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Sánchez KI, Diaz Huesa EG, Breitman MF, Avila LJ, Sites JW, Morando M. Complex Patterns of Diversification in the Gray Zone of Speciation: Model-Based Approaches Applied to Patagonian Liolaemid Lizards (Squamata: Liolaemus kingii clade). Syst Biol 2023; 72:739-752. [PMID: 37097104 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syad019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we detangled the evolutionary history of the Patagonian lizard clade Liolaemus kingii, coupling dense geographic sampling and novel computational analytical approaches. We analyzed nuclear and mitochondrial data (restriction site-associated DNA sequencing and cytochrome b) to hypothesize and evaluate species limits, phylogenetic relationships, and demographic histories. We complemented these analyses with posterior predictive simulations to assess the fit of the genomic data to the multispecies coalescent model. We also employed a novel approach to time-calibrate a phylogenetic network. Our results show several instances of mito-nuclear discordance and consistent support for a reticulated history, supporting the view that the complex evolutionary history of the kingii clade is characterized by extensive gene flow and rapid diversification events. We discuss our findings in the contexts of the "gray zone" of speciation, phylogeographic patterns in the Patagonian region, and taxonomic outcomes. [Model adequacy; multispecies coalescent; multispecies network coalescent; phylogenomics; species delimitation.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin I Sánchez
- Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IPEEC-CONICET), Puerto Madryn, U9120ACD, Argentina
| | - Emilce G Diaz Huesa
- Instituto de Diversidad y Evolución Austral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IDEAus-CONICET), Puerto Madryn, U9120ACD, Argentina
| | - María F Breitman
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, 36117, USA
| | - Luciano J Avila
- Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IPEEC-CONICET), Puerto Madryn, U9120ACD, Argentina
| | - Jack W Sites
- Department of Biology, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, 37044, USA
| | - Mariana Morando
- Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IPEEC-CONICET), Puerto Madryn, U9120ACD, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco (UNPSJB), Puerto Madryn, U9120ACD, Argentina
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2
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Whitelaw BL, Finn JK, Zenger KR, Cooke IR, Morse P, Strugnell JM. SNP data reveals the complex and diverse evolutionary history of the blue-ringed octopus genus (Octopodidae: Hapalochlaena) in the Asia-Pacific. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023:107827. [PMID: 37257797 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The blue-ringed octopus species complex (Hapalochlaena spp.), known to occur from Southern Australia to Japan, currently contains four formally described species (Hapalochlaena maculosa, Hapalochlaena fasciata, Hapalochlaena lunulata and Hapalochlaena nierstraszi). These species are distinguished based on morphological characters (iridescent blue rings and/or lines) along with reproductive strategies. However, the observation of greater morphological diversity than previously captured by the current taxonomic framework indicates that a revision is required. To examine species boundaries within the genus we used mitochondrial (12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 [COI], cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3 [COIII] and cytochrome b [Cytb]) and genome-wide SNP data (DaRT seq) from specimens collected across its geographic range including variations in depth from 3m to >100m. This investigation indicates substantially greater species diversity present within the genus Hapalochlaena than is currently described. We identified 10,346 SNPs across all locations, which when analysed support a minimum of 11 distinct clades. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial COI gene on a more limited sample set dates the diversification of the genus to ∼30mya and corroborates eight of the lineages indicated by the SNP analyses. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the diagnostic lined patterning of H. fasciata found in North Pacific waters and NSW, Australia is polyphyletic and therefore likely the result of convergent evolution. Several "deep water" (> 100m) lineages were also identified in this study with genetic convergence likely to be driven by external selective pressures. Examination of morphological traits, currently being undertaken in a parallel morphological study, is required to describe additional species within the complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke L Whitelaw
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia; Sciences, Museums Victoria Research Institute, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia
| | - Julian K Finn
- Sciences, Museums Victoria Research Institute, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia
| | - Kyall R Zenger
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Ira R Cooke
- College of Public Health, Medical and Vet Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia; Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Peter Morse
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Jan M Strugnell
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia; Department of Environment and Genetics, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
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3
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Zhao Z, Conradie W, Pietersen DW, Jordaan A, Nicolau G, Edwards S, Riekert S, Heideman N. Diversification of the African legless skinks in the subfamily Acontinae (Family Scincidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 182:107747. [PMID: 36849095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Cladogenic diversification is often explained by referring to climatic oscillations and geomorphic shifts that cause allopatric speciation. In this regard, southern Africa retains a high level of landscape heterogeneity in vegetation, geology, and rainfall patterns. The legless skink subfamily Acontinae occurs broadly across the southern African subcontinent and therefore provides an ideal model group for investigating biogeographic patterns associated with the region. A robust phylogenetic study of the Acontinae with comprehensive coverage and adequate sampling of each taxon has been lacking up until now, resulting in unresolved questions regarding the subfamily's biogeography and evolution. In this study, we used multi-locus genetic markers (three mitochondrial and two nuclear) with comprehensive taxon coverage (all currently recognized Acontinae species) and adequate sampling (multiple specimens for most taxa) of each taxon to infer a phylogeny for the subfamily. The phylogeny retrieved four well-supported clades in Acontias and supported the monophyly of Typhlosaurus. Following the General Lineage Concept (GLC), many long-standing phylogenetic enigmas within Acontias occidentalis and the A. kgalagadi, A. lineatus and A. meleagris species complexes, and within Typhlosaurus were resolved. Our species delimitation analyses suggest the existence of hidden taxa in the A. occidentalis, A. cregoi and A. meleagris species groups, but also suggest that some currently recognized species in the A. lineatus and A. meleagris species groups, and within Typhlosaurus, should be synonymised. We also possibly encountered "ghost introgression" in A. occidentalis. Our inferred species tree revealed a signal of gene flow, which implies possible cross-over in some groups. Fossil evidence calibration dating results showed that the divergence between Typhlosaurus and Acontias was likely influenced by cooling and increasing aridity along the southwest coast in the mid-Oligocene caused by the opening of the Drake Passage. Further cladogenesis observed in Typhlosaurus and Acontias was likely influenced by Miocene cooling, expansion of open habitat, uplifting of the eastern Great Escarpment (GE), and variation in rainfall patterns, together with the effect of the warm Agulhas Current since the early Miocene, the development of the cold Benguela Current since the late Miocene, and their co-effects. The biogeographic pattern of the Acontinae bears close resemblance to that of other herpetofauna (e.g., rain frogs and African vipers) in southern Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongning Zhao
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
| | - Werner Conradie
- Port Elizabeth Museum (Bayworld), P.O. Box 13147, Humewood, Port Elizabeth 6013, South Africa; Department of Nature Conservation Management, Natural Resource Science and Management Cluster, Faculty of Science, George Campus, Nelson Mandela University, George, South Africa
| | - Darren W Pietersen
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Adriaan Jordaan
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Gary Nicolau
- Zoology & Entomology Molecular Lab, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Shelley Edwards
- Zoology & Entomology Molecular Lab, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Stephanus Riekert
- Department of Information and Communication Technology Services, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Neil Heideman
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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Porto CR, Fazolato CP, Marques R, Batalha-Filho H, Napoli MF, Garda AA, de Carvalho MLS, de Campos Fernandes FM. Unravelling the cryptic diversity and evolution of the dwarf swamp frog Pseudopaludicola mystacalis (Anura, Leptodactylidae) in open habitats of South America. AMPHIBIA-REPTILIA 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/15685381-bja10099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Many studies on the diversity of the South American biota support the role of ecological and geological events as main drivers of species diversification. For many groups, geomorphological events are the key drivers of diversification, while the influence of Pleistocene climate oscillations is prominent for others. To precisely indicate which events were key for the development of the astonishing biodiversity in South America, studies on widely distributed species are paramount. One such species, the dwarf swamp frog Pseudopaludicola mystacalis (Leptodactylidae, Leiuperinae), is widely distributed in open habitats of South America and we herein investigate population differentiation and diversification in this species across its geographic range. We sequenced a 1374 bp mtDNA fragment from 64 specimens across 25 localities. We used population assignment and species delimitation methods to assess genetic structure and lineage limits across the species distribution. We estimated, for each lineage, intraspecific diversity, divergence times, and demographic histories. Our results recovered ten lineages with up to 5% of genetic divergence among them. Diversification occurred mainly during the Tertiary, suggesting that Miocene-Pliocene topographic events had a major influence on the diversification of P. mystacalis. Pleistocene climatic oscillations also played a role on evolutionary history of P. mystacalis, causing demographic changes in one lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Ribeiro Porto
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biologia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, 40170-115, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Cecil Pergentino Fazolato
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, 40170-115, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Marques
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, 78690-000, Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Henrique Batalha-Filho
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, 40170-115, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Felgueiras Napoli
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, 40170-115, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Adrian Antonio Garda
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia, Avenida Senador Salgado Filho, S/N, Lagoa Nova, 59078-900, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Silveira de Carvalho
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biologia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, 40170-115, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, 40170-115, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Flora Maria de Campos Fernandes
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biologia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, 40170-115, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, 40170-115, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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5
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Fonseca EM, Duckett DJ, Almeida FG, Smith ML, Thomé MTC, Carstens BC. Assessing model adequacy for Bayesian Skyline plots using posterior predictive simulation. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269438. [PMID: 35877611 PMCID: PMC9312427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bayesian skyline plots (BSPs) are a useful tool for making inferences about demographic history. For example, researchers typically apply BSPs to test hypotheses regarding how climate changes have influenced intraspecific genetic diversity over time. Like any method, BSP has assumptions that may be violated in some empirical systems (e.g., the absence of population genetic structure), and the naïve analysis of data collected from these systems may lead to spurious results. To address these issues, we introduce P2C2M.Skyline, an R package designed to assess model adequacy for BSPs using posterior predictive simulation. P2C2M.Skyline uses a phylogenetic tree and the log file output from Bayesian Skyline analyses to simulate posterior predictive datasets and then compares this null distribution to statistics calculated from the empirical data to check for model violations. P2C2M.Skyline was able to correctly identify model violations when simulated datasets were generated assuming genetic structure, which is a clear violation of BSP model assumptions. Conversely, P2C2M.Skyline showed low rates of false positives when models were simulated under the BSP model. We also evaluate the P2C2M.Skyline performance in empirical systems, where we detected model violations when DNA sequences from multiple populations were lumped together. P2C2M.Skyline represents a user-friendly and computationally efficient resource for researchers aiming to make inferences from BSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel M. Fonseca
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Museum of Biological Diversity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Drew J. Duckett
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Museum of Biological Diversity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Filipe G. Almeida
- Department of Zoology, Federal University at Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Megan L. Smith
- Department of Biology and Department of Computer Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
| | - Maria Tereza C. Thomé
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Museum of Biological Diversity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Bryan C. Carstens
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Museum of Biological Diversity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Coelho FEA, Camurugi F, Marques R, Magalhães FDM, Werneck FP, Garda AA. Historical connections between Atlantic Forest and Amazonia drove genetic and ecological diversity in Lithobates palmipes (Anura, Ranidae). SYST BIODIVERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2022.2046657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Eduardo Alves Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Centro de Biociências, Avenida Senador Salgado Filho, S/N, Lagoa Nova, Natal 59078-900, RN, Brazil
| | - Felipe Camurugi
- Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Centro de Biociências, Avenida Senador Salgado Filho, S/N, Lagoa Nova, Natal 59078-900, RN, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Marques
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Campus I – Cidade Universitaria, S/N, Cidade Universitária, João Pessoa 58051-900, Paraíba, Brasil
| | - Felipe De Medeiros Magalhães
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Campus I – Cidade Universitaria, S/N, Cidade Universitária, João Pessoa 58051-900, Paraíba, Brasil
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ecology and Evolution, Rutgers University-Newark, 195 University Ave, Newark 07102, New Jersey NJ, USA
| | - Fernanda P. Werneck
- Programa de Coleções Científicas Biológicas, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Avenida André Araújo 2936, Aleixo, Manaus 69067-375, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Adrian Antonio Garda
- Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Centro de Biociências, Avenida Senador Salgado Filho, S/N, Lagoa Nova, Natal 59078-900, RN, Brazil
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Malleret MM, Freire MD, Lemes P, Brum FT, Camargo A, Verrastro L. Phylogeography and species delimitation of the Neotropical frog complex (Hylidae:
Scinax granulatus
). ZOOL SCR 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matías M. Malleret
- Laboratorio de Biogeografía y Evolución Programa de Desarrollo Universitario, Centro Universitario Regional Noreste, Universidad de la República Rivera Uruguay
| | - Marcelo D. Freire
- Laboratório de Herpetologia Programa de Pós‐graduação em Biologia Animal Instituto de Biociências Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Priscila Lemes
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação Departamento de Botânica e Ecologia, Insituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso Cuiabá Mato Grosso Brazil
| | - Fernanda T. Brum
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Ecologia e Conservação Universidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba Paraná Brazil
| | - Arley Camargo
- Laboratorio de Biogeografía y Evolución Programa de Desarrollo Universitario, Centro Universitario Regional Noreste, Universidad de la República Rivera Uruguay
| | - Laura Verrastro
- Laboratório de Herpetologia Programa de Pós‐graduação em Biologia Animal Instituto de Biociências Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
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Carstens BC, Smith ML, Duckett DJ, Fonseca EM, Thomé MTC. Assessing model adequacy leads to more robust phylogeographic inference. Trends Ecol Evol 2022; 37:402-410. [PMID: 35027224 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phylogeographic studies base inferences on large data sets and complex demographic models, but these models are applied in ways that could mislead researchers and compromise their inference. Researchers face three challenges associated with the use of models: (i) 'model selection', or the identification of an appropriate model for analysis; (ii) 'evaluation of analytical results', or the interpretation of the biological significance of the resulting parameter estimates, delimitations, and topologies; and (iii) 'model evaluation', or the use of statistical approaches to assess the fit of the model to the data. The field collectively invests most of its energy in point (ii) without considering the other points; we argue that attention to points (i) and (iii) is essential to phylogeographic inference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan C Carstens
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Megan L Smith
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Drew J Duckett
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Emanuel M Fonseca
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - M Tereza C Thomé
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Donin LM, Ferrer J, Carvalho TP. Uncertainties and risks in delimiting species of Cambeva (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) with single-locus methods and geographically restricted data. NEOTROPICAL ICHTHYOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2022-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Cambeva contains species with complex taxonomy or poorly delimitated in terms of morphology and geopraphic distribution. We conducted an extensive review of Cambeva populations from coastal drainages of Southern to Southeastern Brazil to evaluate species geographic limits with an integrative analysis including morphological and molecular data (COI). We test if two single-locus methods, Bayesian Poisson Tree Processes (bPTP) and Generalized Mixed Yule Coalescent (GMYC), are efficient to delimit species boundaries in Cambeva by the comparison with the diagnosable morphological units. Using GMYC, we also evaluated the combination of tree and molecular clock priors to reconstruct the input phylogeny and assessed how well the implemented model fitted our empirical data. Eleven species were identified using a morphological diagnosability criterion: Cambeva balios, C. barbosae, C. botuvera, C. cubataonis, C. davisi, C. guaraquessaba, C. iheringi, C. tupinamba, and C. zonata and two treated as undescribed species. In contrast with previous knowledge, many of them have wider distribution and high intraspecific variation. Species delimitation based on single-locus demonstrated incongruences between the methods and strongly differed from the morphological delimitation. These disagreements and the violation of the GMYC model suggest that a single-locus data is insufficient to delimit Cambeva species and the failure may be attributable to events of mitochondrial introgression and incomplete lineage sorting.
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