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Wen X, Chen Y, Zhang S, Su AT, Huang D, Zhou G, Xie X, Wang J. Resistance to preservatives and the viable but non-culturable state formation of Asaia lannensis in flavored syrups. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1345800. [PMID: 38435685 PMCID: PMC10904602 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1345800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Food security is a crucial issue that has caused extensive concern, and the use of food flavors has become prevalent over time. we used the molecular biological techniques, preservative susceptibility testing, viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state induction testing, and a transcriptome analysis to examine the bacterial contamination of favored syrup and identify the causes and develop effective control measures. The results showed that Asaia lannensis WLS1-1 is a microorganism that can spoil food and is a member of the acetic acid bacteria families. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) tests showed that WLS1-1 was susceptible to potassium sorbate (PS), sodium benzoate (SB), and sodium sulffte (SS) at pH 4.0. It revealed a progressive increase in resistance to these preservatives at increasing pH values. WLS1-1 was resistant to PS, SB and SS with an MIC of 4.0, 2.0 and 0.5 g/L at pH 5.0, respectively. The MIC values exceed the maximum permissible concentrations that can be added. The induction test of the VBNC state demonstrated that WLS1-1 lost its ability to grow after 321 days of PS induction, 229 days of SB induction and 52 days of SS induction combined with low temperature at 4°C. Additionally, laser confocal microscopy and a propidium monoazide-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PMA-qPCR) assay showed that WLS1-1 was still alive after VBNC formation. There were 7.192 ± 0.081 (PS), 5.416 ± 0.149 (SB) and 2.837 ± 0.134 (SS) log10(CFU/mL) of viable bacteria. An analysis of the transcriptome data suggests that Asaia lannensis can enter the VBNC state by regulating oxidative stress and decreasing protein synthesis and metabolic activity in response to low temperature and preservatives. The relative resistance of Asaia lannensis to preservatives and the induction of the VBNC state by preservatives are the primary factors that contribute to the contamination of favored syrup by this bacterium. To our knowledge, this study represents the first evidence of the ability of Asaia lannensis to enter the VBNC state and provides a theoretical foundation for the control of organisms with similar types of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wen
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Detection Center of Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Detection Center of Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuyao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Detection Center of Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ai-ting Su
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Detection Center of Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Di Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Detection Center of Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Detection Center of Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Detection Center of Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jufang Wang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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Bhattacharya A, Das S, Bhattacharjee MJ, Mukherjee AK, Khan MR. Comparative pangenomic analysis of predominant human vaginal lactobacilli strains towards population-specific adaptation: understanding the role in sustaining a balanced and healthy vaginal microenvironment. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:565. [PMID: 37740204 PMCID: PMC10517566 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09665-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The vaginal microenvironment of healthy women has a predominance of Lactobacillus crispatus, L. iners, L. gasseri, and L. jensenii. The genomic repertoire of the strains of each of the species associated with the key attributes thereby regulating a healthy vaginal environment needs a substantial understanding.We studied all available human strains of the four lactobacilli across different countries, isolated from vaginal and urinal sources through phylogenetic and pangenomic approaches. The findings showed that L. iners has the highest retention of core genes, and L. crispatus has more gene gain in the evolutionary stratum. Interestingly, L. gasseri and L. jensenii demonstrated major population-specific gene-cluster gain/loss associated with bacteriocin synthesis, iron chelating, adherence, zinc and ATP binding proteins, and hydrolase activity. Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed that L. crispatus strains showed greater enrichment of functions related to plasma membrane integrity, biosurfactant, hydrogen peroxide synthesis, and iron sequestration as an ancestral derived core function, while bacteriocin and organic acid biosynthesis are strain-specific accessory enriched functions. L. jensenii showed greater enrichment of functions related to adherence, aggregation, and exopolysaccharide synthesis. Notably, the key functionalities are heterogeneously enriched in some specific strains of L. iners and L. gasseri.This study shed light on the genomic features and their variability that provides advantageous attributes to predominant vaginal Lactobacillus species maintaining vaginal homeostasis. These findings evoke the need to consider region-specific candidate strains of Lactobacillus to formulate prophylactic measures against vaginal dysbiosis for women's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Bhattacharya
- Division of Life Sciences, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati, 781035, Assam, India
| | - Sushmita Das
- Division of Life Sciences, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati, 781035, Assam, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, 781014, Assam, India
| | - Maloyjo Joyraj Bhattacharjee
- Division of Life Sciences, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati, 781035, Assam, India.
| | - Ashis K Mukherjee
- Division of Life Sciences, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati, 781035, Assam, India
| | - Mojibur Rohman Khan
- Division of Life Sciences, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati, 781035, Assam, India.
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Lakey BD, Myers KS, Alberge F, Mettert EL, Kiley PJ, Noguera DR, Donohue TJ. The essential Rhodobacter sphaeroides CenKR two-component system regulates cell division and envelope biosynthesis. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010270. [PMID: 35767559 PMCID: PMC9275681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial two-component systems (TCSs) often function through the detection of an extracytoplasmic stimulus and the transduction of a signal by a transmembrane sensory histidine kinase. This kinase then initiates a series of reversible phosphorylation modifications to regulate the activity of a cognate, cytoplasmic response regulator as a transcription factor. Several TCSs have been implicated in the regulation of cell cycle dynamics, cell envelope integrity, or cell wall development in Escherichia coli and other well-studied Gram-negative model organisms. However, many α-proteobacteria lack homologs to these regulators, so an understanding of how α-proteobacteria orchestrate extracytoplasmic events is lacking. In this work we identify an essential TCS, CenKR (Cell envelope Kinase and Regulator), in the α-proteobacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides and show that modulation of its activity results in major morphological changes. Using genetic and biochemical approaches, we dissect the requirements for the phosphotransfer event between CenK and CenR, use this information to manipulate the activity of this TCS in vivo, and identify genes that are directly and indirectly controlled by CenKR in Rb. sphaeroides. Combining ChIP-seq and RNA-seq, we show that the CenKR TCS plays a direct role in maintenance of the cell envelope, regulates the expression of subunits of the Tol-Pal outer membrane division complex, and indirectly modulates the expression of peptidoglycan biosynthetic genes. CenKR represents the first TCS reported to directly control the expression of Tol-Pal machinery genes in Gram-negative bacteria, and we predict that homologs of this TCS serve a similar function in other closely related organisms. We propose that Rb. sphaeroides genes of unknown function that are directly regulated by CenKR play unknown roles in cell envelope biosynthesis, assembly, and/or remodeling in this and other α-proteobacteria. The bacterial cell envelope is home to an array of important functions including energy conservation, motility, influx/efflux of nutrients and toxins, modulation of cell morphology and division, cell-cell interaction, and biofilm formation. Consequently, it is a major target of antibiotics and antimicrobial agents that inhibit these essential processes. Key to the recognition of environmental stressors or stimuli are bacterial TCSs, however systems that monitor or directly regulate cell envelope assembly and homeostasis are not widely conserved amongst bacteria. Here, we use Rhodobacter sphaeroides as a model to investigate the function of the CenKR TCS in this and other α-proteobacteria. We show that this essential TCS plays a key role in maintenance of the cell envelope through the regulation of outer membrane integrity and division, cell wall remodeling and homeostasis, and an alternate sigma factor that controls global cellular stress response. We provide evidence that this TCS and its function is widely conserved in α-proteobacteria and identify genes of unknown function as candidates for the study of cell envelope assembly in this and related bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D. Lakey
- Wisconsin Energy Institute, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kevin S. Myers
- Wisconsin Energy Institute, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - François Alberge
- Wisconsin Energy Institute, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Erin L. Mettert
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Patricia J. Kiley
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Noguera
- Wisconsin Energy Institute, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Donohue
- Wisconsin Energy Institute, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Spanka DT, Klug G. Maturation of UTR-Derived sRNAs Is Modulated during Adaptation to Different Growth Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212260. [PMID: 34830143 PMCID: PMC8625941 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Small regulatory RNAs play a major role in bacterial gene regulation by binding their target mRNAs, which mostly influences the stability or translation of the target. Expression levels of sRNAs are often regulated by their own promoters, but recent reports have highlighted the presence and importance of sRNAs that are derived from mRNA 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs). In this study, we investigated the maturation of 5′ and 3′ UTR-derived sRNAs on a global scale in the facultative phototrophic alphaproteobacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Including some already known UTR-derived sRNAs like UpsM or CcsR1-4, 14 sRNAs are predicted to be located in 5 UTRs and 16 in 3′ UTRs. The involvement of different ribonucleases during maturation was predicted by a differential RNA 5′/3′ end analysis based on RNA next generation sequencing (NGS) data from the respective deletion strains. The results were validated in vivo and underline the importance of polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase) and ribonuclease E (RNase E) during processing and maturation. The abundances of some UTR-derived sRNAs changed when cultures were exposed to external stress conditions, such as oxidative stress and also during different growth phases. Promoter fusions revealed that this effect cannot be solely attributed to an altered transcription rate. Moreover, the RNase E dependent cleavage of several UTR-derived sRNAs varied significantly during the early stationary phase and under iron depletion conditions. We conclude that an alteration of ribonucleolytic processing influences the levels of UTR-derived sRNAs, and may thus indirectly affect their mRNA targets.
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Grützner J, Billenkamp F, Spanka DT, Rick T, Monzon V, Förstner KU, Klug G. The small DUF1127 protein CcaF1 from Rhodobacter sphaeroides is an RNA-binding protein involved in sRNA maturation and RNA turnover. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:3003-3019. [PMID: 33706375 PMCID: PMC8034643 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many different protein domains are conserved among numerous species, but their function remains obscure. Proteins with DUF1127 domains number >17 000 in current databases, but a biological function has not yet been assigned to any of them. They are mostly found in alpha- and gammaproteobacteria, some of them plant and animal pathogens, symbionts or species used in industrial applications. Bioinformatic analyses revealed similarity of the DUF1127 domain of bacterial proteins to the RNA binding domain of eukaryotic Smaug proteins that are involved in RNA turnover and have a role in development from Drosophila to mammals. This study demonstrates that the 71 amino acid DUF1127 protein CcaF1 from the alphaproteobacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides participates in maturation of the CcsR sRNAs that are processed from the 3' UTR of the ccaF mRNA and have a role in the oxidative stress defense. CcaF1 binds to many cellular RNAs of different type, several mRNAs with a function in cysteine / methionine / sulfur metabolism. It affects the stability of the CcsR RNAs and other non-coding RNAs and mRNAs. Thus, the widely distributed DUF1127 domain can mediate RNA-binding, affect stability of its binding partners and consequently modulate the bacterial transcriptome, thereby influencing different physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Grützner
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, IFZ, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26–32, D-35292 Giessen, Germany
| | - Fabian Billenkamp
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, IFZ, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26–32, D-35292 Giessen, Germany
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Bundesalle 37, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Daniel-Timon Spanka
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, IFZ, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26–32, D-35292 Giessen, Germany
| | - Tim Rick
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, IFZ, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26–32, D-35292 Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Konrad U Förstner
- ZB MED-Information Center of Life Science, Germany
- Institute of Information Science, TH Köln, University of Applied Science, Gustav-Heinemann-Ufer 54, D-50968 Köln, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gabriele Klug
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, IFZ, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26–32, D-35292 Giessen, Germany
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Kim SH, Chelliah R, Ramakrishnan SR, Perumal AS, Bang WS, Rubab M, Daliri EBM, Barathikannan K, Elahi F, Park E, Jo HY, Hwang SB, Oh DH. Review on Stress Tolerance in Campylobacter jejuni. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:596570. [PMID: 33614524 PMCID: PMC7890702 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.596570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. are the leading global cause of bacterial colon infections in humans. Enteropathogens are subjected to several stress conditions in the host colon, food complexes, and the environment. Species of the genus Campylobacter, in collective interactions with certain enteropathogens, can manage and survive such stress conditions. The stress-adaptation mechanisms of Campylobacter spp. diverge from other enteropathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, S. enterica ser. Paratyphi, S. enterica ser. Typhimurium, and species of the genera Klebsiella and Shigella. This review summarizes the different mechanisms of various stress-adaptive factors on the basis of species diversity in Campylobacter, including their response to various stress conditions that enhance their ability to survive on different types of food and in adverse environmental conditions. Understanding how these stress adaptation mechanisms in Campylobacter, and other enteric bacteria, are used to overcome various challenging environments facilitates the fight against resistance mechanisms in Campylobacter spp., and aids the development of novel therapeutics to control Campylobacter in both veterinary and human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Hun Kim
- Food Microbiology Division, Food Safety Evaluation Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju, South Korea.,College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Ramachandran Chelliah
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Sudha Rani Ramakrishnan
- School of Food Science, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | | | - Woo-Suk Bang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology and Kinesiology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Momna Rubab
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Eric Banan-Mwine Daliri
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Kaliyan Barathikannan
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Fazle Elahi
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Eunji Park
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hyeon Yeong Jo
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Su-Bin Hwang
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Deog Hwan Oh
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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Zhang Q, Zhang L, Ross P, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen W. Comparative Genomics of Lactobacillus crispatus from the Gut and Vagina Reveals Genetic Diversity and Lifestyle Adaptation. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11040360. [PMID: 32230824 PMCID: PMC7230607 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus crispatus colonizes the human feces, human vagina, and the crops and ceca of chicken. To explore the genetic characteristics and evolutionary relationships of L. crispatus isolated from different niches, we selected 37 strains isolated from the human vagina (n = 17), human feces (n = 11), and chicken feces (n = 9), and used comparative genomics to explore the genetic information of L. crispatus from the feces and vagina. No significant difference was found in the three sources of genomic features such as genome size, GC content, and number of protein coding sequences (CDS). However, in a phylogenetic tree constructed based on core genes, vagina-derived L. crispatus and feces-derived strains were each clustered separately. Therefore, the niche exerted an important impact on the evolution of L. crispatus. According to gene annotation, the L. crispatus derived from the vagina possessed a high abundance of genes related to acid tolerance, redox reactions, pullulanase, and carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs). These genes helped L. crispatus to better adapt to the acidic environment of the vagina and obtain more nutrients, maintaining its dominance in the vagina in competition with other strains. In feces-derived bacteria, more genes encoding CRISPR/Cas system, glycoside hydrolases (GHs) family, and tetracycline/lincomycin resistance genes were found to adapt to the complex intestinal environment. This study highlights the evolutionary relationship of L. crispatus strains isolated from the vagina and feces, and the adaptation of L. crispatus to the host environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Joint Research Center for Probiotics & Gut Health, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Paul Ross
- International Joint Research Center for Probiotics & Gut Health, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-510-859-12155
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