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Yi X, Chen Y, Cai H, Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhu Z, Lin M, Qin Y, Jiang X, Xu X. The temperature-dependent expression of type II secretion system controls extracellular product secretion and virulence in mesophilic Aeromonas salmonida SRW-OG1. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:945000. [PMID: 35979091 PMCID: PMC9376225 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.945000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas salmonicida is a typical cold water bacterial pathogen that causes furunculosis in many freshwater and marine fish species worldwide. In our previous study, the pathogenic A. salmonicida (SRW-OG1) was isolated from a warm water fish, Epinephelus coioides was genomics and transcriptomics analyzed. Type II secretion system was found in the genome of A. salmonicida SRW-OG1, while the expressions of tatA, tatB, and tatC were significantly affected by temperature stress. Also, sequence alignment analysis, homology analysis and protein secondary structure function analysis showed that tatA, tatB, and tatC were highly conservative, indicating their biological significance. In this study, by constructing the mutants of tatA, tatB, and tatC, we investigated the mechanisms underlying temperature-dependent virulence regulation in mesophilic A. salmonida SRW-OG1. According to our results, tatA, tatB, and tatC mutants presented a distinct reduction in adhesion, hemolysis, biofilm formation and motility. Compared to wild-type strain, inhibition of the expression of tatA, tatB, and tatC resulted in a decrease in biofilm formation by about 23.66%, 19.63% and 40.13%, and a decrease in adhesion ability by approximately 77.69%, 80.41% and 62.14% compared with that of the wild-type strain. Furthermore, tatA, tatB, and tatC mutants also showed evidently reduced extracellular enzymatic activities, including amylase, protease, lipase, hemolysis and lecithinase. The genes affecting amylase, protease, lipase, hemolysis, and lecithinase of A. salmonicida SRW-OG1 were identified as cyoE, ahhh1, lipA, lipB, pulA, HED66_RS01350, HED66_RS19960, aspA, fabD, and gpsA, which were notably affected by temperature stress and mutant of tatA, tatB, and tatC. All above, tatA, tatB and tatC regulate the virulence of A. salmonicida SRW-OG1 by affecting biofilm formation, adhesion, and enzymatic activity of extracellular products, and are simultaneously engaged in temperature-dependent pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yi
- Fisheries College, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
- Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education, Xiamen, China
| | - Yunong Chen
- Fisheries College, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
- Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education, Xiamen, China
| | - Hongyan Cai
- Fisheries College, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
- Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education, Xiamen, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Fisheries College, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
- Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education, Xiamen, China
| | - Youyu Zhang
- Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaojin Xu, ; Youyu Zhang,
| | - ZhiQin Zhu
- Fisheries College, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
- Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education, Xiamen, China
| | - Mao Lin
- Fisheries College, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
- Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education, Xiamen, China
| | - Yingxue Qin
- Fisheries College, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
- Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education, Xiamen, China
| | - XingLong Jiang
- Fisheries College, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
- Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaojin Xu
- Fisheries College, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
- Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education, Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaojin Xu, ; Youyu Zhang,
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Functional and Molecular Immune Response of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Following Challenge with Yersinia ruckeri. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063096. [PMID: 35328519 PMCID: PMC8948951 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, aquaculture production of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is a multibillion dollar industry; nevertheless, the development of this sector has not been exempt from pitfalls related to the recurrent presence of pathogens of bacterial origin. This is the case of Yersinia ruckeri, the etiologic agent of the infectious pathology known as Enteric Red Mouth Disease (ERM), causing serious economic losses that can be as high as 30–70% of production. Although several studies have been performed regarding pathogen features and virulence factors, more information is needed about the host defense mechanism activation after infection. Given this perspective, this study aimed to evaluate rainbow trout’s short-term innate immune response against infection with Y. ruckeri. A series of factors linked to the innate immune response were evaluated, including determination of hematological parameters, oxidative stress biomarkers, and analysis of the expression of immune-related genes. Results showed a significant decrease in several hematological parameters (white blood cell count, hematocrit, neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, and thrombocytes) and oxidative stress indicators (SOD) between the control and infected groups. In addition, there were significant differences in the level of gene expression between infected individuals and the control group. Most of these genes (il-1β, il-8, il-10, tnf-α1, tnf-α2, socs3, mmp-9, cath, hsp-70, saa, fer, pcb) were upregulated within the first 24 h following infection. Results from this study showed more insights into the short-term immune response of rainbow trout to infection with Y. ruckeri, which may be useful for the establishment of biomarkers that may be used for the early detection of ERM.
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In Vivo Bioluminescent Imaging of Yersinia ruckeri Pathogenesis in Fish. Methods Mol Biol 2020. [PMID: 31721119 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9940-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Bioluminescent reporters and advanced luciferase technologies are useful to study host-pathogen interactions. This chapter describes the use of the luxCDABE operon from Photorhabdus luminescens as a tool to analyze the progression of the fish pathogen Yersinia ruckeri during the infection of rainbow trout, as well as the quantification of promoter activity of specific bacterial genes during host colonization.
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Attaya A, Secombes CJ, Wang T. Effective isolation of GALT cells: Insights into the intestine immune response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to different bacterin vaccine preparations. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 105:378-392. [PMID: 32615166 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The teleost gut is a multifunction complex structure that plays a pivotal immunological role in homeostasis and the maintenance of health, in addition to digestion of food and/or nutrient absorption. In vitro examination of the intestine leucocyte repertoire has the potential to aid our understanding of gut immune competence and allows a rapid screen of host-microorganism interactions in different immunological contexts. To explore this possibility, in the present study we investigated the response of isolated gut leucocytes to 4 bacterins of Aeromonas salmonicida, prepared from different strains, combinations and strains grown in different environments, in comparison to a Yersinia ruckeri bacterin for which a commercial/effective oral booster vaccine has been developed. To aid this study we also optimized further our method of GALT cell isolation from rainbow trout, so as to avoid mechanical clearance of the intestine contents. This drastically increased the cell yield from ~12 × 106 to ~210 × 106/fish with no change in the percent cell viability over time or presence of transcripts typical of the key leucocyte types needed for the study of immune modulation (i.e. T- and B-cells, dendritic cells and macrophages). A wide array of immune transcripts were modulated by the bacterins, demonstrating the diversity of GALT cell responses to bacterial stimulation. Indeed, the GALT leucocyte responses were sensitive enough to distinguish the different bacterial species, strains and membrane proteins, as seen by distinct kinetics of immune gene expression. However, the response of the GALT cells was often relatively slow and of a low magnitude compared to those of PBL. These results enhance our knowledge of the gut biocapacity and help validate the use of this model for screening of oral vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Attaya
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK.
| | - Christopher J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK.
| | - Tiehui Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK.
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Guijarro JA, García-Torrico AI, Cascales D, Méndez J. The Infection Process of Yersinia ruckeri: Reviewing the Pieces of the Jigsaw Puzzle. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:218. [PMID: 29998086 PMCID: PMC6028603 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Finding the keys to understanding the infectious process of Yersinia ruckeri was not a priority for many years due to the prompt development of an effective biotype 1 vaccine which was used mainly in Europe and USA. However, the gradual emergence of outbreaks in vaccinated fish, which have been reported since 2003, has awakened interest in the mechanism of virulence in this pathogen. Thus, during the last two decades, a large number of studies have considerably enriched our knowledge of many aspects of the pathogen and its interaction with the host. By means of both conventional and a variety of novel strategies, such as cell GFP tagging, bioluminescence imaging and optical projection tomography, it has been possible to determine three putative Y. ruckeri infection routes, the main point of entry for the bacterium being the gill lamellae. Moreover, a wide range of potential virulence factors have been highlighted by specific gene mutagenesis strategies or genome-wide transposon/plasmid insertion-based screening approaches, such us in vivo expression technology (IVET) and signature tagged mutagenesis (STM). Finally, recent proteomic and whole genomic analyses have allowed many of the genes and systems that are potentially implicated in the organism's pathogenicity and its adaptation to the host environmental conditions to be elucidated. Altogether, these studies contribute to a better understanding of the infectious process of Y. ruckeri in fish, which is crucial for the development of more effective strategies for preventing or treating enteric redmouth disease (ERM).
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Guijarro
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ana I García-Torrico
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Desirée Cascales
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jessica Méndez
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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Mendez J, Cascales D, Garcia-Torrico AI, Guijarro JA. Temperature-Dependent Gene Expression in Yersinia ruckeri: Tracking Specific Genes by Bioluminescence During in Vivo Colonization. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1098. [PMID: 29887855 PMCID: PMC5981175 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia ruckeri is a bacterium causing fish infection processes at temperatures below the optimum for growth. A derivative Tn5 transposon was used to construct a library of Y. ruckeri mutants with transcriptional fusions between the interrupted genes and the promoterless luxCDABE and lacZY operons. In vitro analysis of β-galactosidase activity allowed the identification of 168 clones having higher expression at 18°C than at 28°C. Among the interrupted genes a SAM-dependent methyltransferase, a diguanylated cyclase, three genes involved in legionaminic acid synthesis and three transcriptional regulators were defined. In order to determine, via bioluminescence emission, the in vivo expression of some of these genes, two of the selected mutants were studied. In one of them, the acrR gene coding a repressor involved in regulation of the AcrAB-TolC expulsion pump was interrupted. This mutant was found to be highly resistant to compounds such as chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin. Although acrR mutation was not related to virulence in Y. ruckeri, this mutant was useful to analyze acrR expression in fish tissues in vivo. The other gene studied was osmY which is activated under osmotic stress and is involved in virulence. In this case, complemented mutant was used for experiments with fish. In vivo analysis of bioluminescence emission by these two strains showed higher values for acrR in gut, liver and adipose tissue, whereas osmY showed higher luminescence in gut and, at the end of the infection process, in muscle tissue. Similar results were obtained in ex vivo assays using rainbow trout tissues. The results indicated that this kind of approach was useful for the identification of genes related to virulence in Y. ruckeri and also for the in vivo and in vitro studies of each of the selected genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Mendez
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Biotecnología de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Desirée Cascales
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Biotecnología de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ana I Garcia-Torrico
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Biotecnología de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jose A Guijarro
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Biotecnología de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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Bartkova S, Kokotovic B, Dalsgaard I. Infection routes of Aeromonas salmonicida in rainbow trout monitored in vivo by real-time bioluminescence imaging. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:73-82. [PMID: 27307098 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent development of imaging tools has facilitated studies of pathogen infections in vivo in real time. This trend can be exemplified by advances in bioluminescence imaging (BLI), an approach that helps to visualize dissemination of pathogens within the same animal over several time points. Here, we employ bacterial BLI for examining routes of entry and spread of Aeromonas salmonicida susbp. salmonicida in rainbow trout. A virulent Danish A. salmonicida strain was tagged with pAKgfplux1, a dual-labelled plasmid vector containing the mutated gfpmut3a gene from Aequorea victoria and the luxCDABE genes from the bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens. The resulting A. salmonicida transformant exhibited growth properties and virulence identical to the wild-type A. salmonicida, which made it suitable for an experimental infection, mimicking natural conditions. Fish were infected with pAKgfplux1 tagged A. salmonicida via immersion bath. Colonization and subsequent tissue dissemination was followed over a 24-h period using the IVIS spectrum imaging workstation. Results suggest the pathogen's colonization sites are the dorsal and pectoral fin and the gills, followed by a progression through the internal organs and an ensuing exit via the anal opening. This study provides a tool for visualizing colonization of A. salmonicida and other bacterial pathogens in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bartkova
- Section for Bacteriology and Pathology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - B Kokotovic
- Section for Bacteriology and Pathology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - I Dalsgaard
- Section for Bacteriology and Pathology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Skare JT, Shaw DK, Trzeciakowski JP, Hyde JA. In Vivo Imaging Demonstrates That Borrelia burgdorferi ospC Is Uniquely Expressed Temporally and Spatially throughout Experimental Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162501. [PMID: 27611840 PMCID: PMC5017786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi is a spirochetal bacterium transmitted by the Ixodes tick that causes Lyme disease in humans due to its ability to evade the host immune response and disseminate to multiple immunoprotective tissues. The pathogen undergoes dynamic genetic alterations important for adaptation from the tick vector to the mammalian host, but little is known regarding the changes at the transcriptional level within the distal tissues they colonize. In this study, B. burgdorferi infection and gene expression of the essential virulence determinant ospC was quantitatively monitored in a spatial and temporal manner utilizing reporter bioluminescent borrelial strains with in vivo and ex vivo imaging. Although expressed from a shuttle vector, the PospC-luc construct exhibited a similar expression pattern relative to native ospC. Bacterial burden in skin, inguinal lymph node, heart, bladder and tibiotarsal joint varied between tissues and fluctuated over the course of infection possibly in response to unique cues of each microenvironment. Expression of ospC, when normalized for changes in bacterial load, presented unique profiles in murine tissues at different time points. The inguinal lymph node was infected with a significant B. burgdorferi burden, but showed minimal ospC expression. B. burgdorferi infected skin and heart induced expression of ospC early during infection while the bladder and tibiotarsal joint continued to display PospC driven luminescence throughout the 21 day time course. Localized skin borrelial burden increased dramatically in the first 96 hours following inoculation, which was not paralleled with an increase in ospC expression, despite the requirement of ospC for dermal colonization. Quantitation of bioluminescence representing ospC expression in individual tissues was validated by qRT-PCR of the native ospC transcript. Taken together, the temporal regulation of ospC expression in distal tissues suggests a role for this virulence determinant beyond early infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T. Skare
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan/College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dana K. Shaw
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan/College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jerome P. Trzeciakowski
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan/College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jenny A. Hyde
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan/College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Guijarro JA, Cascales D, García-Torrico AI, García-Domínguez M, Méndez J. Temperature-dependent expression of virulence genes in fish-pathogenic bacteria. Front Microbiol 2015. [PMID: 26217329 PMCID: PMC4496569 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Virulence gene expression in pathogenic bacteria is modulated by environmental parameters. A key factor in this expression is temperature. Its effect on virulence gene expression in bacteria infecting warm-blooded hosts is well documented. Transcription of virulence genes in these bacteria is induced upon a shift from low environmental to a higher host temperature (37°C). Interestingly, host temperatures usually correspond to the optimum for growth of these pathogenic bacteria. On the contrary, in ectothermic hosts such as fish, molluscs, and amphibians, infection processes generally occur at a temperature lower than that for the optimal growth of the bacteria. Therefore, regulation of virulence gene expression in response to temperature shift has to be modulated in a different way to that which is found in bacteria infecting warm-blooded hosts. The current understanding of virulence gene expression and its regulation in response to temperature in fish-pathogenic bacteria is limited, but constant extension of our knowledge base is essential to enable a rational approach to the problem of the bacterial fish diseases affecting the aquaculture industry. This is an interesting issue and progress needs to be made in order to diminish the economic losses caused by these diseases. The intention of this review is, for the first time, to compile the scattered results existing in the field in order to lay the groundwork for future research. This article is an overview of those relevant virulence genes that are expressed at temperatures lower than that for optimal bacterial growth in different fish-pathogenic bacteria as well as the principal mechanisms that could be involved in their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A. Guijarro
- *Correspondence: José A. Guijarro, Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Biotecnología de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, C/Julían Clavería 6, 33006 Oviedo, Spain,
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Ohtani M, Villumsen KR, Koppang EO, Raida MK. Global 3D imaging of Yersinia ruckeri bacterin uptake in rainbow trout fry. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117263. [PMID: 25658600 PMCID: PMC4319897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia ruckeri is the causative agent of enteric redmouth disease (ERM) in rainbow trout, and the first commercially available fish vaccine was an immersion vaccine against ERM consisting of Y. ruckeri bacterin. The ERM immersion vaccine has been successfully used in aquaculture farming of salmonids for more than 35 years. The gills and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are believed to be the portals of antigen uptake during waterborne vaccination against ERM; however, the actual sites of bacterin uptake are only partly understood. In order to obtain insight into bacterin uptake during waterborne vaccination, optical projection tomography (OPT) together with immunohistochemistry (IHC) was applied to visualize bacterin uptake and processing in whole rainbow trout fry. Visualization by OPT revealed that the bacterin was initially taken up via gill lamellae from within 30 seconds post vaccination. Later, bacterin uptake was detected on other mucosal surfaces such as skin and olfactory bulb from 5 to 30 minutes post vaccination. The GI tract was found to be filled with a complex of bacterin and mucus at 3 hours post vaccination and the bacterin remained in the GI tract for at least 24 hours. Large amounts of bacterin were present in the blood, and an accumulation of bacterin was found in filtering lymphoid organs such as spleen and trunk kidney where the bacterin accumulates 24 hours post vaccination as demonstrated by OPT and IHC. These results suggest that bacterin is taken up via the gill epithelium in the earliest phases of the bath exposure and from the GI tract in the later phase. The bacterin then enters the blood circulatory system, after which it is filtered by spleen and trunk kidney, before finally accumulating in lymphoid organs where adaptive immunity against ERM is likely to develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Ohtani
- Research Group of Fish Diseases and Immunology, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Kasper Rømer Villumsen
- Research Group of Fish Diseases and Immunology, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Erling Olaf Koppang
- Department of Basic Science and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian School of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Martin Kristian Raida
- Research Group of Fish Diseases and Immunology, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Ingerslev HC, Strube ML, Jørgensen LVG, Dalsgaard I, Boye M, Madsen L. Diet type dictates the gut microbiota and the immune response against Yersinia ruckeri in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 40:624-33. [PMID: 25150450 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) commensal intestinal microbiota in connection to an experimental Yersina ruckeri infection, the causative agent of enteric redmouth disease. One marine and one plant diet was administered to two different groups of rainbow trout. The plant-based diet gave rise to an intestinal microbiota dominated by the genera Streptococcus, Leuconostoc and Weissella from phylum Firmicutes whereas phylum Proteobacteria/Bacteroidetes/Actinobacteria dominated the community in the marine fed fish. In connection to the Y. ruckeri bath challenge there was no effect of the diet type on the cumulative survival, but the number of Y. ruckeri positive fish as measured by plate count and the number of fish with a 'high' number of reads belonging to genus Yersinia as measured by 16S rRNA next-generation sequencing was higher for marine diet fed fish. Furthermore, the two experimental groups of fish showed a differential immune response, where Y. ruckeri challenged marine fed fish had a higher transcription of IL-1β and MBL-2 relative to challenged plant diet fed fish. The data suggest that the plant diet gave rise to a prebiotic effect favouring the presence of bacterial taxons proving protective in connection to bath challenge by Y. ruckeri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Christian Ingerslev
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mikael Lenz Strube
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Louise von Gersdorff Jørgensen
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 7, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Inger Dalsgaard
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mette Boye
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lone Madsen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Navais R, Méndez J, Pérez-Pascual D, Cascales D, Guijarro JA. The yrpAB operon of Yersinia ruckeri encoding two putative U32 peptidases is involved in virulence and induced under microaerobic conditions. Virulence 2014; 5:619-24. [PMID: 24865652 DOI: 10.4161/viru.29363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In an attempt to dissect the virulence mechanisms of Yersinia ruckeri two adjacent genes, yrpA and yrpB, encoding putative peptidases belonging to the U32 family, were analyzed. Similar genes, with the same genetic organization were identified in genomic analysis of human-pathogenic yersiniae. RT-PCR studies indicated that these genes form an operon in Y. ruckeri. Transcriptional studies using an yrpB::lacZY fusion showed high levels of expression of these genes in the presence of peptone in the culture medium, as well as under oxygen-limited conditions. These two factors had a synergic effect on gene induction when both were present simultaneously during bacterial incubation, which indicates the important role that environmental conditions in the fish gut can play in the regulation of specific genes. LD 50 experiments using an yrpA insertional mutant strain demonstrated the participation of this gene in the virulence of Y. ruckeri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Navais
- Área de Microbiología; Departamento de Biología Funcional; Facultad de Medicina; IUBA; Universidad de Oviedo; Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jessica Méndez
- Área de Microbiología; Departamento de Biología Funcional; Facultad de Medicina; IUBA; Universidad de Oviedo; Oviedo, Spain
| | - David Pérez-Pascual
- Área de Microbiología; Departamento de Biología Funcional; Facultad de Medicina; IUBA; Universidad de Oviedo; Oviedo, Spain
| | - Desirée Cascales
- Área de Microbiología; Departamento de Biología Funcional; Facultad de Medicina; IUBA; Universidad de Oviedo; Oviedo, Spain
| | - José A Guijarro
- Área de Microbiología; Departamento de Biología Funcional; Facultad de Medicina; IUBA; Universidad de Oviedo; Oviedo, Spain
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Ohtani M, Villumsen KR, Strøm HK, Raida MK. 3D visualization of the initial Yersinia ruckeri infection route in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by optical projection tomography. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89672. [PMID: 24586953 PMCID: PMC3938485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that enteric redmouth disease (ERM) in farmed rainbow trout is one of the most devastating disease problems, little is known about the initial route of infection and pathogenicity of the aetiological agent, Yersinia ruckeri. In order to determine the initially infected organs, optical projection tomography (OPT), a novel three-dimensional (3D) bio-imaging technique, was applied. OPT not only enables the visualization of Y. ruckeri on mucosal surfaces but also the 3D spatial distribution in whole organs, without sectioning. Rainbow trout were infected by bath challenge exposure to 1 × 10(8) CFU/ml of Y. ruckeri O1 for 1 hour. Three fish were sampled for OPT and immunohistochemistry (IHC) 1, 10 and 30 minutes, 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours, as well as 2, 3, 7 and 21 days after the start of the infection period. Y. ruckeri was re-isolated from the blood of infected fish as early as 1 minute post infection. Both OPT and IHC analysis confirmed that the secondary gill lamellae were the only tissues infected at this early time point, indicating that Y. ruckeri initially infects gill epithelial cells. The experimentally induced infection caused septicemia, and Y. ruckeri was found in all examined organs 7 days post infection including the brain, which correlated with the peak in mortality. To the best of our knowledge this is the first description of Y. ruckeri infection in the brain, which is likely to cause encephalitis. This in part could explain the lethality of ERM in rainbow trout. Using OPT scanning it was possible to visualize the initial route of entry, as well as secondary infection routes along with the proliferation and spread of Y. ruckeri, ultimately causing significant mortality in the exposed rainbow trout. These results demonstrate that OPT is a state-of-the-art technique capable of visualizing pathogenesis at high resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Ohtani
- Research Group of Fish Diseases and Immunology, Section of Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Kasper Rømer Villumsen
- Research Group of Fish Diseases and Immunology, Section of Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Helene Kragelund Strøm
- Research Group of Fish Diseases and Immunology, Section of Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Martin Kristian Raida
- Research Group of Fish Diseases and Immunology, Section of Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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