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Li X, Chang P, Liu X, Kang Y, Zhao Z, Duan Y, Liu J, Zhang W. Exhaled breath is found to be better than blood samples for determining propofol concentrations in the brain tissues of rats. J Breath Res 2024; 18:026004. [PMID: 38211315 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ad1d65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The correlation between propofol concentration in exhaled breath (CE) and plasma (CP) has been well-established, but its applicability for estimating the concentration in brain tissues (CB) remains unknown. Given the impracticality of directly sampling human brain tissues, rats are commonly used as a pharmacokinetic model due to their similar drug-metabolizing processes to humans. In this study, we measuredCE,CP, andCBin mechanically ventilated rats injected with propofol. Exhaled breath samples from the rats were collected every 20 s and analyzed using our team's developed vacuum ultraviolet time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Additionally, femoral artery blood samples and brain tissue samples at different time points were collected and measured using high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. The results demonstrated that propofol concentration in exhaled breath exhibited stronger correlations with that in brain tissues compared to plasma levels, suggesting its potential suitability for reflecting anesthetic action sites' concentrations and anesthesia titration. Our study provides valuable animal data supporting future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongjun Zhao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixiang Duan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wensheng Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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Li X, Chang P, Liu X, Kang Y, Zhao Z, Duan Y, Zhu T, Liu J, Zhang W. A preclinical study on online monitoring of exhaled ciprofol concentration by the ultraviolet time-of-flight spectrometer and prediction of anesthesia depth in beagles. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 235:115621. [PMID: 37572595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exhaled air has been demonstrated as a reliable medium for monitoring propofol concentration. However, online monitoring of exhaled ciprofol have not been reported. METHODS Thirty-six beagles undergoing mechanical ventilation were divided into 6 groups, including bolus injection of low (Group BL, n = 6), medium (Group BM, n = 6), and high dose of ciprofol (Group BH, n = 6) groups; as well as 1 h continuous infusion of low (Group IL, n = 6), medium (Group IM, n = 6), and high dose of ciprofol (Group IH, n = 6) groups. The ciprofol concentration in exhaled air (CE) was determined by the ultraviolet time-of-flight mass spectrometer (UV-TOFMS). The correlations of CE and plasma concentration (Cp), CE and the bispectral index (BIS) were explored. Additionally, the pharmacokinetics (PK) models of CE and Cp, the pharmacodynamics (PD) models of CE and BIS were also established. RESULTS Online monitoring of exhaled ciprofol can be achieved with the UV-TOFMS instrument. The CE of ciprofol in beagles was found at parts per billion by volume (ppbv) level. The linear correlation of CE and Cp was weak in bolus injection groups (R2 = 0.01) nonetheless moderate in continuous infusion groups (R2 = 0.53). The i.v. bolus PK model of CE and Cp can be fitted with the non-compartment models. Additionally, the the PD models of CE and BIS can be well fitted with the inhibitory sigmoid Emax model with the estimate values of IC50 = 0.05 ± 0.01 ppbv, γ = 4.74 ± 1.51, E0 = 81.40 ± 3.75, Imax = 16.35 ± 4.27 in bolus injection groups; and IC50 = 0.05 ± 0.01 ppbv, γ = 6.92 ± 1.30, E0 = 83.08 ± 1.62, Imax = 12.58 ± 1.65 in continuous infusion groups. CONCLUSIONS Online monitoring of exhaled ciprofol concentration in beagles can be achieved with the UV-TOFMS instrument. Good correlations can be observed between exhaled ciprofol concentration and its cerebral effects reflected by the BIS value, demonstrating the potential of exhaled ciprofol monitoring for titrating depth of anesthesia in future clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan university, China; Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Pan Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan university, China; Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan university, China; Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Yi Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan university, China; Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Zhongjun Zhao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, China
| | - Yixiang Duan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan university, China; Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan university, China; Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Wensheng Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan university, China; Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China.
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Nakhodchi S, Alizadeh N. Dynamic headspace solid-phase extraction at room temperature: a theoretical model, method, and application for propofol analysis. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:1478-1484. [PMID: 36876859 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay02099h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a simple dynamic headspace solid-phase extraction (DHS-SPE) process at room temperature was used for a material that is sensitive to increase in the temperature. A proposed method was implemented to rapidly extract propofol (PF) from a complex matrix before fluorescence spectroscopy analysis, within a short sampling time without involving a hot plate or stirrer. A mini diaphragm pump was used to circulate the headspace gas. As the headspace gas flows over the sample solution surface, bubbles form and release analytes from the liquid into the headspace. During the extraction process, the headspace gas passes through the coated metal foam as a sorbent that is placed in a homemade glass vessel and analytes are trapped from the gas phase. A theoretical model of DHS-SPE based on the consecutive first-order process is proposed in this study. A mathematical solution for the dynamic process of mass transfer was obtained by correlating the variation in analyte concentration in the headspace and adsorber with the pump speed and amount of analyte extracted to the solid phase. Using electrochemically Nafion-doped polypyrrole (PPy-Naf) film on nickel foam as the solid-phase coupled to fluorescence detection, a linear dynamic range over the concentration range of 100-500 nM with a detection limit of 15 nM was obtained. This method was applied successfully for PF determination in human serum sample matrices without the interference of co-administered drugs, such as cisatracurium, which have significant emission spectrum overlap. The developed method can lead to a new idea for sample pretreatment, which is compatible with many analytical techniques and has been successfully combined with fluorescence spectroscopy in this work. This format of sampling simplifies the transfer of analytes from complex matrices to the headspace for the extraction and preconcentration process, eliminating the heating step and the need for expensive equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Nakhodchi
- Department of Chemistry, Factually of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Naader Alizadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Factually of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran.
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