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Loyva K, Hofmeister E, Georgousi F, Roderick C, Cole R. Considerations for colorblind individuals on selecting colorimetric or fluorescent dye assay outcomes. Biotechniques 2023; 75:240-244. [PMID: 37942699 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2023-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A disadvantage of colorimetric detection in nucleic acid amplification assays is the possibility that a colorblind individual may interpret colors differently than observers with full-color vision. Using an isothermal amplification assay, the ability of colorblind individuals to distinguish between positive and negative results for four dyes was tested. Five individuals with self-reported colorblindness and four with full-color vision reported their observations of the color of the solution. Although colorblind individuals may accurately interpret assay results, they were often not accurate in reporting the color. Hydroxynaphthol blue was the most problematic dye, and both phenol red and SYBR™ green were less troublesome. Consideration for colorblind individuals is warranted when developing an assay and training staff in its performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstyn Loyva
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Erik Hofmeister
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Fiona Georgousi
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Constance Roderick
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Rebecca Cole
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA
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2
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High-Performance PCR for Alleles Discrimination of Chromo-Helicase-DNA Binding Protein (CHD1) Gene in Bird Sexing. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020300. [PMID: 36829577 PMCID: PMC9953129 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Genetic analyses aiming at assessing the presence of specific sequences or alleles are often carried out by PCR. Sexing of most birds is nowadays based on PCR with "universal" primers and relies on the assessment of the presence of the sex-linked CHD1-Z and -W alleles. The entire workflow is relatively time-consuming, especially for batch analyses, whereas methods that allow carrying out the entire procedure in a short time are highly desirable. The only method for outdoor analyses reported so far relies on LAMP; however; it fails to work properly in Procellariiformes. Besides improving the LAMP test; we have developed a PCR-based DNA amplification procedure (named high-performance PCR); whose unique features allow it to outperform standard PCR; making possible the direct, in-tube visual reading of results. We tested it with specifically designed Procellariiformes-targeted primer sets for rapid sexing of the birds using fluorimetric detection. The protocol, combined with rapid DNA extraction, allows for fast reading of results without electrophoresis within less than 1 h from sampling. The technique could be extended to other species, as well as to many other applications.
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3
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Agurto-Arteaga A, Vivas-Ruiz DE, Lazo F, Proleón Á, Torrejón D, Electo J, Cayo C, Urra FA, Chávez-Olórtegui C, Sánchez EF, Yarlequé A. Simultaneous identification of three clinically relevant peruvian pit vipers by multiplex loop-mediated isothermal amplification (mLAMP). Toxicon 2023; 223:107022. [PMID: 36621682 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous knowledge about the taxonomic distribution of venomous snake species is very useful for epidemiological aspects of ophidism. Here, we sought to develop an assay for the differential identification of clinically relevant snakes in Peru: Bothrops atrox, Lachesis muta, and Crotalus durissus using a multiplex loop-mediated isothermal amplification (mLAMP) assay. For this, DNA was extracted from the shed snake skins and the mitochondrial genes Cytb, COI, and 12S rRNA were amplified and further sequenced, for the design of mLAMP reaction primers. For each snake species the forward and reverse primers, internal forward and reverse primers, and the loop primers were obtained, bearing the latter different fluorophores for product identification. Finally, the reaction was standardized in the presence of all primer sets, and an optimal amount of low molecular weight polyethyleneimine. The precipitated products were observed in a UV light transilluminator, finding a differential fluorescence according to the DNA used, with a detection limit to the naked eye in the range of 0.2-25 ng of DNA, within 30 min. This study is the first report on the use of mLAMP technology for the identification of venomous snakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Agurto-Arteaga
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular-Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 01, Lima, Peru.
| | - Dan E Vivas-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular-Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 01, Lima, Peru.
| | - Fanny Lazo
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular-Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 01, Lima, Peru
| | - Álex Proleón
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular-Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 01, Lima, Peru
| | - Daniel Torrejón
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular-Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 01, Lima, Peru
| | - Jorge Electo
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular-Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 01, Lima, Peru
| | - Carmen Cayo
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular-Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 01, Lima, Peru
| | - Felix A Urra
- Laboratorio de Plasticidad Metabólica y Bioenergética, Programa de Farmacología Clínica y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 8380453, Chile
| | - Carlos Chávez-Olórtegui
- Departamento de Bioquímica-Inmunología, Instituto de Ciências Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eladio F Sánchez
- Research and Development Center, Ezequiel Dias Foundation, 30510-010, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Armando Yarlequé
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular-Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 01, Lima, Peru
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Lai FY, Chang KC, Chang CS, Wang PH. Development of a Rapid Sex Identification Method for Newborn Pigeons Using Recombinase Polymerase Amplification and a Lateral-Flow Dipstick on Farm. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12212969. [PMID: 36359091 PMCID: PMC9656852 DOI: 10.3390/ani12212969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The sex of a bird is important for aviculture, scientific research, and conservation. Sex identification is usually not easy, even if the bird’s appearances and sex organs are examined more closely. In monomorphic birds—or most birds during young, molecular sexing—there is a requirement for a fast and accurate identification method. We have designed a pair of DNA primers that is unique to the W chromosome of pigeon, which was unique to the female; further, RPA and LFD are combined for the purposes of a portable field detection for a sex identification method for birds (i.e., pigeons). The minimal-equipped on-farm approach was tested on pigeon sexing and the results have been 100% correct, so far. The concept of this study could spread to any kind of bird to meet the needs and achieve the goals of bird studies and businesses. Abstract According to pigeon racing rules in Taiwan, the pigeon raiser must decide which juveniles will be chosen as soon as possible. Differentiating the sex of young pigeons based on appearances, and other traditional methods, can be time-consuming and require several pieces of equipment. Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) combined with a lateral-flow dipstick (LFD) could further simplify the presentation of amplification results. A designed reverse primer and probe were labeled with biotin and FAM (fluorescein), respectively, to serve as ligands in the LFD. With the addition of a designed forward primer, the RPA-LFD can be used to perform sex identification of pigeon DNA. The optimal conditions were determined to require at least 6.3 pg of the DNA template, a temperature of 37 °C, and a reaction time of at least 20 min. Under these conditions, the test band area on the strip appeared as a dark color if the sample contained female template DNA, whereas the male DNA samples did not produce any test signal in any of the conditions. The results of random samples using RPA-LFD under the optimal conditions agreed with the results of the same samples determined by PCR-agarose gel electrophoresis. The approach in this study represents a rapid and accurate method for pigeon sexing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Yu Lai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Bioresources, Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 10672, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Chih Chang
- Avance Technology Co., Ltd., 10F., No. 1, Ln. 83, Sec. 1, Guangfu Rd., Sanchong Dist., New Taipei City 24158, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Sheng Chang
- Department of Animal Science, Chinese Culture University, No. 55, Hwa-Kang Rd., Yang-Ming-Shan, Taipei City 11114, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hwa Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Bioresources, Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 10672, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-02-3366-4164; Fax: +886-02-2372-4070
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Application of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) in Sex Identification of Parrots Bred in Egypt. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11040565. [PMID: 35453764 PMCID: PMC9029760 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Over 400 of the 3800 tropical avian species are endangered or threatened. One of many solutions to conserve animal biodiversity is breeding animals in zoos or private animal farms. Animal breeding programs are difficult to implement in species with sexual monomorphism, such as parrots. Molecular biology methods offer a solution to determine the sex of these species. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to test the performance of PCR and LAMP techniques on sex identification for 21 parrot species belonging to three families, i.e., Psittacidae, Cacatuidae, and Psittaculidae. We established a protocol for DNA isolation from feathers in our laboratory and found optimal conditions for PCR and LAMP. We showed that the LAMP method with the use of the PSI-W primers set, developed by Centeno-Cuadros, functions in 17 previously untested species. Moreover, we found that further improvements are required in universal LAMP primers for the detection of parrot DNA, which are necessary for confirmation of the male sex. The LAMP method also proved to be more sensitive for female sex identification in contrast to the reference PCR test. Therefore, we conclude that LAMP is a suitable method for the routine diagnostic sex identification of parrots.
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Mazzoleni S, Němec P, Albrecht T, Lymberakis P, Kratochvíl L, Rovatsos M. Long-term stability of sex chromosome gene content allows accurate qPCR-based molecular sexing across birds. Mol Ecol Resour 2021; 21:2013-2021. [PMID: 33720488 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Embryos, juveniles, and even adults of many bird species lack pronounced external sexually dimorphic characteristics. Accurate identification of sex is crucial for research (e.g., developmental, population, and evolutionary studies), management of wildlife species, and captive breeding programmes for both conservation and poultry. An accurate molecular sexing method applicable across the entire bird radiation is theoretically possible thanks to the long-term stability of their ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes, but current methods are not applicable in a wide range of bird lineages. Here, we developed a novel molecular sexing method based on the comparison of gene copy number variation by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) in conserved Z-specific genes (CHRNA6, DDX4, LPAR1, TMEM161B, VPS13A), i.e. genes linked to Z but absent from W chromosomes. We tested the method across three paleognath and 70 neognath species covering the avian phylogeny. In addition, we designed primers for four Z-specific genes (DOCK8, FUT10, PIGG and PSD3) for qPCR-based molecular sexing in three paleognath species. We have demonstrated that the genes DOCK8, FUT10, PIGG and PSD3 can identify sex in paleognath birds and the genes CHRNA6, DDX4, TMEM161B, and VPS13A can reveal sex in neognath birds. The gene LPAR1 can be used to accurately identify sex in both paleognath and neognath species. Along with outlining a novel method of practical importance for molecular sexing in birds, our study also documents in detail the conservation of sex chromosomes across the avian phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Mazzoleni
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Němec
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Albrecht
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petros Lymberakis
- Natural History Museum of Crete, University of Crete, Irakleio, Greece
| | - Lukáš Kratochvíl
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michail Rovatsos
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Koch HR, Blohm‐Sievers E, Liedvogel M. Rapid sex determination of a wild passerine species using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). Ecol Evol 2019; 9:5849-5858. [PMID: 31161003 PMCID: PMC6540700 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Many bird species are sexually monomorphic and cannot be sexed based on phenotypic traits. Rapid sex determination is often a necessary component of avian studies focusing on behavior, ecology, evolution, and conservation. While PCR-based methods are the most common technique for molecularly sexing birds in the laboratory, a simpler, faster, and cheaper method has emerged, which can be used in the laboratory, but importantly also in the field. Herein, we used loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for rapid sex determination of blood samples from juvenile European blackcaps, Sylvia atricapilla, sampled in the wild. We designed LAMP primers unique to S. atricapilla based on the sex chromosome-specific gene, chromo-helicase-DNA-binding protein (CHD), optimized the primers for laboratory and field application, and then used them to test a subset of wild-caught juvenile blackcaps of unknown gender at the time of capture. Sex determination results were fast and accurate. The advantages of this technique are that it allows researchers to identify the sex of individual birds within hours of sampling and eliminates the need for direct access to a laboratory if implemented at a remote field site. This work adds to the increasing list of available LAMP primers for different bird species and is a new addition within the Passeriformes order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna R. Koch
- Max Planck Research Group Behavioral GenomicsMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary BiologyPlönGermany
| | - Elke Blohm‐Sievers
- Max Planck Research Group Behavioral GenomicsMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary BiologyPlönGermany
| | - Miriam Liedvogel
- Max Planck Research Group Behavioral GenomicsMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary BiologyPlönGermany
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Fang S, Zhang Y, Shi X, Zheng H, Li S, Zhang Y, Fazhan H, Waiho K, Tan H, Ikhwanuddin M, Ma H. Identification of male-specific SNP markers and development of PCR-based genetic sex identification technique in crucifix crab (Charybdis feriatus) with implication of an XX/XY sex determination system. Genomics 2019; 112:404-411. [PMID: 30851358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we first identified male-specific SNP markers using restriction site-associated DNA sequencing, and further developed a PCR-based sex identification technique for Charybdis feriatus. A total of 296.96 million clean reads were obtained, with 114.95 and 182.01 million from females and males. After assembly and alignment, 10 SNP markers were identified being heterozygous in males but homozygous in females. Five markers were further confirmed to be male-specific in a large number of individuals. Moreover, two male-specific sense primers and a common antisense primer were designed, using which, a PCR-based genetic sex identification method was successfully developed and used to identify the sex of 103 individuals, with a result of 49 females and 54 males. The presence of male-specific SNP markers suggests an XX/XY sex determination system for C. feriatus. These findings should be helpful for better understanding sex determination mechanism, and drafting artificial breeding program in crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobin Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Xi Shi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Huaiping Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Shengkang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Hanafiah Fazhan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Khor Waiho
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Huaqiang Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Mhd Ikhwanuddin
- STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Institute of Tropical Aquaculture, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu 21030, Malaysia
| | - Hongyu Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Shi X, Waiho K, Li X, Ikhwanuddin M, Miao G, Lin F, Zhang Y, Li S, Zheng H, Liu W, Aweya JJ, Azmie G, Baylon JC, Quinitio ET, Ma H. Female-specific SNP markers provide insights into a WZ/ZZ sex determination system for mud crabs Scylla paramamosain, S. tranquebarica and S. serrata with a rapid method for genetic sex identification. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:981. [PMID: 30594128 PMCID: PMC6311006 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5380-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mud crabs, Scylla spp., are commercially important large-size marine crustaceans in the Indo-West Pacific region. As females have the higher growth rate and economic value, the production of all female stocks is extremely essential in aquaculture. However, the sex determination mechanism is still unclear. Development of sex-specific genetic markers based on next-generation sequencing proved to be an effective tool for discovering sex determination system in various animals. RESULTS Restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) was employed to isolate sex-specific SNP markers for S. paramamosain. A total of 335.6 million raw reads were obtained from 20 individuals, of which 204.7 million were from 10 females and 130.9 million from 10 males. After sequence assembly and female-male comparison, 20 SNP markers were identified to be sex-specific. Furthermore, ten SNPs in a short sequence (285 bp) were confirmed heterozygous in females and homozygous in males in a large population by PCR amplification and sequencing. Subsequently, a female-specific primer was successfully designed according to the female-specific nucleotide which could amplify an expected band from females but not from males. Thus, a rapid and effective method for molecular sexing in S. paramamosain was developed, meanwhile, this method could successfully identify the sex of S. tranquebarica and S. serrata. Finally, nine and four female-specific SNP markers were detected in S. tranquebarica and S. serrata, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Sex-specific SNP markers were firstly identified in crab species and showed female heterogamety and male homogamety, which provided strong genetic evidence for a WZ/ZZ sex determination system in mud crabs S. paramamosain, S. tranquebarica and S. serrata. These findings will lay a solid foundation for the study of sex determination mechanism, sex chromosome evolution, and the development of mono-sex population in crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Shi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, 243 Daxue Road, Shantou, 515063 China
- STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063 China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071 China
| | - Khor Waiho
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, 243 Daxue Road, Shantou, 515063 China
- STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063 China
| | - Xincang Li
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090 China
| | - Mhd Ikhwanuddin
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Guidong Miao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, 243 Daxue Road, Shantou, 515063 China
| | - Fan Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, 243 Daxue Road, Shantou, 515063 China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, 243 Daxue Road, Shantou, 515063 China
| | - Shengkang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, 243 Daxue Road, Shantou, 515063 China
| | - Huaiping Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, 243 Daxue Road, Shantou, 515063 China
| | - Wenhua Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, 243 Daxue Road, Shantou, 515063 China
| | - Jude Juventus Aweya
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, 243 Daxue Road, Shantou, 515063 China
| | - Ghazali Azmie
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Juliana C. Baylon
- Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines, Visayas, 5023 Miagao, Philippines
| | - Emilia T. Quinitio
- Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, 5021 Tigbauan, Philippines
| | - Hongyu Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, 243 Daxue Road, Shantou, 515063 China
- STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063 China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071 China
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