, Alopecosataeniata, Piratulahygrophila and Dismodicuselevatus, all with more than 100 individuals. All sites had between 56 and 62 species and between 445 and 569 individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Cardoso
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,IUCN SSC Spider & Scorpion Specialist Group, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lea Heikkinen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joel Jalkanen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Kohonen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Leponiemi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Mattila
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joni Ollonen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka-Pekka Ranki
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anni Virolainen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Pajunen
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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