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Gates DE, Staley M, Tardy L, Giraudeau M, Hill GE, McGraw KJ, Bonneaud C. Levels of pathogen virulence and host resistance both shape the antibody response to an emerging bacterial disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8209. [PMID: 33859241 PMCID: PMC8050079 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87464-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantifying variation in the ability to fight infection among free-living hosts is challenging and often constrained to one or a few measures of immune activity. While such measures are typically taken to reflect host resistance, they can also be shaped by pathogen effects, for example, if more virulent strains trigger more robust immune responses. Here, we test the extent to which pathogen-specific antibody levels, a commonly used measure of immunocompetence, reflect variation in host resistance versus pathogen virulence, and whether these antibodies effectively clear infection. House finches (Haemorhous mexicanus) from resistant and susceptible populations were inoculated with > 50 isolates of their novel Mycoplasma gallisepticum pathogen collected over a 20-year period during which virulence increased. Serum antibody levels were higher in finches from resistant populations and increased with year of pathogen sampling. Higher antibody levels, however, did not subsequently give rise to greater reductions in pathogen load. Our results show that antibody responses can be shaped by levels of host resistance and pathogen virulence, and do not necessarily signal immune clearance ability. While the generality of this novel finding remains unclear, particularly outside of mycoplasmas, it cautions against using antibody levels as implicit proxies for immunocompetence and/or host resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy E Gates
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Molly Staley
- Department Biological Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, 36849-5414, USA.,Biology Department, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60660-1537, USA
| | - Luc Tardy
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Mathieu Giraudeau
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK.,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-4501, USA.,Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Research On Cancer, UMR CNRS/IRD/UM 5290 MIVEGEC, 34394, Montpellier, France
| | - Geoffrey E Hill
- Department Biological Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, 36849-5414, USA
| | - Kevin J McGraw
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-4501, USA
| | - Camille Bonneaud
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK.
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2
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Sato AP, Goulart MDA, Konell AL, de Oliveira Koch M, da Fonseca FM, Morel AP, Locatelli-Dittrich R. Serosurvey of Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and Sarcocystis neurona in raptors and risk factor analysis. Parasitol Int 2021; 82:102312. [PMID: 33636361 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Raptors are carnivorous birds with great hunting ability. Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and Sarcocystis spp. are intracellular Apicomplexan protozoans which infect a wide range of intermediate hosts, including birds. The aims of this study were to evaluate the serological reactivity of captive raptors serum to T. gondii, N. caninum and S. neurona antigens and identify possible risk factors associated with the infection. From August 2014 to September 2015, blood samples from 72 raptors were collected and serum samples were tested by immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT). Antigen slides were prepared using tachyzoites of T. gondii and N. caninum and using merozoites of S. neurona. Serum samples were tested at the following cut-off dilutions: 1:16 for T. gondii and 1:50 for N. caninum and S. neurona. An anti-chicken IgY antibody conjugated with FITC was used as a secondary antibody at 1:50 dilution. Out of the 72 raptors serum tested by IFAT, 2.7% reacted to N. caninum, 8.3% to T. gondii and 11.1% to S. neurona antigens. The region in which the sample was collected, the reason the raptors were kept in captivity and diet were statistically associated with seropositivity to T. gondii and the use of the birds and diet were statistically associated with seropositivity to N. caninum and S. neurona (p ≤ 0.05). We highlight the occurrence of these protozoans in birds of prey and the importance of good hygiene and feeding management of these birds in captivity to reduce the risk of protozoal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Sato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários 1540, CEP 80035-050 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Miúriel de Aquino Goulart
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, CEP 91540-000 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Aline Luiza Konell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários 1540, CEP 80035-050 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marilia de Oliveira Koch
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários 1540, CEP 80035-050 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Flávia Moreira da Fonseca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários 1540, CEP 80035-050 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Morel
- Hayabusa - Falconry Company and Environmental Consulting, Estrada da Carapina, 1001, CEP 95400-000 São Francisco de Paula, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rosangela Locatelli-Dittrich
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários 1540, CEP 80035-050 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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3
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Occurrence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in wild birds: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231545. [PMID: 32298318 PMCID: PMC7162529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum is one of the most important poultry pathogens that can also infect wild birds, but knowledge of potential non-poultry hosts that could be reservoirs of M. gallisepticum is limited. For the paper presented here, we screened three databases (PubMed, Scopus, and the Web of Knowledge) to find articles on the occurrence of M. gallisepticum in different wild bird species that were published between 1951 and 2018. Among 314 studies found, we selected and included 50 original articles that met the pre-established criteria. From those publications we extracted the following information: name of the first author, year of publication, year of sample isolation, country, region, number of birds sampled, number of birds tested by each method, number of positive samples, diagnostic criteria, and if birds were wild or captive. Because different detection techniques were used to confirm the presence of M. gallisepticum in one animal, we decided to perform the meta analyses separately for each method. The estimated prevalence of M. gallisepticum in wild birds was different by each method of detection. Our summary revealed that M. gallisepticum was present in 56 species of bird belonging to 11 different orders, of which 21 species were reported suffering both past and current infection. Our work provides information on wild bird species that could be considered potential reservoirs or carriers of M. gallisepticum and could be helpful to set the direction for future research on the spread and phylogeny of M. gallisepticum in different hosts.
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Escandon P, Heatley JJ, Berghman LR, Tizard I, Musser JM. Comparison Of Four Anti-Avian IgY Secondary Antibodies Used In Western Blot And Dot-Blot ELISA To Detect Avian Bornavirus Antibodies In Four Different Bird Species. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2019; 10:141-150. [PMID: 31815098 PMCID: PMC6858837 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s227616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study evaluated the specificity of different avian secondary antibodies used in Western blot and dot-blot ELISA to detect avian bornavirus antibodies in bird plasma. Methods Plasma samples were collected from: two Blue and gold macaws, one positive and one negative for avian bornavirus by RT-PCR; a Cockatiel and a Monk parakeet prior to and following experimental infection; and, two Mallards, one positive and one negative for avian bornavirus by RT-PCR Samples were analyzed by Western blot and dot-blot ELISA that incorporated recombinant avian bornavirus nucleoprotein as the target analyte. Four species-specific anti-IgY secondary antibodies were used in the assays: goat anti-macaw IgY, goat anti-bird IgY, goat anti-duck IgY, and rabbit anti-chicken IgY. Results In the Western blot, anti-macaw IgY secondary antibody produced strong signals with Blue and gold macaw and Cockatiel positive plasma, but no signal with Mallard positive plasma. Anti-bird IgY secondary antibody produced strong signals with Blue and gold macaw, Cockatiel, and Mallard positive plasma. Anti-duck and anti-chicken IgY secondary antibody produced a strong and moderate signal, respectively, only with Mallard positive plasma. In the dot-blot ELISA, there was a distinct and significant difference (P<0.05) in the signal intensity between the different secondary antibodies within a bird species. Anti-macaw IgY secondary antibody produced significantly (P<0.05) stronger signals than the other secondary antibodies in Blue and gold macaw, Cockatiel, and Monk parakeet positive plasma, while anti-duck IgY secondary antibody produced significantly (P<0.05) stronger signals than the other secondary antibodies in Mallard positive plasma. Conclusion In testing psittacines with immunoassays, and especially in assays that incorporate short incubation reaction times such as a dot-blot ELISA, species-specific anti-IgY secondary antibodies provided more accurate results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Escandon
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - J Jill Heatley
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Luc R Berghman
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ian Tizard
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jeffrey Mb Musser
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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5
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Grab KM, Hiller BJ, Hurlbert JH, Ingram ME, Parker AB, Pokutnaya DY, Knutie SA. Host tolerance and resistance to parasitic nest flies differs between two wild bird species. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:12144-12155. [PMID: 31832149 PMCID: PMC6854101 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hosts have developed and evolved defense strategies to limit parasite damage. Hosts can reduce the damage that parasites cause by decreasing parasite fitness (resistance) or without affecting parasite fitness (tolerance). Because a parasite species can infect multiple host species, determining the effect of the parasite on these hosts and identifying host defense strategies can have important implications for multi-host-parasite dynamics.Over 2 years, we experimentally manipulated parasitic flies (Protocalliphora sialia) in the nests of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) and eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis). We then determined the effects of the parasites on the survival of nestlings and compared defense strategies between host species. We compared resistance between host species by quantifying parasite densities (number of parasites per gram of host) and measured nestling antibody levels as a mechanism of resistance. We quantified tolerance by determining the relationship between parasite density and nestling survival and blood loss by measuring hemoglobin levels (as a proxy of blood recovery) and nestling provisioning rates (as a proxy of parental compensation for resources lost to the parasite) as potential mechanisms of tolerance.For bluebirds, parasite density was twice as high as for swallows. Both host species were tolerant to the effects of P. sialia on nestling survival at their respective parasite loads but neither species were tolerant to the blood loss to the parasite. However, swallows were more resistant to P. sialia compared to bluebirds, which was likely related to the higher antibody-mediated immune response in swallow nestlings. Neither blood recovery nor parental compensation were mechanisms of tolerance.Overall, these results suggest that bluebirds and swallows are both tolerant of their respective parasite loads but swallows are more resistant to the parasites. These results demonstrate that different host species have evolved similar and different defenses against the same species of parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstine M. Grab
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of Minnesota Twin CitiesSt. PaulMNUSA
| | | | | | | | - Alexandra B. Parker
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of Minnesota Twin CitiesSt. PaulMNUSA
| | | | - Sarah A. Knutie
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsCTUSA
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Jankowski MD, Glaberman SR, Kimball DB, Taylor-McCabe KJ, Fair JM. Sialic acid on avian erythrocytes. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 238:110336. [PMID: 31476363 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.110336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Understanding variation in physiological traits across taxa is a central question in evolutionary biology that has wide-ranging implications in biomedicine, disease ecology, and environmental protection. Sialic acid (Sia), and in particular, 5-N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), is chemically bound to galactose and the underlying glycan via α2-3 or α2-6 glycosidic linkage (i.e., Siaα2-3Galactose or Siaα2-6Galactose), conferring two different cell surface structures that affects cell to cell communication and interactions with foreign agents including microparasites and toxins. As an initial step towards understanding variation of Sia across the class Aves, we collected red blood cells (RBCs or erythrocytes) and measured Sia quantity in 76 species and 340 individuals using HPLC-MS/MS and glycosidic linkage type in 24 species and 105 individuals using hemagglutination assay. Although Sia quantity did not, α2-6 glycosidic linkage did exhibit a discernable phylogenetic pattern as evaluated by a phylogenetic signal (λ) value of 0.7. Sia quantity appeared to be higher in after hatch year birds than hatch year birds (P < 0.05); moreover, ~80% of the measured Sia across all individuals or species was expressed by ~20% of the individuals or species. Lastly, as expected, we detected a minimal presence of 5-N-glycolylneuraminic acid in the avian RBCs tested. These data provide novel insights and a large baseline dataset for further study on the variability of Sia in the class Aves which might be useful for understanding Sia dependent processes in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Jankowski
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Biosecurity and Public Health, Mailstop M888, Los Alamos, NM 87545, United States of America.
| | - Scott R Glaberman
- University of South Alabama, Department of Biology, Mobile, AL 36688; George Mason University, Department of Environmental Science & Policy, Fairfax, VA 22030.
| | - David B Kimball
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Materials Recovery and Recycling, Mailstop E511, Los Alamos, NM 87545, United States of America.
| | - Kirsten J Taylor-McCabe
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, National Security and Defense, Mailstop B224, Los Alamos, NM 87545, United States of America.
| | - Jeanne M Fair
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Biosecurity and Public Health, Mailstop M888, Los Alamos, NM 87545, United States of America.
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Peters A, Delhey K, Nakagawa S, Aulsebrook A, Verhulst S. Immunosenescence in wild animals: meta‐analysis and outlook. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:1709-1722. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Peters
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Vic. 3800 Australia
| | - Kaspar Delhey
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Vic. 3800 Australia
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Anne Aulsebrook
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Vic. 3800 Australia
- School of BioSciences University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. 3010 Australia
| | - Simon Verhulst
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences University of Groningen 9747 AGGroningen The Netherlands
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8
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Guo L, Hua J, Luan Z, Xue P, Zhou S, Wang X, Qin N. Effects of the stems and leaves of Astragalus membranaceus on growth performance, immunological parameters, antioxidant status, and intestinal bacteria of quail. Anim Sci J 2019; 90:747-756. [PMID: 30989748 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the potential application of the stems and leaves of Astragalus membranaceus (AMSL) in the poultry industry. Quails were divided into four groups and fed daily with an AMSL-free diet (control) or with 1%, 3%, or 5% (w/w) AMSL-incorporated diets for 35 days. The results showed that supplementing AMSL in the diet, especially at a concentration of 3%, increased daily gain and feed intake during the entire experiment (p < 0.05). The immune organ development of the thymus and bursa of Fabricius was promoted, and the immune system was enhanced by increasing the quantities of IgA and complements C3 and C4 (p < 0.05). The total antioxidant capacity and the activities of glutathione peroxidase and catalase were increased (p < 0.05). Moreover, the 3%-5% AMSL groups regulated the intestinal flora by promoting the proliferation of lactic acid bacteria and inhibiting the growth of coliform bacteria (p < 0.05). In conclusion, feeding incorporated diets with appropriate AMSL levels significantly increased growth performance, strengthened the immune system, improved antioxidative status, and regulated the intestinal microflora of quails, suggesting that AMSL has the potential to serve as a feed additive in the poultry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Guo
- College of Pharmaceutical and Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Jin Hua
- Shanxi Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhihua Luan
- College of Pharmaceutical and Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Puyou Xue
- College of Pharmaceutical and Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Songquan Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical and Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical and Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Nan Qin
- College of Pharmaceutical and Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
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Staley M, Conners MG, Hall K, Miller LJ. Linking stress and immunity: Immunoglobulin A as a non-invasive physiological biomarker in animal welfare studies. Horm Behav 2018; 102:55-68. [PMID: 29705025 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As the animal welfare community strives to empirically assess how care and management practices can help maintain or even enhance welfare, the development of tools for non-invasively measuring physiological biomarkers is essential. Of the suite of physiological biomarkers, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), particularly the secretory form (Secretory IgA or SIgA), is at the forefront because of its crucial role in mucosal immunity and links to physical health, stress, and overall psychological well-being. While interpretation of changes in SIgA concentrations on short time scales is complex, long-term SIgA patterns are consistent: conditions that create chronic stress lead to suppression of SIgA. In contrast, when welfare is enhanced, SIgA is predicted to stabilize at higher concentrations. In this review, we examine how SIgA concentrations are reflective of both physiological stress and immune function. We then review the literature associating SIgA concentrations with various metrics of animal welfare and provide detailed methodological considerations for SIgA monitoring. Overall, our aim is to provide an in-depth discussion regarding the value of SIgA as physiological biomarker to studies aiming to understand the links between stress and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Staley
- Chicago Zoological Society - Brookfield Zoo, 3300 Golf Rd, Brookfield, IL 60513, United States.
| | - Melinda G Conners
- Chicago Zoological Society - Brookfield Zoo, 3300 Golf Rd, Brookfield, IL 60513, United States
| | - Katie Hall
- Chicago Zoological Society - Brookfield Zoo, 3300 Golf Rd, Brookfield, IL 60513, United States
| | - Lance J Miller
- Chicago Zoological Society - Brookfield Zoo, 3300 Golf Rd, Brookfield, IL 60513, United States
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10
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Bacterial Pathogen Emergence Requires More than Direct Contact with a Novel Passerine Host. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00863-17. [PMID: 29311238 PMCID: PMC5820954 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00863-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
While direct contact may sometimes be sufficient to allow a pathogen to jump into a new host species, in other cases, fortuitously adaptive mutations that arise in the original donor host are also necessary. Viruses have been the focus of most host shift studies, so less is known about the importance of ecological versus evolutionary processes to successful bacterial host shifts. Here we tested whether direct contact with the novel host was sufficient to enable the mid-1990s jump of the bacterium Mycoplasma gallisepticum from domestic poultry to house finches (Haemorhous mexicanus). We experimentally inoculated house finches with two genetically distinct M. gallisepticum strains obtained either from poultry (Rlow) or from house finches (HF1995) during an epizootic outbreak. All 15 house finches inoculated with HF1995 became infected, whereas Rlow successfully infected 12 of 15 (80%) inoculated house finches. Comparisons among infected birds showed that, relative to HF1995, Rlow achieved substantially lower bacterial loads in the host respiratory mucosa and was cleared faster. Furthermore, Rlow-infected finches were less likely to develop clinical symptoms than HF1995-infected birds and, when they did, displayed milder conjunctivitis. The lower infection success of Rlow relative to HF1995 was not, however, due to a heightened host antibody response to Rlow. Taken together, our results indicate that contact between infected poultry and house finches was not, by itself, sufficient to explain the jump of M. gallisepticum to house finches. Instead, mutations arising in the original poultry host would have been necessary for successful pathogen emergence in the novel finch host.
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11
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Grindstaff JL, Merrill L. Developmental corticosterone treatment does not program immune responses in zebra finches ( Taeniopygia guttata). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2017; 327:262-272. [PMID: 29202116 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Developmental conditions may impact the expression of immune traits throughout an individual's life. Early-life challenges may lead to immunological constraints that are mediated by endocrine-immune interactions. In particular, individual differences in the ability to mount immune responses may be programmed by exposure to stressors or glucocorticoid hormones during development. To test this hypothesis, we experimentally elevated levels of the glucocorticoid hormone corticosterone during the nestling and fledgling periods in captive zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). We subsequently challenged birds with the antigen lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on days 60 and 100 post-hatch to determine if developmental exposure to elevated corticosterone impacted the later response to LPS. As measures of immune function, we quantified bacteria killing ability, haptoglobin concentrations, and LPS-specific antibody responses at multiple time points. We also measured circulating corticosterone concentrations during the experimental period and on day 60 before and after endotoxin challenge. During the experimental period, corticosterone treatment elevated corticosterone levels. Corticosterone treatment did not induce programming effects on immune function or corticosterone production. Independent of treatment, individuals with higher corticosterone concentrations during the nestling period had lower bacteria killing ability on day 36 and higher baseline corticosterone concentrations on day 60 post-hatch. These results suggest a limited role for corticosterone exposure during early life to mediate immunological constraints later in life. Manipulation of cortisol may be necessary to conclusively determine if developmental glucocorticoid exposure can program immune function in birds. To determine if developmental stress can program the immune response, exposure to environmentally relevant stressors should also be manipulated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Loren Merrill
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma.,Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois
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12
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Electrochemical Immunosensor for Detection of IgY in Food and Food Supplements. CHEMOSENSORS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors5010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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