1
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Carroll SL, Schmidt GM, Waller JS, Graves TA. Evaluating density-weighted connectivity of black bears (Ursus americanus) in Glacier National Park with spatial capture-recapture models. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2024; 12:8. [PMID: 38263096 PMCID: PMC11334611 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-023-00445-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improved understanding of wildlife population connectivity among protected area networks can support effective planning for the persistence of wildlife populations in the face of land use and climate change. Common approaches to estimating connectivity often rely on small samples of individuals without considering the spatial structure of populations, leading to limited understanding of how individual movement links to demography and population connectivity. Recently developed spatial capture-recapture (SCR) models provide a framework to formally connect inference about individual movement, connectivity, and population density, but few studies have applied this approach to empirical data to support connectivity planning. METHODS We used mark-recapture data collected from 924 genetic detections of 598 American black bears (Ursus americanus) in 2004 with SCR ecological distance models to simultaneously estimate density, landscape resistance to movement, and population connectivity in Glacier National Park northwest Montana, USA. We estimated density and movement parameters separately for males and females and used model estimates to calculate predicted density-weighted connectivity surfaces. RESULTS Model results indicated that landscape structure influences black bear density and space use in Glacier. The mean density estimate was 16.08 bears/100 km2 (95% CI 12.52-20.6) for females and 9.27 bears/100 km2 (95% CI 7.70-11.14) for males. Density increased with forest cover for both sexes. For male black bears, density decreased at higher grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) densities. Drainages, valley bottoms, and riparian vegetation decreased estimates of landscape resistance to movement for male and female bears. For males, forest cover also decreased estimated resistance to movement, but a transportation corridor bisecting the study area strongly increased resistance to movement presenting a barrier to connectivity. CONCLUSIONS Density-weighed connectivity surfaces highlighted areas important for population connectivity that were distinct from areas with high potential connectivity. For black bears in Glacier and surrounding landscapes, consideration of both vegetation and valley topography could inform the placement of underpasses along the transportation corridor in areas characterized by both high population density and potential connectivity. Our study demonstrates that the SCR ecological distance model can provide biologically realistic, spatially explicit predictions to support movement connectivity planning across large landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Carroll
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| | - Greta M Schmidt
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - John S Waller
- Glacier National Park, P.O. Box 128, West Glacier, MT, 59936, USA
| | - Tabitha A Graves
- U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, PO Box 169, West Glacier, MT, 59936, USA
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2
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Dey S, Moqanaki E, Milleret C, Dupont P, Tourani M, Bischof R. Modelling spatially autocorrelated detection probabilities in spatial capture-recapture using random effects. Ecol Modell 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2023.110324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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3
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Sorum MS, Cameron MD, Crupi A, Sage GK, Talbot SL, Hilderbrand GV, Joly K. Pronounced brown bear aggregation along anadromous streams in interior Alaska. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/wlb3.01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathew S. Sorum
- Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve, National Park Service Fairbanks Alaska USA
| | - Matthew D. Cameron
- Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve, National Park Service Fairbanks Alaska USA
| | | | - George K. Sage
- Far Northwestern Inst. of Art and Science, Alaska Office Alaska USA
| | - Sandra L. Talbot
- Far Northwestern Inst. of Art and Science, Alaska Office Alaska USA
| | | | - Kyle Joly
- Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve, National Park Service Fairbanks Alaska USA
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4
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Poutanen J, Fuller AK, Pusenius J, Royle JA, Wikström M, Brommer JE. Density-habitat relationships of white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus) in Finland. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9711. [PMID: 36644703 PMCID: PMC9831969 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In heterogeneous landscapes, resource selection constitutes a crucial link between landscape and population-level processes such as density. We conducted a non-invasive genetic study of white-tailed deer in southern Finland in 2016 and 2017 using fecal DNA samples to understand factors influencing white-tailed deer density and space use in late summer prior to the hunting season. We estimated deer density as a function of landcover types using a spatial capture-recapture (SCR) model with individual identities established using microsatellite markers. The study revealed second-order habitat selection with highest deer densities in fields and mixed forest, and third-order habitat selection (detection probability) for transitional woodlands (clear-cuts) and closeness to fields. Including landscape heterogeneity improved model fit and increased inferred total density compared with models assuming a homogenous landscape. Our findings underline the importance of including habitat covariates when estimating density and exemplifies that resource selection can be studied using non-invasive methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Poutanen
- Department of BiologyUniversity Hill, University of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Natural Resources Institute FinlandTurkuFinland
| | - Angela K. Fuller
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, U.S. Geological Survey, New York Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research UnitCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | | | - J. Andrew Royle
- U.S. Geological SurveyEastern Ecological Science CenterLaurelMarylandUSA
| | | | - Jon E. Brommer
- Department of BiologyUniversity Hill, University of TurkuTurkuFinland
- NOVIA University of Applied SciencesEkenäsFinland
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5
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Dupont G, Linden DW, Sutherland C. Improved inferences about landscape connectivity from spatial capture-recapture by integration of a movement model. Ecology 2022; 103:e3544. [PMID: 34626121 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how broad-scale patterns in animal populations emerge from individual-level processes is an enduring challenge in ecology that requires investigation at multiple scales and perspectives. Complementary to this need for diverse approaches is the recent focus on integrated modeling in statistical ecology. Population-level processes represent the core of spatial capture-recapture (SCR), with many methodological extensions that have been motivated by standing ecological theory and data-integration opportunities. The extent to which these recent advances offer inferential improvements can be limited by the data requirements for quantifying individual-level processes. This is especially true for SCR models that use non-Euclidean distance to relax the restrictive assumption that individual space use is stationary and symmetrical to make inferences about landscape connectivity. To meet the challenges of scale and data quality, we propose integrating an explicit movement model with non-Euclidean SCR for joint estimation of a shared cost parameter between individual and population processes. Here, we define a movement kernel for step selection that uses "ecological distance" instead of Euclidean distance to quantify availability for each movement step in terms of landscape cost. We compare performance of our integrated model to that of existing SCR models using realistic animal movement simulations and data collected on black bears. We demonstrate that an integrated approach offers improvements both in terms of bias and precision in estimating the shared cost parameter over models fit to spatial encounters alone. Simulations suggest these gains were only realized when step lengths were small relative to home range size, and estimates of density were insensitive to whether or not an integrated approach was used. By combining the fine spatiotemporal scale of individual movement processes with the estimation of population density in SCR, integrated approaches such as the one we develop here have the potential to unify the fields of movement, population, and landscape ecology and improve our understanding of landscape connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gates Dupont
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, 160 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003, USA.,Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, 204C French Hall, 230 Stockbridge Road, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003, USA
| | - Daniel W Linden
- Greater Atlantic Regional Fisheries Office, NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service, 55 Great Republic Drive, Gloucester, Massachusetts, 01930, USA
| | - Chris Sutherland
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, 160 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003, USA.,Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, University of St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9LZ, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
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6
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Gardner B, McClintock BT, Converse SJ, Hostetter NJ. Integrated animal movement and spatial capture-recapture models: Simulation, implementation, and inference. Ecology 2022; 103:e3771. [PMID: 35638187 PMCID: PMC9787507 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, spatial capture-recapture (SCR) models have become widespread for estimating demographic parameters in ecological studies. However, the underlying assumptions about animal movement and space use are often not realistic. This is a missed opportunity because interesting ecological questions related to animal space use, habitat selection, and behavior cannot be addressed with most SCR models, despite the fact that the data collected in SCR studies - individual animals observed at specific locations and times - can provide a rich source of information about these processes and how they relate to demographic rates. We developed SCR models that integrated more complex movement processes that are typically inferred from telemetry data, including a simple random walk, correlated random walk (i.e., short-term directional persistence), and habitat-driven Langevin diffusion. We demonstrated how to formulate, simulate from, and fit these models with standard SCR data using data-augmented Bayesian analysis methods. We evaluated their performance through a simulation study, in which we varied the detection, movement, and resource selection parameters. We also examined different numbers of sampling occasions and assessed performance gains when including auxiliary location data collected from telemetered individuals. Across all scenarios, the integrated SCR movement models performed well in terms of abundance, detection, and movement parameter estimation. We found little difference in bias for the simple random walk model when reducing the number of sampling occasions from T = 25 to T = 15. We found some bias in movement parameter estimates under several of the correlated random walk scenarios, but incorporating auxiliary location data improved parameter estimates and significantly improved mixing during model fitting. The Langevin movement model was able to recover resource selection parameters from standard SCR data, which is particularly appealing because it explicitly links the individual-level movement process with habitat selection and population density. We focused on closed population models, but the movement models developed here can be extended to open SCR models. The movement process models could also be easily extended to accommodate additional "building blocks" of random walks, such as central tendency (e.g., territoriality) or multiple movement behavior states, thereby providing a flexible and coherent framework for linking animal movement behavior to population dynamics, density, and distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Gardner
- School of Environmental and Forest SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Brett T. McClintock
- Marine Mammal LaboratoryNOAA‐NMFS Alaska Fisheries Science CenterSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Sarah J. Converse
- U.S. Geological Survey, Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences and School of Aquatic and Fishery SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Nathan J. Hostetter
- U.S. Geological Survey, North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Applied EcologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
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7
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Hostetter NJ, Regehr EV, Wilson RR, Royle JA, Converse SJ. Modeling spatiotemporal abundance and movement dynamics using an integrated spatial capture-recapture movement model. Ecology 2022; 103:e3772. [PMID: 35633152 PMCID: PMC9787655 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Animal movement is a fundamental ecological process affecting the survival and reproduction of individuals, the structure of populations, and the dynamics of communities. Methods to quantify animal movement and spatiotemporal abundances, however, are generally separate and therefore omit linkages between individual-level and population-level processes. We describe an integrated spatial capture-recapture (SCR) movement model to jointly estimate (1) the number and distribution of individuals in a defined spatial region and (2) movement of those individuals through time. We applied our model to a study of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in a 28,125 km2 survey area of the eastern Chukchi Sea, USA in 2015 that incorporated capture-recapture and telemetry data. In simulation studies, the model provided unbiased estimates of movement, abundance, and detection parameters using a bivariate normal random walk and correlated random walk movement process. Our case study provided detailed evidence of directional movement persistence for both male and female bears, where individuals regularly traversed areas larger than the survey area during the 36-day study period. Scaling from individual- to population-level inferences, we found that densities varied from <0.75 bears/625 km2 grid cell/day in nearshore cells to 1.6-2.5 bears/grid cell/day for cells surrounded by sea ice. Daily abundance estimates ranged from 53 to 69 bears, with no trend across days. The cumulative number of unique bears that used the survey area increased through time due to movements into and out of the area, resulting in an estimated 171 individuals using the survey area during the study (95% credible interval 124-250). Abundance estimates were similar to a previous multiyear integrated population model using capture-recapture and telemetry data (2008-2016; Regehr et al., Scientific Reports 8:16780, 2018). Overall, the SCR-movement model successfully quantified both individual- and population-level space use, including the effects of landscape characteristics on movement, abundance, and detection, while linking the movement and abundance processes to directly estimate density within a prescribed spatial region and temporal period. Integrated SCR-movement models provide a generalizable approach to incorporate greater movement realism into population dynamics and link movement to emergent properties including spatiotemporal densities and abundances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J. Hostetter
- Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, School of Aquatic and Fishery SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA,Present address:
United States Geological Survey, North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Applied EcologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Eric V. Regehr
- Applied Physics LaboratoryPolar Science Center, University of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Ryan R. Wilson
- Marine Mammals ManagementUnited States Fish and Wildlife ServiceAnchorageAlaskaUSA
| | - J. Andrew Royle
- United States Geological SurveyEastern Ecological Science CenterLaurelMarylandUSA
| | - Sarah J. Converse
- United States Geological Survey, Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences and School of Aquatic and Fishery SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
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8
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Theng M, Milleret C, Bracis C, Cassey P, Delean S. Confronting spatial capture-recapture models with realistic animal movement simulations. Ecology 2022; 103:e3676. [PMID: 35253209 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Spatial capture-recapture (SCR) models have emerged as a robust method to estimate the population density of mobile animals. However, model evaluation has generally been based on data simulated from simplified representations of animal space use. Here, we generated data from animal movement simulated from a mechanistic individual-based model, in which movement emerges from the individual's response to a changing environment (i.e., from the bottom-up), driven by key ecological processes (e.g., resource memory and territoriality). We drew individual detection data from simulated movement trajectories and fitted detection data sets to a basic, resource selection and transience SCR model, as well as their variants accounting for resource-driven heterogeneity in density and detectability. Across all SCR models, abundance estimates were robust to multiple, but low-degree violations of the specified movement processes (e.g., resource selection). SCR models also successfully captured the positive effect of resource quality on density. However, covariate models failed to capture the finer scale effect of resource quality on detectability and space use, which may be a consequence of the low temporal resolution of SCR data sets and/or model misspecification. We show that home-range size is challenging to infer from the scale parameter alone, compounded by reliance on conventional measures of "true" home-range size that are highly sensitive to sampling regime. Additionally, we found the transience model challenging to fit, probably due to data sparsity and violation of the assumption of normally distributed inter-occasion movement of activity centers, suggesting that further development of the model is required for general applicability. Our results showed that further integration of complex movement into SCR models may not be necessary for population estimates of abundance when the level of individual heterogeneity induced by the underlying movement process is low, but appears warranted in terms of accurately revealing finer scale patterns of ecological and movement processes. Further investigation into whether this holds true in populations with other types of realistic movement characteristics is merited. Our study provides a framework to generate realistic SCR data sets to develop and evaluate more complex movement processes in SCR models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryl Theng
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Cyril Milleret
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Chloe Bracis
- TIMC / MAGE, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Phillip Cassey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Steven Delean
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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9
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Thompson JJ, Velilla M, Cabral H, Cantero N, Bonzi VR, Britez E, Campos Krauer JM, McBride RT, Ayala R, Cartes JL. Jaguar (Panthera onca) population density and landscape connectivity in a deforestation hotspot: The Paraguayan Dry Chaco as a case study. Perspect Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pecon.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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10
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Diamondback Terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin terrapin) Density and Space Use in Dynamic Tidal Systems: Novel Insights from Spatial Capture–Recapture. J HERPETOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1670/21-014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Marrotte RR, Howe EJ, Beauclerc KB, Potter D, Northrup JM. Explaining detection heterogeneity with finite mixture and non-Euclidean movement in spatially explicit capture-recapture models. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13490. [PMID: 35694380 PMCID: PMC9186326 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Landscape structure affects animal movement. Differences between landscapes may induce heterogeneity in home range size and movement rates among individuals within a population. These types of heterogeneity can cause bias when estimating population size or density and are seldom considered during analyses. Individual heterogeneity, attributable to unknown or unobserved covariates, is often modelled using latent mixture distributions, but these are demanding of data, and abundance estimates are sensitive to the parameters of the mixture distribution. A recent extension of spatially explicit capture-recapture models allows landscape structure to be modelled explicitly by incorporating landscape connectivity using non-Euclidean least-cost paths, improving inference, especially in highly structured (riparian & mountainous) landscapes. Our objective was to investigate whether these novel models could improve inference about black bear (Ursus americanus) density. We fit spatially explicit capture-recapture models with standard and complex structures to black bear data from 51 separate study areas. We found that non-Euclidean models were supported in over half of our study areas. Associated density estimates were higher and less precise than those from simple models and only slightly more precise than those from finite mixture models. Estimates were sensitive to the scale (pixel resolution) at which least-cost paths were calculated, but there was no consistent pattern across covariates or resolutions. Our results indicate that negative bias associated with ignoring heterogeneity is potentially severe. However, the most popular method for dealing with this heterogeneity (finite mixtures) yielded potentially unreliable point estimates of abundance that may not be comparable across surveys, even in data sets with 136-350 total detections, 3-5 detections per individual, 97-283 recaptures, and 80-254 spatial recaptures. In these same study areas with high sample sizes, we expected that landscape features would not severely constrain animal movements and modelling non-Euclidian distance would not consistently improve inference. Our results suggest caution in applying non-Euclidean SCR models when there is no clear landscape covariate that is known to strongly influence the movement of the focal species, and in applying finite mixture models except when abundant data are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robby R. Marrotte
- Wildlife Research & Monitoring Section, Ministry of Northern Development, Mines, Natural Resources and Forestry, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric J. Howe
- Wildlife Research & Monitoring Section, Ministry of Northern Development, Mines, Natural Resources and Forestry, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kaela B. Beauclerc
- Wildlife Research & Monitoring Section, Ministry of Northern Development, Mines, Natural Resources and Forestry, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Derek Potter
- Wildlife Research & Monitoring Section, Ministry of Northern Development, Mines, Natural Resources and Forestry, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph M. Northrup
- Wildlife Research & Monitoring Section, Ministry of Northern Development, Mines, Natural Resources and Forestry, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada,Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Van Moorter B, Kivimäki I, Noack A, Devooght R, Panzacchi M, Hall KR, Leleux P, Saerens M. Accelerating advances in landscape connectivity modeling with the
ConScape
library. Methods Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bram Van Moorter
- Centre for Conservation Biology Department of Biology Norweign University of Science and Technology Norway
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13
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Dey S, Bischof R, Dupont PPA, Milleret C. Does the punishment fit the crime? Consequences and diagnosis of misspecified detection functions in Bayesian spatial capture-recapture modeling. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8600. [PMID: 35222967 PMCID: PMC8847120 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial capture-recapture (SCR) analysis is now used routinely to inform wildlife management and conservation decisions. It is therefore imperative that we understand the implications of and can diagnose common SCR model misspecifications, as flawed inferences could propagate to policy and interventions. The detection function of an SCR model describes how an individual's detections are distributed in space. Despite the detection function's central role in SCR, little is known about the robustness of SCR-derived abundance estimates and home range size estimates to misspecifications. Here, we set out to (a) determine whether abundance estimates are robust to a wider range of misspecifications of the detection function than previously explored, (b) quantify the sensitivity of home range size estimates to the choice of detection function, and (c) evaluate commonly used Bayesian p-values for detecting misspecifications thereof. We simulated SCR data using different circular detection functions to emulate a wide range of space use patterns. We then fit Bayesian SCR models with three detection functions (half-normal, exponential, and half-normal plateau) to each simulated data set. While abundance estimates were very robust, estimates of home range size were sensitive to misspecifications of the detection function. When misspecified, SCR models with the half-normal plateau and exponential detection functions produced the most and least reliable home range size, respectively. Misspecifications with the strongest impact on parameter estimates were easily detected by Bayesian p-values. Practitioners using SCR exclusively for density estimation are unlikely to be impacted by misspecifications of the detection function. However, the choice of detection function can have substantial consequences for the reliability of inferences about space use. Although Bayesian p-values can aid the diagnosis of detection function misspecification under certain conditions, we urge the development of additional custom goodness-of-fit diagnostics for Bayesian SCR models to identify a wider range of model misspecifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Dey
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource ManagementNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | - Richard Bischof
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource ManagementNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | - Pierre P. A. Dupont
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource ManagementNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | - Cyril Milleret
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource ManagementNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
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14
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Tourani M. A review of spatial capture-recapture: Ecological insights, limitations, and prospects. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8468. [PMID: 35127014 PMCID: PMC8794757 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
First described by Efford (2004), spatial capture-recapture (SCR) has become a popular tool in ecology. Like traditional capture-recapture, SCR methods account for imperfect detection when estimating ecological parameters. In addition, SCR methods use the information inherent in the spatial configuration of individual detections, thereby allowing spatially explicit estimation of population parameters, such as abundance, survival, and recruitment. Paired with advances in noninvasive survey methods, SCR has been applied to a wide range of species across different habitats, allowing for population- and landscape-level inferences with direct consequences for conservation and management. I conduct a literature review of SCR studies published since the first description of the method and provide an overview of their scope in terms of the ecological questions answered with this tool, taxonomic groups targeted, geography, spatio-temporal extent of analyses, and data collection methods. In addition, I review approaches for analytical implementation and provide an overview of parameters targeted by SCR studies and conclude with current limitations and future directions in SCR methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Tourani
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource ManagementNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
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15
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Pal R, Sutherland C, Qureshi Q, Sathyakumar S. Landscape connectivity and population density of snow leopards across a multi‐use landscape in Western Himalaya. Anim Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Pal
- Wildlife Institute of India Dehradun Uttarakhand India
| | - C. Sutherland
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling University of St Andrews Scotland UK
| | - Q. Qureshi
- Wildlife Institute of India Dehradun Uttarakhand India
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16
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Murphy SM, Adams JR, Waits LP, Cox JJ. Evaluating otter reintroduction outcomes using genetic spatial capture-recapture modified for dendritic networks. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:15047-15061. [PMID: 34765159 PMCID: PMC8571598 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring the demographics and genetics of reintroduced populations is critical to evaluating reintroduction success, but species ecology and the landscapes that they inhabit often present challenges for accurate assessments. If suitable habitats are restricted to hierarchical dendritic networks, such as river systems, animal movements are typically constrained and may violate assumptions of methods commonly used to estimate demographic parameters. Using genetic detection data collected via fecal sampling at latrines, we demonstrate applicability of the spatial capture-recapture (SCR) network distance function for estimating the size and density of a recently reintroduced North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) population in the Upper Rio Grande River dendritic network in the southwestern United States, and we also evaluated the genetic outcomes of using a small founder group (n = 33 otters) for reintroduction. Estimated population density was 0.23-0.28 otter/km, or 1 otter/3.57-4.35 km, with weak evidence of density increasing with northerly latitude (β = 0.33). Estimated population size was 83-104 total otters in 359 km of riverine dendritic network, which corresponded to average annual exponential population growth of 1.12-1.15/year since reintroduction. Growth was ≥40% lower than most reintroduced river otter populations and strong evidence of a founder effect existed 8-10 years post-reintroduction, including 13-21% genetic diversity loss, 84%-87% genetic effective population size decline, and rapid divergence from the source population (F ST accumulation = 0.06/generation). Consequently, genetic restoration via translocation of additional otters from other populations may be necessary to mitigate deleterious genetic effects in this small, isolated population. Combined with non-invasive genetic sampling, the SCR network distance approach is likely widely applicable to demogenetic assessments of both reintroduced and established populations of multiple mustelid species that inhabit aquatic dendritic networks, many of which are regionally or globally imperiled and may warrant reintroduction or augmentation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Murphy
- Wildlife Management DivisionNew Mexico Department of Game & FishSanta FeNew MexicoUSA
| | - Jennifer R. Adams
- Department of Fish and Wildlife SciencesUniversity of IdahoMoscowIdahoUSA
| | - Lisette P. Waits
- Department of Fish and Wildlife SciencesUniversity of IdahoMoscowIdahoUSA
| | - John J. Cox
- Department of Forestry and Natural ResourcesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
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Brommer JE, Poutanen J, Pusenius J, Wikström M. Estimating preharvest density, adult sex ratio, and fecundity of white-tailed deer using noninvasive sampling techniques. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:14312-14326. [PMID: 34707857 PMCID: PMC8525134 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult sex ratio and fecundity (juveniles per female) are key population parameters in sustainable wildlife management, but inferring these requires abundance estimates of at least three age/sex classes of the population (male and female adults and juveniles). Prior to harvest, we used an array of 36 wildlife camera traps during 2 and 3 weeks in the early autumn of 2016 and 2017, respectively. We recorded white-tailed deer adult males, adult females, and fawns from the pictures. Simultaneously, we collected fecal DNA (fDNA) from 92 20 m × 20 m plots placed in 23 clusters of four plots between the camera traps. We identified individuals from fDNA samples with microsatellite markers and estimated the total sex ratio and population density using spatial capture-recapture (SCR). The fDNA-SCR analysis concluded equal sex ratio in the first year and female bias in the second year, and no difference in space use between sexes (fawns and adults combined). Camera information was analyzed in a spatial capture (SC) framework assuming an informative prior for animals' space use, either (a) as estimated by fDNA-SCR (same for all age/sex classes), (b) as assumed from the literature (space use of adult males larger than adult females and fawns), or (c) by inferring adult male space use from individually identified males from the camera pictures. These various SC approaches produced plausible inferences on fecundity, but also inferred total density to be lower than the estimate provided by fDNA-SCR in one of the study years. SC approaches where adult male and female were allowed to differ in their space use suggested the population had a female-biased adult sex ratio. In conclusion, SC approaches allowed estimating the preharvest population parameters of interest and provided conservative density estimates.
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18
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Nawaz MA, Khan BU, Mahmood A, Younas M, Din JU, Sutherland C. An empirical demonstration of the effect of study design on density estimations. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13104. [PMID: 34162926 PMCID: PMC8222225 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92361-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The simultaneous development of technology (e.g. camera traps) and statistical methods, particularly spatially capture-recapture (SCR), has improved monitoring of large mammals in recent years. SCR estimates are known to be sensitive to sampling design, yet existing recommendations about trap spacing and coverage are often not achieved, particularly for sampling wide-ranging and rare species in landscapes that allow for limited accessibility. Consequently, most camera trap studies on large wide-ranging carnivores relies on convenience or judgmental sampling, and often yields compromised results. This study attempts to highlight the importance of carefully considered sampling design for large carnivores that, because of low densities and elusive behavior, are challenging to monitor. As a motivating example, we use two years of snow leopard camera trapping data from the same areas in the high mountains of Pakistan but with vastly different camera configurations, to demonstrate that estimates of density and space use are indeed sensitive to the trapping array. A compact design, one in which cameras were placed much closer together than generally recommended and therefore have lower spatial coverage, resulted in fewer individuals observed, but more recaptures, and estimates of density and space use were inconsistent with expectations for the region. In contrast, a diffuse design, one with larger spacing and spatial coverage and more consistent with general recommendations, detected more individuals, had fewer recaptures, but generated estimates of density and space use that were in line with expectations. Researchers often opt for compact camera configurations while monitoring wide-ranging and rare species, in an attempt to maximize the encounter probabilities. We empirically demonstrate the potential for biases when sampling a small area approximately the size of a single home range-this arises from exposing fewer individuals than deemed sufficient for estimation. The smaller trapping array may also underestimate density by significantly inflating [Formula: see text]. On the other hand, larger trapping array with fewer detectors and poor design induces uncertainties in the estimates. We conclude that existing design recommendations have limited utility on practical grounds for devising feasible sampling designs for large ranging species, and more research on SCR designs is required that allows for integrating biological and habitat traits of large carnivores in sampling framework. We also suggest that caution should be exercised when there is a reliance on convenience sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Nawaz
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Barkat Ullah Khan
- Department of Zoology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Snow Leopard Foundation, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Amer Mahmood
- Department of Zoology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Jaffar Ud Din
- Snow Leopard Foundation, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Snow Leopard Trust, Seattle, USA
| | - Chris Sutherland
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01002, USA
- Centre for Research Into Ecological & Environmental Modelling, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland, UK
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Stevenson BC, Fewster RM, Sharma K. Spatial correlation structures for detections of individuals in spatial capture-recapture models. Biometrics 2021; 78:963-973. [PMID: 34051114 DOI: 10.1111/biom.13502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spatial capture-recapture (SCR) models are commonly used to estimate animal density from surveys on which detectors passively detect animals without physical capture, for example, using camera traps, hair snares, or microphones. An individual is more likely to be recorded by detectors close to its activity center, the centroid of its movement throughout the survey. Existing models to account for this spatial heterogeneity in detection probabilities rely on an assumption of independence between detection records at different detectors conditional on the animals' activity centers, which are treated as latent variables. In this paper, we show that this conditional independence assumption may be violated due to the way animals move around the survey region and encounter detectors, such that additional spatial correlation is almost inevitable. We highlight the links between the well-studied issue of unmodeled temporal heterogeneity in nonspatial capture-recapture and this variety of unmodeled spatial heterogeneity in SCR, showing that the latter causes predictable bias in the same way as the former. We address this by introducing a latent detection field into the model, and illustrate the resulting approach with a simulation study and an application to a camera-trap survey of snow leopards Panthera uncia. Our method is a unifying model for several existing SCR approaches, with special cases including standard SCR, models that account for nonspatial individual heterogeneity, and models with overdispersed detection counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben C Stevenson
- Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rachel M Fewster
- Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Sharma RK, Sharma K, Borchers D, Bhatnagar YV, Suryawanshi KR, Mishra C. Spatial variation in population-density of snow leopards in a multiple use landscape in Spiti Valley, Trans-Himalaya. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250900. [PMID: 34010352 PMCID: PMC8133441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The endangered snow leopard Panthera uncia occurs in human use landscapes in the mountains of South and Central Asia. Conservationists generally agree that snow leopards must be conserved through a land-sharing approach, rather than land-sparing in the form of strictly protected areas. Effective conservation through land-sharing requires a good understanding of how snow leopards respond to human use of the landscape. Snow leopard density is expected to show spatial variation within a landscape because of variation in the intensity of human use and the quality of habitat. However, snow leopards have been difficult to enumerate and monitor. Variation in the density of snow leopards remains undocumented, and the impact of human use on their populations is poorly understood. We examined spatial variation in snow leopard density in Spiti Valley, an important snow leopard landscape in India, via spatially explicit capture-recapture analysis of camera trap data. We camera trapped an area encompassing a minimum convex polygon of 953 km2. Our best model estimated an overall density of 0.5 (95% CI: 0.31–0.82) mature snow leopards per 100 km2. Using AIC, our best model showed the density of snow leopards to depend on estimated wild prey density, movement about activity centres to depend on altitude, and the expected number of encounters at the activity centre to depend on topography. Models that also used livestock biomass as a density covariate ranked second, but the effect of livestock was weak. Our results highlight the importance of maintaining high density pockets of wild prey populations in multiple-use landscapes to enhance snow leopard conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Kumar Sharma
- Nature Conservation Foundation, Mysore, Karnataka, India
- Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
- Snow Leopard Trust, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Koustubh Sharma
- Nature Conservation Foundation, Mysore, Karnataka, India
- Snow Leopard Trust, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Snow Leopard Foundation in Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - David Borchers
- Centre for Research in Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Yash Veer Bhatnagar
- Nature Conservation Foundation, Mysore, Karnataka, India
- Snow Leopard Trust, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | | | - Charudutt Mishra
- Nature Conservation Foundation, Mysore, Karnataka, India
- Snow Leopard Trust, Seattle, WA, United States of America
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21
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Morrell N, Appleton R, Arcese P. Roads, forest cover, and topography as factors affecting the occurrence of large carnivores: The case of the Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus). Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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22
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Turek D, Milleret C, Ergon T, Brøseth H, Dupont P, Bischof R, Valpine P. Efficient estimation of large‐scale spatial capture–recapture models. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Turek
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics Williams College Williamstown Massachusetts USA
| | - Cyril Milleret
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences Ås Norway
| | - Torbjørn Ergon
- Department of Biosciences Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Henrik Brøseth
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Trondheim Norway
| | - Pierre Dupont
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences Ås Norway
| | - Richard Bischof
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences Ås Norway
| | - Perry Valpine
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management University of California Berkeley Berkeley California USA
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23
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Jiménez J, C. Augustine B, Linden DW, B. Chandler R, Royle JA. Spatial capture-recapture with random thinning for unidentified encounters. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:1187-1198. [PMID: 33598123 PMCID: PMC7863675 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial capture-recapture (SCR) models have increasingly been used as a basis for combining capture-recapture data types with variable levels of individual identity information to estimate population density and other demographic parameters. Recent examples are the unmarked SCR (or spatial count model), where no individual identities are available and spatial mark-resight (SMR) where individual identities are available for only a marked subset of the population. Currently lacking, though, is a model that allows unidentified samples to be combined with identified samples when there are no separate classes of "marked" and "unmarked" individuals and when the two sample types cannot be considered as arising from two independent observation models. This is a common scenario when using noninvasive sampling methods, for example, when analyzing data on identified and unidentified photographs or scats from the same sites.Here we describe a "random thinning" SCR model that utilizes encounters of both known and unknown identity samples using a natural mechanistic dependence between samples arising from a single observation model. Our model was fitted in a Bayesian framework using NIMBLE.We investigate the improvement in parameter estimates by including the unknown identity samples, which was notable (up to 79% more precise) in low-density populations with a low rate of identified encounters. We then applied the random thinning SCR model to a noninvasive genetic sampling study of brown bear (Ursus arctos) density in Oriental Cantabrian Mountains (North Spain).Our model can improve density estimation for noninvasive sampling studies for low-density populations with low rates of individual identification, by making use of available data that might otherwise be discarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Jiménez
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC, CSIC‐UCLM‐JCCM)Ronda de Toledo, 12Ciudad Real13071Spain
| | - Ben C. Augustine
- U.S. Geological Survey John Wesley Powell CenterCornell Department of Natural ResourcesIthacaNew York14853USA
| | - Daniel W. Linden
- Greater Atlantic Regional Fisheries OfficeNOAA National Marine Fisheries Service55 Great Republic DriveGloucesterMassachusetts01922USA
| | - Richard B. Chandler
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural ResourcesUniversity of Georgia180 E. Green StreetAthensGeorgia30602USA
| | - J. Andrew Royle
- U.S. Geological SurveyPatuxent Wildlife Research Center12100 Beech Forest RoadLaurelMaryland20708USA
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24
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Warbington CH, Boyce MS. Population density of sitatunga in riverine wetland habitats. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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25
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Durbach I, Borchers D, Sutherland C, Sharma K. Fast, flexible alternatives to regular grid designs for spatial capture–recapture. Methods Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Durbach
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling University of St Andrews St Andrews UK
- Centre for Statistics in Ecology, the Environment, and Conservation University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
| | - David Borchers
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling University of St Andrews St Andrews UK
| | - Chris Sutherland
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling University of St Andrews St Andrews UK
- Department of Environmental Conservation University of Massachusetts‐Amherst Amherst MA USA
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26
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Distiller GB, Borchers DL, Foster RJ, Harmsen BJ. Using Continuous-Time Spatial Capture-Recapture models to make inference about animal activity patterns. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:e6822. [PMID: 33145005 PMCID: PMC7593165 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantifying the distribution of daily activity is an important component of behavioral ecology. Historically, it has been difficult to obtain data on activity patterns, especially for elusive species. However, the development of affordable camera traps and their widespread usage has led to an explosion of available data from which activity patterns can be estimated.Continuous-time spatial capture-recapture (CT SCR) models drop the occasion structure seen in traditional spatial and nonspatial capture-recapture (CR) models and use the actual times of capture. In addition to estimating density, CT SCR models estimate expected encounters through time. Cyclic splines can be used to allow flexible shapes for modeling cyclic activity patterns, and the fact that SCR models also incorporate distance means that space-time interactions can be explored. This method is applied to a jaguar dataset.Jaguars in Belize are most active and range furthest in the evening and early morning and when they are located closer to the network of trails. There is some evidence that females have a less variable pattern than males. The comparison between sexes demonstrates how CT SCR can be used to explore hypotheses about animal behavior within a formal modeling framework.SCR models were developed primarily to estimate and model density, but the models can be used to explore processes that interact across space and time, especially when using the CT SCR framework that models the temporal dimension at a finer resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg B. Distiller
- Department of Statistical SciencesCentre for Statistics in Ecology, Environment and Conservation (SEEC)University of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - David L. Borchers
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental ModellingSchool of Mathematics and StatisticsUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUK
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27
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Lamonica D, Drouineau H, Capra H, Pella H, Maire A. A framework for pre-processing individual location telemetry data for freshwater fish in a river section. Ecol Modell 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2020.109190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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28
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Spatial proximity moderates genotype uncertainty in genetic tagging studies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:17903-17912. [PMID: 32661176 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2000247117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Accelerating declines of an increasing number of animal populations worldwide necessitate methods to reliably and efficiently estimate demographic parameters such as population density and trajectory. Standard methods for estimating demographic parameters from noninvasive genetic samples are inefficient because lower-quality samples cannot be used, and they assume individuals are identified without error. We introduce the genotype spatial partial identity model (gSPIM), which integrates a genetic classification model with a spatial population model to combine both spatial and genetic information, thus reducing genotype uncertainty and increasing the precision of demographic parameter estimates. We apply this model to data from a study of fishers (Pekania pennanti) in which 37% of hair samples were originally discarded because of uncertainty in individual identity. The gSPIM density estimate using all collected samples was 25% more precise than the original density estimate, and the model identified and corrected three errors in the original individual identity assignments. A simulation study demonstrated that our model increased the accuracy and precision of density estimates 63 and 42%, respectively, using three replicated assignments (e.g., PCRs for microsatellites) per genetic sample. Further, the simulations showed that the gSPIM model parameters are identifiable with only one replicated assignment per sample and that accuracy and precision are relatively insensitive to the number of replicated assignments for high-quality samples. Current genotyping protocols devote the majority of resources to replicating and confirming high-quality samples, but when using the gSPIM, genotyping protocols could be more efficient by devoting more resources to low-quality samples.
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29
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Harmsen BJ, Foster RJ, Quigley H. Spatially explicit capture recapture density estimates: Robustness, accuracy and precision in a long-term study of jaguars (Panthera onca). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227468. [PMID: 32511240 PMCID: PMC7279572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Camera trapping is the standard field method of monitoring cryptic, low-density mammal populations. Typically, researchers run camera surveys for 60 to 90 days and estimate density using closed population spatially explicit capture-recapture (SCR) models. The SCR models estimate density, capture probability (g0), and a scale parameter (σ) that reflects ranging behaviour. We used a year of camera data from 20 camera stations to estimate the density of male jaguars (Panthera onca) in the Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary in Belize, using closed population SCR models. We subsampled the dataset into 276 90-day sessions and 186 180-day sessions. Estimated density fluctuated from 0.51 to 5.30 male jaguars / 100 km2 between the 90-day sessions, with comparatively robust and precise estimates for the 180-day sessions (0.73 to 3.75 male jaguars / 100 km2). We explain the variation in density estimates from the 90-day sessions in terms of temporal variation in social behaviour, specifically male competition and mating events during the three-month wet season. Density estimates from the 90-day sessions varied with σ, but not with the number of individuals detected, suggesting that variation in density was almost fully attributable to changes in estimated ranging behaviour. We found that the models overestimated σ when compared to the mean ranging distance derived from GPS tracking data from two collared individuals in the camera grid. Overestimation of σ when compared to GPS collar data was more pronounced for the 180-day sessions than the 90-day sessions. We conclude that one-off ('snap-shot') short-term, small-scale camera trap surveys do not sufficiently sample wide-ranging large carnivores. When using SCR models to estimate the density from these data, we caution against the use of poor sampling designs and/or misinterpretation of scope of inference. Although the density estimates from one-off, short-term, small-scale camera trap surveys may be statistically accurate within each short-term sampling period, the variation between density estimates from multiple sessions throughout the year illustrate that the estimates obtained should be carefully interpreted and extrapolated, because different factors, such as temporal stochasticity in behaviour of a few individuals, may have strong repercussions on density estimates. Because of temporal variation in behaviour, reliable density estimates will require larger samples of individuals and spatial recaptures than those presented in this study (mean +/- SD = 14.2 +/- 1.2 individuals, 37.7 +/- 4.7 spatial recaptures, N = 276 sessions), which are representative of, or higher than published sample sizes. To satisfy the need for larger samples, camera surveys will need to be more expansive with a higher density of stations. In the absence of this, we advocate longer sampling periods and subsampling through time as a means of understanding and describing stability or variation between density estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart J. Harmsen
- Panthera, New York, New York, United States of America
- Environmental Research Institute, University of Belize, Belmopan, Belize
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Bischof R, Dupont P, Milleret C, Chipperfield J, Royle JA. Consequences of ignoring group association in spatial capture–recapture analysis. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.2981/wlb.00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Bischof
- R. Bischof ✉ , P. Dupont and C. Milleret, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian Univ. of Life Sciences, NO-1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Pierre Dupont
- R. Bischof ✉ , P. Dupont and C. Milleret, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian Univ. of Life Sciences, NO-1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Cyril Milleret
- R. Bischof ✉ , P. Dupont and C. Milleret, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian Univ. of Life Sciences, NO-1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Joseph Chipperfield
- J. Chipperfield, Norwegian Inst. for Nature, Res., Bergen, Norway. – J. A. Royle, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - J. Andrew Royle
- R. Bischof ✉ , P. Dupont and C. Milleret, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian Univ. of Life Sciences, NO-1432 Aas, Norway
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31
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Meyer NFV, Moreno R, Sutherland C, de la Torre JA, Esser HJ, Jordan CA, Olmos M, Ortega J, Reyna-Hurtado R, Valdes S, Jansen PA. Effectiveness of Panama as an intercontinental land bridge for large mammals. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2020; 34:207-219. [PMID: 31385631 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Habitat fragmentation is a primary driver of wildlife loss, and establishment of biological corridors is a common strategy to mitigate this problem. A flagship example is the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor (MBC), which aims to connect protected forest areas between Mexico and Panama to allow dispersal and gene flow of forest organisms. Because forests across Central America have continued to degrade, the functioning of the MBC has been questioned, but reliable estimates of species occurrence were unavailable. Large mammals are suitable indicators of forest functioning, so we assessed their conservation status across the Isthmus of Panama, the narrowest section of the MBC. We used large-scale camera-trap surveys and hierarchical multispecies occupancy models in a Bayesian framework to estimate the occupancy of 9 medium to large mammals and developed an occupancy-weighted connectivity metric to evaluate species-specific functional connectivity. White-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari), jaguar (Panthera onca), giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), and tapir (Tapirus bairdii) had low expected occupancy along the MBC in Panama. Puma (Puma concolor), red brocket deer (Mazama temama), ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), and collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), which are more adaptable, had higher occupancy, even in areas with low forest cover near infrastructure. However, the majority of species were subject to ≥1 gap that was larger than their known dispersal distances, suggesting poor connectivity along the MBC in Panama. Based on our results, forests in Darien, Donoso-Santa Fe, and La Amistad International Park are critical for survival of large terrestrial mammals in Panama and 2 areas need restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninon F V Meyer
- Departamento de Conservación de la Biodiversidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Av. Rancho Poligono 2-A, Ciudad Industrial, 24500, Lerma, Campeche, México
- Fundación Yaguará Panamá, Ciudad del Saber, Edificio 101, Clayton, P.O. Box 0833-0292, Panama
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Luis Clement Avenue, Building 401 Tupper, Balboa Ancon, Postal 0843-03092, Panama
| | - Ricardo Moreno
- Fundación Yaguará Panamá, Ciudad del Saber, Edificio 101, Clayton, P.O. Box 0833-0292, Panama
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Luis Clement Avenue, Building 401 Tupper, Balboa Ancon, Postal 0843-03092, Panama
| | - Christopher Sutherland
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, U.S.A
| | - J Antonio de la Torre
- Bioconciencia A.C., Ocotepec L10 Mz 74 Esq. Poza Rica, Col. San Jerónimo Aculco, Del. Magdalena Contreras, C.P. 10400, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Conservación de Vertebrados Terrestres, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ap. Postal 70-275, C. P. 04510, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Helen J Esser
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Luis Clement Avenue, Building 401 Tupper, Balboa Ancon, Postal 0843-03092, Panama
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher A Jordan
- Global Wildlife Conservation, P.O. Box 129, Austin, TX, 78767, U.S.A
- Panthera, 8W 40th St, 18th Floor, New York, NY, 10018, U.S.A
| | - Melva Olmos
- Panthera, 8W 40th St, 18th Floor, New York, NY, 10018, U.S.A
- Conservación Panamá Inc., calle via Tambo, Finca Radagast, Penonomé, Coclé, Panamá
| | - Josué Ortega
- Fundación Yaguará Panamá, Ciudad del Saber, Edificio 101, Clayton, P.O. Box 0833-0292, Panama
| | - Rafael Reyna-Hurtado
- Departamento de Conservación de la Biodiversidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Av. Rancho Poligono 2-A, Ciudad Industrial, 24500, Lerma, Campeche, México
| | - Samuel Valdes
- Biodiversity Consultant Group, Hato Pintado, 78 ½ St, L 13, Ciudad de Panamá, 33172-2780/GEL7200, Panama
| | - Patrick A Jansen
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Luis Clement Avenue, Building 401 Tupper, Balboa Ancon, Postal 0843-03092, Panama
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Quaglietta L, Porto M, Ford AT. Simulating animal movements to predict wildlife-vehicle collisions: illustrating an application of the novel R package SiMRiv. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-019-1333-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Evaluating Snake Density Using Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) Telemetry and Spatial Capture–Recapture Analyses for Linear Habitats. J HERPETOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1670/18-070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Gupta A, Dilkina B, Morin DJ, Fuller AK, Royle JA, Sutherland C, Gomes CP. Reserve design to optimize functional connectivity and animal density. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2019; 33:1023-1034. [PMID: 31209924 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ecological distance-based spatial capture-recapture models (SCR) are a promising approach for simultaneously estimating animal density and connectivity, both of which affect spatial population processes and ultimately species persistence. We explored how SCR models can be integrated into reserve-design frameworks that explicitly acknowledge both the spatial distribution of individuals and their space use resulting from landscape structure. We formulated the design of wildlife reserves as a budget-constrained optimization problem and conducted a simulation to explore 3 different SCR-informed optimization objectives that prioritized different conservation goals by maximizing the number of protected individuals, reserve connectivity, and density-weighted connectivity. We also studied the effect on our 3 objectives of enforcing that the space-use requirements of individuals be met by the reserve for individuals to be considered conserved (referred to as home-range constraints). Maximizing local population density resulted in fragmented reserves that would likely not aid long-term population persistence, and maximizing the connectivity objective yielded reserves that protected the fewest individuals. However, maximizing density-weighted connectivity or preemptively imposing home-range constraints on reserve design yielded reserves of largely spatially compact sets of parcels covering high-density areas in the landscape with high functional connectivity between them. Our results quantify the extent to which reserve design is constrained by individual home-range requirements and highlight that accounting for individual space use in the objective and constraints can help in the design of reserves that balance abundance and connectivity in a biologically relevant manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Gupta
- School of Computational Science and Engineering, College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, 266 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, U.S.A
| | - Bistra Dilkina
- School of Computational Science and Engineering, College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, 266 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, U.S.A
| | - Dana J Morin
- New York Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, 211 Fernow Hall, 226 Mann Drive, Ithaca, NY, 14853, U.S.A
| | - Angela K Fuller
- U.S. Geological Survey, New York Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, 211 Fernow Hall, 226 Mann Drive, Ithaca, NY, 14853, U.S.A
| | - J Andrew Royle
- U.S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 12100 Beech Forest Road, Laurel, MD, 20708, U.S.A
| | - Christopher Sutherland
- New York Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, 211 Fernow Hall, 226 Mann Drive, Ithaca, NY, 14853, U.S.A
| | - Carla P Gomes
- Department of Computer Science, Institute for Computational Sustainability, Cornell University, 353 Gates Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, U.S.A
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Gimenez O, Gatti S, Duchamp C, Germain E, Laurent A, Zimmermann F, Marboutin E. Spatial density estimates of Eurasian lynx ( Lynx lynx) in the French Jura and Vosges Mountains. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:11707-11715. [PMID: 31695880 PMCID: PMC6822030 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Obtaining estimates of animal population density is a key step in providing sound conservation and management strategies for wildlife. For many large carnivores however, estimating density is difficult because these species are elusive and wide-ranging. Here, we focus on providing the first density estimates of the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in the French Jura and Vosges mountains. We sampled a total of 413 camera trapping sites (with two cameras per site) between January 2011 and April 2016 in seven study areas across seven counties of the French Jura and Vosges mountains. We obtained 592 lynx detections over 19,035 trap days in the Jura mountains and 0 detection over 6,804 trap days in the Vosges mountains. Based on coat patterns, we identified a total number of 92 unique individuals from photographs, including 16 females, 13 males, and 63 individuals of unknown sex. Using spatial capture-recapture (SCR) models, we estimated abundance in the study areas between 5 (SE = 0.1) and 29 (0.2) lynx and density between 0.24 (SE = 0.02) and 0.91 (SE = 0.03) lynx per 100 km2. We also provide a comparison with nonspatial density estimates and discuss the observed discrepancies. Our study is yet another example of the advantage of combining SCR methods and noninvasive sampling techniques to estimate density for elusive and wide-ranging species, like large carnivores. While the estimated densities in the French Jura mountains are comparable to other lynx populations in Europe, the fact that we detected no lynx in the Vosges mountains is alarming. Connectivity should be encouraged between the French Jura mountains, the Vosges mountains, and the Palatinate Forest in Germany where a reintroduction program is currently ongoing. Our density estimates will help in setting a baseline conservation status for the lynx population in France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Gimenez
- CEFECNRSEPHEIRDUniv MontpellierUniv Paul Valéry Montpellier 3MontpellierFrance
| | - Sylvain Gatti
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune SauvageGièresFrance
| | | | - Estelle Germain
- Centre de Recherche et d'Observation sur les Carnivores (CROC)LucyFrance
| | - Alain Laurent
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune SauvageGièresFrance
| | | | - Eric Marboutin
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune SauvageGièresFrance
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Efford MG. Non-circular home ranges and the estimation of population density. Ecology 2019; 100:e02580. [PMID: 30601582 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Spatially explicit capture-recapture (SECR) models have emerged as one solution to the problem of estimating the population density of mobile and cryptic animals. Spatial models embody assumptions regarding the spatial distribution of individuals and the spatial detection process. The detection process is modeled in SECR as a radial decline in detection probability with distance from the activity center of each individual. This would seem to require that home ranges are circular. The robustness of SECR when home ranges are not circular has been the subject of conflicting statements. Ivan et al. previously compared the SECR density estimator to a telemetry-scaled non-spatial estimator. I suggest that the apparent non-robustness of SECR in their study was a simulation artefact. New simulations of elliptical home ranges establish that the SECR density estimator is largely robust to non-circularity when detectors are spread in two dimensions, but may be very biased if the detector array is linear and home ranges align with the array. Transformation to isotropy reduces bias from designs of intermediate dimension, such as hollow square arrays. Possible alignment of home ranges should be considered when designing detector arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Efford
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
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Rogan MS, Balme GA, Distiller G, Pitman RT, Broadfield J, Mann GKH, Whittington‐Jones GM, Thomas LH, O'Riain MJ. The influence of movement on the occupancy–density relationship at small spatial scales. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Rogan
- The Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa University of Cape Town Private Bag X3, Rondebosch Cape Town 7701 South Africa
- Panthera 8 West 40th Street New York New York 10018 USA
- Centre for Statistics in Ecology, the Environment and Conservation University of Cape Town Rondebosch Cape Town 7701 South Africa
| | - Guy A. Balme
- The Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa University of Cape Town Private Bag X3, Rondebosch Cape Town 7701 South Africa
- Panthera 8 West 40th Street New York New York 10018 USA
| | - Greg Distiller
- The Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa University of Cape Town Private Bag X3, Rondebosch Cape Town 7701 South Africa
- Centre for Statistics in Ecology, the Environment and Conservation University of Cape Town Rondebosch Cape Town 7701 South Africa
- Department of Statistical Sciences University of Cape Town Rondebosch Cape Town 7701 South Africa
| | - Ross T. Pitman
- The Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa University of Cape Town Private Bag X3, Rondebosch Cape Town 7701 South Africa
- Panthera 8 West 40th Street New York New York 10018 USA
| | - Joleen Broadfield
- The Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa University of Cape Town Private Bag X3, Rondebosch Cape Town 7701 South Africa
- Panthera 8 West 40th Street New York New York 10018 USA
| | - Gareth K. H. Mann
- The Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa University of Cape Town Private Bag X3, Rondebosch Cape Town 7701 South Africa
- Panthera 8 West 40th Street New York New York 10018 USA
| | | | | | - M. Justin O'Riain
- The Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa University of Cape Town Private Bag X3, Rondebosch Cape Town 7701 South Africa
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Sun CC, Royle JA, Fuller AK. Incorporating citizen science data in spatially explicit integrated population models. Ecology 2019; 100:e02777. [PMID: 31168779 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Information about population abundance, distribution, and demographic rates is critical for understanding a species' ecology and for effective conservation and management. To collect data over large spatial and temporal extents for such inferences, especially for species with low densities or wide distributions, citizen science can be an efficient approach. Integrated models have also emerged as an important methodology to estimate population parameters by combining multiple types of data, including citizen science data. We developed a spatially explicit integrated model that combines opportunistically collected presence-absence (PA) data, commonly collected in citizen science efforts, with systematically collected spatial capture-recapture (SCR) data, which are often limited to small spatial and temporal extents. We conducted single and multi-season simulations with parameters informed by North American black bear (Ursus americanus) populations, to evaluate the influence of varying amounts of opportunistic PA data collected at larger spatial and temporal extents on the estimation of population-level parameters. Integrating opportunistic PA data increased the precision and accuracy of posterior estimates of abundance, and survival and recruitment rates. In some cases, adding PA locations improved abundance estimates more than increasing PA detection probability. Posterior estimates were as precise and unbiased as when higher quality, but sparse, SCR data were available. We also applied the integrated model to SCR and citizen science PA data collected on black bears in New York, with results consistent with our simulations. Our findings indicate that citizen science in integrated models can be a cost-efficient way to improve estimates of population parameters and increase the spatiotemporal extent of inference. Continued developments with integrated models and citizen science data will offer additional ways to improve our understanding of population structure and demographics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine C Sun
- New York Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, 226 Mann Drive, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - J Andrew Royle
- U.S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland, 20708, USA
| | - Angela K Fuller
- U.S. Geological Survey, New York Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, 226 Mann Drive, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Jacques CN, Klaver RW, Swearingen TC, Davis ED, Anderson CR, Jenks JA, Deperno CS, Bluett RD. Estimating density and detection of bobcats in fragmented midwestern landscapes using spatial capture–recapture data from camera traps. WILDLIFE SOC B 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert W. Klaver
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and ManagementU.S. Geological Survey, Iowa Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Iowa State UniversityAmes IA 50011 USA
| | - Tim C. Swearingen
- Department of Biological SciencesWestern Illinois UniversityMacomb IL 61455 USA
| | - Edward D. Davis
- Department of Biological SciencesWestern Illinois UniversityMacomb IL 61455 USA
| | - Charles R. Anderson
- Department of Natural ResourcesColorado Parks and Wildlife317 W Prospect Road Fort Collins CO 80526 USA
| | - Jonathan A. Jenks
- Department of Natural Resource ManagementSouth Dakota State UniversityBrookings SD 57007 USA
| | - Christopher S. Deperno
- Department of Forestry and Environmental ResourcesFisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, North Carolina State UniversityRaleigh NC 27695 USA
| | - Robert D. Bluett
- Illinois Department of Natural Resources1 Natural Resources Way Springfield IL 62702 USA
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40
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Kelt DA, Heske EJ, Lambin X, Oli MK, Orrock JL, Ozgul A, Pauli JN, Prugh LR, Sollmann R, Sommer S. Advances in population ecology and species interactions in mammals. J Mammal 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyz017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe study of mammals has promoted the development and testing of many ideas in contemporary ecology. Here we address recent developments in foraging and habitat selection, source–sink dynamics, competition (both within and between species), population cycles, predation (including apparent competition), mutualism, and biological invasions. Because mammals are appealing to the public, ecological insight gleaned from the study of mammals has disproportionate potential in educating the public about ecological principles and their application to wise management. Mammals have been central to many computational and statistical developments in recent years, including refinements to traditional approaches and metrics (e.g., capture-recapture) as well as advancements of novel and developing fields (e.g., spatial capture-recapture, occupancy modeling, integrated population models). The study of mammals also poses challenges in terms of fully characterizing dynamics in natural conditions. Ongoing climate change threatens to affect global ecosystems, and mammals provide visible and charismatic subjects for research on local and regional effects of such change as well as predictive modeling of the long-term effects on ecosystem function and stability. Although much remains to be done, the population ecology of mammals continues to be a vibrant and rapidly developing field. We anticipate that the next quarter century will prove as exciting and productive for the study of mammals as has the recent one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Kelt
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Edward J Heske
- Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Xavier Lambin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Madan K Oli
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - John L Orrock
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Arpat Ozgul
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan N Pauli
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Laura R Prugh
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rahel Sollmann
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Stefan Sommer
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Suryawanshi KR, Khanyari M, Sharma K, Lkhagvajav P, Mishra C. Sampling bias in snow leopard population estimation studies. POPUL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/1438-390x.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Koustubh Sharma
- Nature Conservation Foundation Mysore India
- Snow Leopard Trust Seattle Washington
| | - Purevjav Lkhagvajav
- Snow Leopard Trust Seattle Washington
- Snow Leopard Conservation Foundation Ulaan Baatar Mongolia
| | - Charudutt Mishra
- Nature Conservation Foundation Mysore India
- Snow Leopard Trust Seattle Washington
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Sheehy E, Sutherland C, O'Reilly C, Lambin X. The enemy of my enemy is my friend: native pine marten recovery reverses the decline of the red squirrel by suppressing grey squirrel populations. Proc Biol Sci 2019. [PMID: 29514972 PMCID: PMC5879625 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.2603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Shared enemies may instigate or modify competitive interactions between species. The dis-equilibrium caused by non-native species introductions has revealed that the outcome of such indirect interactions can often be dramatic. However, studies of enemy-mediated competition mostly consider the impact of a single enemy, despite species being embedded in complex networks of interactions. Here, we demonstrate that native red and invasive grey squirrels in Britain, two terrestrial species linked by resource and disease-mediated apparent competition, are also now linked by a second enemy-mediated relationship involving a shared native predator recovering from historical persecution, the European pine marten. Through combining spatial capture–recapture techniques to estimate pine marten density, and squirrel site-occupancy data, we find that the impact of exposure to predation is highly asymmetrical, with non-native grey squirrel occupancy strongly negatively affected by exposure to pine martens. By contrast, exposure to pine marten predation has an indirect positive effect on red squirrel populations. Pine marten predation thus reverses the well-documented outcome of resource and apparent competition between red and grey squirrels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Sheehy
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.,Department of Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Chris Sutherland
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Catherine O'Reilly
- Department of Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Xavier Lambin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
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Milleret C, Dupont P, Bonenfant C, Brøseth H, Flagstad Ø, Sutherland C, Bischof R. A local evaluation of the individual state-space to scale up Bayesian spatial capture-recapture. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:352-363. [PMID: 30680119 PMCID: PMC6342129 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial capture-recapture models (SCR) are used to estimate animal density and to investigate a range of problems in spatial ecology that cannot be addressed with traditional nonspatial methods. Bayesian approaches in particular offer tremendous flexibility for SCR modeling. Increasingly, SCR data are being collected over very large spatial extents making analysis computational intensive, sometimes prohibitively so. To mitigate the computational burden of large-scale SCR models, we developed an improved formulation of the Bayesian SCR model that uses local evaluation of the individual state-space (LESS). Based on prior knowledge about a species' home range size, we created square evaluation windows that restrict the spatial domain in which an individual's detection probability (detector window) and activity center location (AC window) are estimated. We used simulations and empirical data analyses to assess the performance and bias of SCR with LESS. LESS produced unbiased estimates of SCR parameters when the AC window width was ≥5σ (σ: the scale parameter of the half-normal detection function), and when the detector window extended beyond the edge of the AC window by 2σ. Importantly, LESS considerably decreased the computation time needed for fitting SCR models. In our simulations, LESS increased the computation speed of SCR models up to 57-fold. We demonstrate the power of this new approach by mapping the density of an elusive large carnivore-the wolverine (Gulo gulo)-with an unprecedented resolution and across the species' entire range in Norway (> 200,000 km2). Our approach helps overcome a major computational obstacle to population and landscape-level SCR analyses. The LESS implementation in a Bayesian framework makes the customization and fitting of SCR accessible for practitioners working at scales that are relevant for conservation and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Milleret
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource ManagementNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | - Pierre Dupont
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource ManagementNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | - Christophe Bonenfant
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie ÉvolutiveUniversité Lyon 1VilleurbanneFrance
| | | | | | - Chris Sutherland
- Department of Environmental ConservationUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMassachusettsUSA
| | - Richard Bischof
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource ManagementNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
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Quaglietta L, Porto M. SiMRiv: an R package for mechanistic simulation of individual, spatially-explicit multistate movements in rivers, heterogeneous and homogeneous spaces incorporating landscape bias. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2019; 7:11. [PMID: 30984401 PMCID: PMC6444552 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-019-0154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lack of suitable analytical software and computational power constrains the comprehension of animal movement. In particular, we are aware of no tools allowing simulating spatially-explicit multistate Markovian movements constrained to linear features or conditioned by landscape heterogeneity, which hinders movement ecology research in linear/dendritic (e.g. river networks) and heterogeneous landscapes.SiMRiv is a novel, fast and intuitive R package we designed to fill such gap. It does so by allowing continuous-space mechanistic spatially-explicit simulation of multistate Markovian individual movements incorporating landscape bias on local behavior. RESULTS We present SiMRiv and its main functionalities, illustrate its simulation capabilities and easy-of-use, and discuss its limitations and potential improvements. We further provide examples of use and a preliminary evaluation, using real and simulated data, of a parameter approximation experimental method. SiMRiv allowed us to generate increasingly complex movements of three theoretical species (aquatic, semiaquatic and terrestrial), showing the effects of input parameters and water-dependence on emerging movement patterns, and to parameterize a high-frequency simulation model from real, low-frequency movement (telemetry) data. Typical running times for conducting 1000 simulations with 10,000 steps each, of two-state movement trajectories in a river network, were of ca. 3 min in an Intel Core i7 CPU X990 @ 3.47 GHz. CONCLUSIONS SiMRiv allows simulation of movements constrained to linear habitats or conditioned by landscape heterogeneity, therefore enhancing the application of movement ecology to linear/dendritic and heterogeneous landscapes. Importantly, the software is flexible enough to be used in linear, heterogeneous, as well as homogeneous landscapes. Using the same software, algorithm and approach, one can therefore use SiMRiv to study the movement of different organisms in a variety of landscapes, facilitating comparative research.SiMRiv balances ease and speed with high realism of the movement models obtainable, constituting a fast, powerful, yet intuitive tool, which should contribute exploring several movement-related questions. Its applications depart from the generation of mechanistic null movement models, up to population level (e.g. landscape connectivity) analyses, holding potential for all fields requiring the simulation of random trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Quaglietta
- 1CIBIO/InBio, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- 2CIBIO/InBio, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Laboratório Associado, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel Porto
- 1CIBIO/InBio, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- 2CIBIO/InBio, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Laboratório Associado, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
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Halbrook RS, Petach M. Estimated mink home ranges using various home-range estimators. WILDLIFE SOC B 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard S. Halbrook
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory; Department of Zoology; Southern Illinois University; Carbondale IL 62901 USA
| | - Marty Petach
- Formation Environmental; 2500 55th Street Boulder CO 80301 USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel Sollmann
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology; University of California Davis; Davis California
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Gardner B, Sollmann R, Kumar NS, Jathanna D, Karanth KU. State space and movement specification in open population spatial capture-recapture models. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:10336-10344. [PMID: 30397470 PMCID: PMC6206188 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
With continued global changes, such as climate change, biodiversity loss, and habitat fragmentation, the need for assessment of long-term population dynamics and population monitoring of threatened species is growing. One powerful way to estimate population size and dynamics is through capture-recapture methods. Spatial capture (SCR) models for open populations make efficient use of capture-recapture data, while being robust to design changes. Relatively few studies have implemented open SCR models, and to date, very few have explored potential issues in defining these models. We develop a series of simulation studies to examine the effects of the state-space definition and between-primary-period movement models on demographic parameter estimation. We demonstrate the implications on a 10-year camera-trap study of tigers in India. The results of our simulation study show that movement biases survival estimates in open SCR models when little is known about between-primary-period movements of animals. The size of the state-space delineation can also bias the estimates of survival in certain cases.We found that both the state-space definition and the between-primary-period movement specification affected survival estimates in the analysis of the tiger dataset (posterior mean estimates of survival ranged from 0.71 to 0.89). In general, we suggest that open SCR models can provide an efficient and flexible framework for long-term monitoring of populations; however, in many cases, realistic modeling of between-primary-period movements is crucial for unbiased estimates of survival and density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Gardner
- School of Environmental and Forest SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | - Rahel Sollmann
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation BiologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisCalifornia
| | | | | | - K. Ullas Karanth
- Centre for Wildlife StudiesBangaloreKarnatakaIndia
- Wildlife Conservation Society – Global Conservation ProgramBronxNew York
- National Centre for Biological Sciences‐TIFRBangaloreIndia
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48
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Patrick CJ, Yuan LL. The challenges that spatial context present for synthesizing community ecology across scales. OIKOS 2018; 128. [PMID: 32467652 DOI: 10.1111/oik.05802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Accurately characterizing spatial patterns on landscapes is necessary to understand the processes that generate biodiversity, a problem that has applications in ecological theory, conservation planning, ecosystem restoration, and ecosystem management. However, the measurement of biodiversity patterns and the ecological and evolutionary processes that underlie those patterns is highly dependent on the study unit size, boundary placement, and number of observations. These issues, together known as the modifiable areal unit problem, are well known in geography. These factors limit the degree to which results from different metacommunity and macro-ecological studies can be compared to draw new inferences, and yet these types of comparisons are widespread in community ecology. Using aquatic community datasets, we demonstrate that spatial context drives analytical results when landscapes are sub-divided. Next, we present a framework for using resampling and neighborhood smoothing to standardize datasets to allow for inferential comparisons. We then provide examples for how addressing these issues enhances our ability to understand the processes shaping ecological communities at landscape scales and allows for informative meta-analytical synthesis. We conclude by calling for greater recognition of issues derived from the modifiable areal unit problem in community ecology, discuss implications of the problem for interpreting the existing literature, and identify tools and approaches for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Patrick
- Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology, Mail code 4304T, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460
| | - Lester L Yuan
- Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology, Mail code 4304T, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460
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Isabwe A, Yang JR, Wang Y, Liu L, Chen H, Yang J. Community assembly processes underlying phytoplankton and bacterioplankton across a hydrologic change in a human-impacted river. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 630:658-667. [PMID: 29494974 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Although the influence of microbial community assembly processes on aquatic ecosystem function and biodiversity is well known, the processes that govern planktonic communities in human-impacted rivers remain largely unstudied. Here, we used multivariate statistics and a null model approach to test the hypothesis that environmental conditions and obstructed dispersal opportunities, dictate a deterministic community assembly for phytoplankton and bacterioplankton across contrasting hydrographic conditions in a subtropical mid-sized river (Jiulong River, southeast China). Variation partitioning analysis showed that the explanatory power of local environmental variables was larger than that of the spatial variables for both plankton communities during the dry season. During the wet season, phytoplankton community variation was mainly explained by local environmental variables, whereas the variance in bacterioplankton was explained by both environmental and spatial predictors. The null model based on Raup-Crick coefficients for both planktonic groups suggested little evidences of the stochastic processes involving dispersal and random distribution. Our results showed that hydrological change and landscape structure act together to cause divergence in communities along the river channel, thereby dictating a deterministic assembly and that selection exceeds dispersal limitation during the dry season. Therefore, to protect the ecological integrity of human-impacted rivers, watershed managers should not only consider local environmental conditions but also dispersal routes to account for the effect of regional species pool on local communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Isabwe
- Aquatic EcoHealth Group, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 361021 Xiamen, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, PR China
| | - Jun R Yang
- Aquatic EcoHealth Group, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 361021 Xiamen, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, PR China
| | - Yongming Wang
- Aquatic EcoHealth Group, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 361021 Xiamen, PR China
| | - Lemian Liu
- Aquatic EcoHealth Group, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 361021 Xiamen, PR China
| | - Huihuang Chen
- Aquatic EcoHealth Group, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 361021 Xiamen, PR China
| | - Jun Yang
- Aquatic EcoHealth Group, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 361021 Xiamen, PR China.
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Royle JA. Modelling sound attenuation in heterogeneous environments for improved bioacoustic sampling of wildlife populations. Methods Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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