Primary Sjögren's syndrome in monozygotic twins

Pulmonary Manifestations of Sjögren's Disease

Sjögren's disease (SjD) is a chronic, progressive autoimmune condition of exocrine and extraglandular tissues. It can present with isolated disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of salivary or lacrimal glands, but in approximately one-third of the patients, lymphocytic infiltration extends beyond exocrine glands to involve extraglandular organs such as the lungs. Pulmonary complications have been reported to occur between 9 and 27% of patients with SjD across studies. Respiratory manifestations occur on a spectrum of severity and include airways disease, interstitial lung disease, cystic lung disease, and lymphoma. Lung involvement can greatly affect patients' quality of life, has a major impact on the overall prognosis, and frequently leads to alteration in the treatment plans, highlighting the importance of maintaining a high index of clinical suspicion and taking appropriate steps to facilitate early recognition and intervention.