1
|
Rosen-Wetterholm E, Cavefors O, Redfors B, Ricksten SE, Omerovic E, Polte CL, Oras J. RWMAs in critically ill patients with non-obstructed coronary arteries. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2023; 67:746-754. [PMID: 36916013 DOI: 10.1111/aas.14234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Left ventricular (LV) dysfunction is estimated to occur in 10%-25% of the general intensive care unit (ICU) population and is frequently seen as regional wall motion abnormalities (RWMAs). Although RWMA is mostly attributed to myocardial ischemia or infarction, some studies have suggested that nonischemic RWMA might also be prevalent. We sought to establish that RWMA can be seen in critically ill patients with normal coronary arteries and to explore reasons for RWMA in this population. METHODS In this retrospective study, data from the hospital angiography register and the ICU register were collated between 2012 and 2019. Patients were identified who underwent angiography in conjunction with their ICU stay and had RWMA on echocardiography. Patients were divided into either those with non-obstructed or those with obstructed coronary arteries. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI) examinations were reviewed if they had been performed on patients with non-obstructed coronaries. RESULTS We identified 53 patients with RWMA and non-obstructed coronary arteries and 204 patients with RWMA and obstructed coronary arteries. Patients with non-obstructed coronary arteries were more often female, younger, and had fewer cardiovascular risk factors. They less commonly had ST elevation, but more frequently had T-wave inversion or serious arrhythmias. Troponin levels were higher in patients with obstructed coronary arteries, but NT-proBNP was similar between the groups. There were no differences in risk-adjusted 90-day mortality between patients with non-obstructed versus obstructed coronary arteries (OR 1.21, [95% CI 0.56-2.64], p = .628). In those with non-obstructed coronary arteries, follow-up echocardiography was available for 38 patients, of whom 30 showed normalization of cardiac function. Of the 14 patients with non-obstructed coronary arteries on whom cMRI was performed, 7 had a tentative diagnosis of Takotsubo syndrome or myocardial stunning; 4 had a myocardial infarction (preexisting in 3 cases); 1 patient had acute myocarditis; 1 patient had post-myocarditis; and 1 patient was diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy. CONCLUSION RWMA can be seen to occur in critically ill patients in the absence of coronary artery obstruction. Several conditions can cause regional hypokinesia, and cMRI is useful to evaluate the underlying etiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elin Rosen-Wetterholm
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Oscar Cavefors
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Björn Redfors
- Department of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sven-Erik Ricksten
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elmir Omerovic
- Department of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christian L Polte
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonatan Oras
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pancholi P, Emami N, Fazzari MJ, Kapoor S. Stress cardiomyopathy in critical care: A case series of 109 patients. World J Crit Care Med 2022; 11:149-159. [PMID: 36331975 PMCID: PMC9136722 DOI: 10.5492/wjccm.v11.i3.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Critically ill patients are at risk of developing stress cardiomyopathy (SC) but can be under-recognized.
AIM To describe a case series of patients with SC admitted to critical care units.
METHODS We conducted a retrospective observational study at a tertiary care teaching hospital. All adult (≥ 18 years old) patients admitted to the critical care units with stress cardiomyopathy over 5 years were included.
RESULTS Of 24279 admissions to the critical care units [19139 to medical-surgical intensive care units (MSICUs) and 5140 in coronary care units (CCUs)], 109 patients with SC were identified. Sixty (55%) were admitted to the coronary care units (CCUs) and forty-nine (45%) to the medical-surgical units (MSICUs). The overall incidence of SC was 0.44%, incidence in CCU and MSICU was 1.16% and 0.25% respectively. Sixty-two (57%) had confirmed SC and underwent cardiac catheterization whereas 47 (43%) had clinical SC, and did not undergo cardiac catheterization. Forty-three (72%) patients in the CCUs were diagnosed with primary SC, whereas all (100%) patients in MSICUs developed secondary SC. Acute respiratory failure that required invasive mechanical ventilation and shock developed in twenty-nine (59%) MSICU patients. There were no statistically significant differences in intensive care unit (ICU) mortality, in-hospital mortality, use of inotropic or mechanical circulatory support based on type of unit or anatomical variant.
CONCLUSION Stress cardiomyopathy can be under-recognized in the critical care setting. Intensivists should have a high index of suspicion for SC in patients who develop sudden or worsening unexplained hemodynamic instability, arrhythmias or respiratory failure in ICU.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parth Pancholi
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10467, United States
| | - Nader Emami
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10467, United States
| | - Melissa J Fazzari
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| | - Sumit Kapoor
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10467, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cavefors O, Holmqvist J, Bech-Hanssen O, Einarsson F, Norberg E, Lundin S, Omerovic E, Ricksten SE, Redfors B, Oras J. Reply to: "Systolic dysfunction and mortality in critically ill patients: more data are needed to believe in this association!". ESC Heart Fail 2022; 9:2056-2057. [PMID: 35191212 PMCID: PMC9065824 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.13856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Cavefors
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Blå stråket 5, vån 5, Gothenburg, 413 45, Sweden
| | - Jacob Holmqvist
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Blå stråket 5, vån 5, Gothenburg, 413 45, Sweden
| | - Odd Bech-Hanssen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Freyr Einarsson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Blå stråket 5, vån 5, Gothenburg, 413 45, Sweden
| | - Erik Norberg
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Blå stråket 5, vån 5, Gothenburg, 413 45, Sweden
| | - Stefan Lundin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Blå stråket 5, vån 5, Gothenburg, 413 45, Sweden
| | - Elmir Omerovic
- Department of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sven-Erik Ricksten
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Blå stråket 5, vån 5, Gothenburg, 413 45, Sweden
| | - Björn Redfors
- Department of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonatan Oras
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Blå stråket 5, vån 5, Gothenburg, 413 45, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cavefors O, Holmqvist J, Bech-Hanssen O, Einarsson F, Norberg E, Lundin S, Omerovic E, Ricksten SE, Redfors B, Oras J. Regional left ventricular systolic dysfunction associated with critical illness: incidence and effect on outcome. ESC Heart Fail 2021; 8:5415-5423. [PMID: 34605611 PMCID: PMC8712834 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.13633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Left ventricular (LV) dysfunction can be triggered by non‐cardiac disease, such as sepsis, hypoxia, major haemorrhage, or severe stress (Takotsubo syndrome), but its clinical importance is not established. In this study, we evaluate the incidence and impact on mortality of LV dysfunction associated with critical illness. Methods and results In this single‐centre, observational study, consecutive patients underwent an echocardiographic examination within 24 h of intensive care unit (ICU) admission. LV systolic dysfunction was defined as an ejection fraction (EF) < 50% and/or regional wall motion abnormalities (RWMA). A cardiologist assessed patients with LV dysfunction for the presence of an acute or chronic cardiac disease, and coronary angiography was performed in high‐risk patients. Of the 411 patients included, 100 patients (24%) had LV dysfunction and in 52 (13%) of these patients, LV dysfunction was not attributed to a cardiac disease. Patients with LV dysfunction and non‐cardiac disease had higher mortality risk score (Simplified Acute Physiologic Score 3 score), heart rate, noradrenaline doses, and lactate levels as well as decreased EF, stroke volume, and cardiac output compared with patients with normal LV function. Diagnoses most commonly associated with LV dysfunction and non‐cardiac disease were sepsis, respiratory insufficiency, major haemorrhage, and neurological disorders. RWMA (n = 40) with or without low EF was more common than global hypokinesia (n = 12) and was reversible in the majority of cases. Twelve patients had a circumferential pattern of RWMA in concordance with Takotsubo syndrome. Crude 30 day mortality was higher in patients with LV dysfunction and non‐cardiac disease compared with patients with normal LV function (33% vs. 18%, P = 0.023), but not after risk adjustment (primary outcome) {odds ratio [OR] 1.56 [confidence interval (CI) 0.75–3.39], P = 0.225}. At 90 days, crude mortality was 44% and 22% (P = 0.002), respectively, in these groups. This difference was also significant after risk adjustment [OR 2.40 (CI 1.18–4.88), P = 0.016]. Conclusions Left ventricular systolic dysfunction is commonly triggered by critical illness, is frequently seen as regional hypokinesia, and is linked to an increased risk of death. The prognostic importance of LV dysfunction in critical illness might be underestimated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Cavefors
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Blå stråket 5, vån 5, Gothenburg, 413 45, Sweden
| | - Jacob Holmqvist
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Blå stråket 5, vån 5, Gothenburg, 413 45, Sweden
| | - Odd Bech-Hanssen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Freyr Einarsson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Blå stråket 5, vån 5, Gothenburg, 413 45, Sweden
| | - Erik Norberg
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Blå stråket 5, vån 5, Gothenburg, 413 45, Sweden
| | - Stefan Lundin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Blå stråket 5, vån 5, Gothenburg, 413 45, Sweden
| | - Elmir Omerovic
- Department of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sven-Erik Ricksten
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Blå stråket 5, vån 5, Gothenburg, 413 45, Sweden
| | - Björn Redfors
- Department of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonatan Oras
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Blå stråket 5, vån 5, Gothenburg, 413 45, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Madias JE. Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy: Current Treatment. J Clin Med 2021; 10:3440. [PMID: 34362223 PMCID: PMC8347171 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10153440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Management of takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is currently empirical and supportive, via extrapolation of therapeutic principles worked out for other cardiovascular pathologies. Although it has been emphasized that such non-specific therapies for TTS are consequent to its still elusive pathophysiology, one wonders whether it does not necessarily follow that the absence of knowledge of TTS' pathophysiological underpinnings should prevent us for searching, designing, or even finding, therapies efficacious for its management. Additionally, it is conceivable that therapy for TTS may be in response to pathophysiological/pathoanatomic/pathohistological consequences (e.g., "myocardial stunning/reperfusion injury"), common to both TTS and coronary artery disease, or other cardiovascular disorders). The present review outlines the whole range of management principles of TTS during its acute phase and at follow-up, including considerations pertaining to the recurrence of TTS, and commences with the idea that occasionally management of TTS should consist of mere observation along the "first do no harm" principle, while self-healing is under way. Finally, some new therapeutic hypotheses (i.e., large doses of insulin infusions in association with the employment of intravenous short- and ultrashort-acting β-blockers) are being entertained, based on previous extensive animal work and limited application in patients with neurogenic cardiomyopathy and TTS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John E. Madias
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; ; Tel.: +1-(718)-334-5005; Fax: +1-(718)-334-5990
- Division of Cardiology, Elmhurst Hospital Center, Elmhurst, NY 11373, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Takotsubo syndrome (TS) is an acute cardiac condition characterized by transient wall motion abnormalities mostly of the left ventricle. First described in 1990, TS has gained substantial attention during the past 15 years. However, the disease is still underdiagnosed. Prospective studies on TS are largely lacking, and the condition remains incompletely understood. In addition, significant misconceptions and misunderstandings are evident, contributing to potentially severe underestimation. Here, we review important aspects of TS with a focus on pitfalls, misinterpretations, and knowledge gaps considered important during diagnosis and management of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Christian Napp
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Johann Bauersachs
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Oras J, Doueh R, Norberg E, Redfors B, Omerovic E, Dellgren G. Left ventricular dysfunction in potential heart donors and its influence on recipient outcomes. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2020; 159:1333-1341.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2019.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
8
|
Rowell AC, Stedman WG, Janin PF, Diel N, Ward MR, Kay SM, Delaney A, Figtree GA. Silent left ventricular apical ballooning and Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in an Australian intensive care unit. ESC Heart Fail 2019; 6:1262-1265. [PMID: 31556249 PMCID: PMC6989276 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Recent reports have shown a high incidence of silent left ventricular apical ballooning (LVAB) in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting with potential implications for safe use of inotropes and vasopressors. We examined the incidence, predictors, and associated outcomes of LVAB in patients in a contemporary tertiary Australian ICU. Methods and results In a prospective cohort study, patients were screened within 24 h of admission to the ICU and enrolled if they were deemed critically unwell based on mechanical ventilation, administration of >5 mg/min of noradrenaline, or need for renal replacement therapy. Exclusion criteria were a primary diagnosis of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, admission to ICU after cardiac surgery, or with acute myocardial infarction or heart failure. Echocardiography was performed, and the presence/absence of LVAB was documented. A total of 116 patients were enrolled of whom four had LVAB (3.5%, 95% confidence interval 0.9–8.6%). Female sex was the only baseline demographic or clinical characteristic associated with incident LVAB. Medical history, ICU admission indication, and choice of inotropes were not associated with increased risk. Patients with LVAB had no deaths and had similar lengths of ICU and hospital stay compared with patients with no LVAB. Conclusions The incidence of silent LVAB suggestive of TC was substantially lower in this study than recently reported in other international ICU settings. We did not observe a suggestion of worse outcomes. A larger, multi‐centre study, prospectively screening for LVAB may help understand any variation between centres and regions, with important implications for ICU management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Rowell
- Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Malcolm Fisher Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Wade G Stedman
- Malcolm Fisher Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Pierre F Janin
- Malcolm Fisher Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Naomi Diel
- Malcolm Fisher Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael R Ward
- Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - Sharon M Kay
- Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony Delaney
- Malcolm Fisher Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.,Division of Critical Care, The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gemma A Figtree
- Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jha S, Zeijlon R, Shekka Espinosa A, Alkhoury J, Oras J, Omerovic E, Redfors B. Clinical management in the takotsubo syndrome. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2018; 17:83-93. [DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2019.1556098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Jha
- Department of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kungälv Hospital, Kungälv, Sweden
| | - Rickard Zeijlon
- Department of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Aaron Shekka Espinosa
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jessica Alkhoury
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonatan Oras
- Department of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elmir Omerovic
- Department of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Björn Redfors
- Department of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Trial Center, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abdullah I. Takotsubo syndrome spreads its tentacles to congenital heart disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2017; 154:e111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2017.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
11
|
Oras J, Redfors B, Ricksten SE. Reply to What is the real incidence of Takotsubo syndrome in intensive care units? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2017; 61:1372-1373. [PMID: 28952143 DOI: 10.1111/aas.13003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Oras
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - B Redfors
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - S-E Ricksten
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Madias JE. What is the real incidence of Takotsubo syndrome in intensive care units? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2017; 61:1371. [PMID: 28990180 DOI: 10.1111/aas.13004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. E. Madias
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York NY USA
- Division of Cardiology; Elmhurst Hospital Center; Elmhurst NY USA
| |
Collapse
|