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Yang Y, Zhang Z. α-Synuclein pathology from the body to the brain: so many seeds so close to the central soil. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1463-1472. [PMID: 38051888 PMCID: PMC10883481 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.387967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT α-Synuclein is a protein that mainly exists in the presynaptic terminals. Abnormal folding and accumulation of α-synuclein are found in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease. Aggregated and highly phosphorylated α-synuclein constitutes the main component of Lewy bodies in the brain, the pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease. For decades, much attention has been focused on the accumulation of α-synuclein in the brain parenchyma rather than considering Parkinson's disease as a systemic disease. Recent evidence demonstrates that, at least in some patients, the initial α-synuclein pathology originates in the peripheral organs and spreads to the brain. Injection of α-synuclein preformed fibrils into the gastrointestinal tract triggers the gut-to-brain propagation of α-synuclein pathology. However, whether α-synuclein pathology can occur spontaneously in peripheral organs independent of exogenous α-synuclein preformed fibrils or pathological α-synuclein leakage from the central nervous system remains under investigation. In this review, we aimed to summarize the role of peripheral α-synuclein pathology in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. We also discuss the pathways by which α-synuclein pathology spreads from the body to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunying Yang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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2
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Guo T, Zhou L, Xiong M, Xiong J, Huang J, Li Y, Zhang G, Chen G, Wang Z, Xiao T, Hu D, Bao A, Zhang Z. N-homocysteinylation of DJ-1 promotes neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. Aging Cell 2024; 23:e14124. [PMID: 38380563 PMCID: PMC11113254 DOI: 10.1111/acel.14124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
DJ-1, also known as Parkinson's disease protein 7 (Park7), is a multifunctional protein that regulates oxidative stress and mitochondrial function. Dysfunction of DJ-1 is implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with an increased risk of PD. Here we show that homocysteine thiolactone (HTL), a reactive thioester of homocysteine (Hcy), covalently modifies DJ-1 on the lysine 182 (K182) residue in an age-dependent manner. The N-homocysteinylation (N-hcy) of DJ-1 abolishes its neuroprotective effect against oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, exacerbating cell toxicity. Blocking the N-hcy of DJ-1 restores its protective effect. These results indicate that the N-hcy of DJ-1 abolishes its neuroprotective effect and promotes the progression of PD. Inhibiting the N-hcy of DJ-1 may exert neuroprotective effect against PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Guo
- Department of NeurologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Lingyan Zhou
- Department of NeurologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Min Xiong
- Department of NeurologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jing Xiong
- Department of NeurologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Juan Huang
- Department of NeurologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Yiming Li
- Department of NeurologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Guoxin Zhang
- Department of NeurologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Guiqin Chen
- Department of NeurologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Zhi‐Hao Wang
- Department of NeurologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Tingting Xiao
- Department of NeurologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Dan Hu
- Department of NeurologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Anyu Bao
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of NeurologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- TaiKang Center for Life and Medical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
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Rekik A, Santoro C, Poplawska-Domaszewicz K, Qamar MA, Batzu L, Landolfo S, Rota S, Falup-Pecurariu C, Murasan I, Chaudhuri KR. Parkinson's disease and vitamins: a focus on vitamin B12. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2024:10.1007/s00702-024-02769-z. [PMID: 38602571 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-024-02769-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) has been linked to a vast array of vitamins among which vitamin B12 (Vit B12) is the most relevant and often investigated specially in the context of intrajejunal levodopa infusion therapy. Vit B12 deficiency, itself, has been reported to cause acute parkinsonism. Nevertheless, concrete mechanisms through which B12 deficiency interacts with PD in terms of pathophysiology, clinical manifestation and progression remains unclear. Recent studies have suggested that Vit B12 deficiency along with the induced hyperhomocysteinemia are correlated with specific PD phenotypes characterized with early postural instability and falls and more rapid motor progression, cognitive impairment, visual hallucinations and autonomic dysfunction. Specific clinical features such as polyneuropathy have also been linked to Vit B12 deficiency specifically in context of intrajejunal levodopa therapy. In this review, we explore the link between Vit B12 and PD in terms of physiopathology regarding dysfunctional neural pathways, neuropathological processes as well as reviewing the major clinical traits of Vit B12 deficiency in PD and Levodopa-mediated neuropathy. Finally, we provide an overview of the therapeutic effect of Vit B12 supplementation in PD and posit a practical guideline for Vit B12 testing and supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa Rekik
- Department of Neurology of Sahloul Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia.
- Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.
| | - Carlo Santoro
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70100, Bari, Italy
| | - Karolina Poplawska-Domaszewicz
- Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355, Poznan, Poland
- Parkinson's Foundation Center of Excellence, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK
| | - Mubasher Ahmad Qamar
- Parkinson's Foundation Center of Excellence, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Basic & Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Lucia Batzu
- Parkinson's Foundation Center of Excellence, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Basic & Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Salvatore Landolfo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70100, Bari, Italy
| | - Silvia Rota
- Parkinson's Foundation Center of Excellence, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Basic & Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Cristian Falup-Pecurariu
- Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036, Brasov, Romania
- Department of Neurology, County Clinic Hospital, Brasov, Romania
| | - Iulia Murasan
- Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036, Brasov, Romania
| | - Kallol Ray Chaudhuri
- Parkinson's Foundation Center of Excellence, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Basic & Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 9RT, UK
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Quan Y, Xu J, Xu Q, Guo Z, Ou R, Shang H, Wei Q. Association between the risk and severity of Parkinson's disease and plasma homocysteine, vitamin B12 and folate levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1254824. [PMID: 37941998 PMCID: PMC10628521 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1254824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is recognized as the second most prevalent progressive neurodegenerative disease among the elderly. However, the relationship between PD and plasma homocysteine (Hcy), vitamin B12, and folate has yielded inconsistent results in previous studies. Hence, in order to address this ambiguity, we conducted a meta-analysis to summarize the existing evidence. Methods Suitable studies published prior to May 2023 were identified by searching PubMed, EMBASE, Medline, Ovid, and Web of Science. The methodological quality of eligible studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale (NOS). Meta-analysis and publication bias were then performed using R version 4.3.1. Results The results of our meta-analysis, consisting of case-control and cross-sectional studies, showed that PD patients had lower folate and vitamin B12 levels (SMD [95%CI]: -0.30[-0.39, -0.22], p < 0.001 for Vitamin B12; SMD [95%CI]: -0.20 [-0.28, -0.13], p < 0.001 for folate), but a significant higher Hcy level (SMD [95%CI]: 0.86 [0.59, 1.14], p < 0.001) than healthy people. Meanwhile, PD was significantly related to hyperhomocysteinemia (SMD [95%]: 2.02 [1.26, 2.78], p < 0.001) rather than plasma Hcy below 15 μmol/L (SMD [95%]: -0.31 [-0.62, 0.00], p = 0.05). Subgroup analysis revealed associations between the Hcy level of PD patients and region (p = 0.03), age (p = 0.03), levodopa therapy (p = 0.03), Hoehn and Yahr stage (p < 0.001), and cognitive impairment (p < 0.001). However, gender (p = 0.38) and sample size (p = 0.49) were not associated. Conclusion Hcy, vitamin B12, and folic acid potentially predict the onset and development of PD. Additionally, multiple factors were linked to Hcy levels in PD patients. Further studies are needed to comprehend their roles in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Quan
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jisen Xu
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qing Xu
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiqing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ruwei Ou
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Huifang Shang
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qianqian Wei
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Lin Z, Huang L, Cao Q, Luo H, Yao W, Zhang JC. Inhibition of abnormal C/EBPβ/α-Syn signaling pathway through activation of Nrf2 ameliorates Parkinson's disease-like pathology. Aging Cell 2023; 22:e13958. [PMID: 37614147 PMCID: PMC10577548 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the formation of Lewy bodies (LBs) in the brain. These LBs are primarily composed of α-Synuclein (α-Syn), which has aggregated. A recent report proposes that CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins β (C/EBPβ) may act as an age-dependent transcription factor for α-Syn, thereby initiating PD pathologies by regulating its transcription. Potential therapeutic approaches to address PD could involve targeting the regulation of α-Syn by C/EBPβ. This study has revealed that Nrf2, also known as nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NFE2L2), suppresses the transcription of C/EBPβ in SH-SY5Y cells when treated with MPP+ . To activate Nrf2, sulforaphane, an Nrf2 activator, was administered. Additionally, C/EBPβ was silenced using C/EBPβ-DNA/RNA heteroduplex oligonucleotide (HDO). Both approaches successfully reduced abnormal α-Syn expression in primary neurons treated with MPP+ . Furthermore, sustained activation of Nrf2 via its activator or inhibition of C/EBPβ using C/EBPβ-HDO resulted in a reduction of aberrant α-Syn expression, thus leading to an improvement in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) in mouse models induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and those treated with preformed fibrils (PFFs). The data presented in this study illustrate that the activation of Nrf2 may provide a potential therapeutic strategy for PD by inhibiting the abnormal C/EBPβ/α-Syn signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zefang Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lixuan Huang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Cao
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hanyue Luo
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Yao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ji-Chun Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Brain Science and Brain-inspired Research, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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Witucki Ł, Borowczyk K, Suszyńska-Zajczyk J, Warzych E, Pawlak P, Jakubowski H. Deletion of the Homocysteine Thiolactone Detoxifying Enzyme Bleomycin Hydrolase, in Mice, Causes Memory and Neurological Deficits and Worsens Alzheimer's Disease-Related Behavioral and Biochemical Traits in the 5xFAD Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 95:1735-1755. [PMID: 37718819 PMCID: PMC10578231 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bleomycin hydrolase (BLMH), a homocysteine (Hcy)-thiolactone detoxifying enzyme, is attenuated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains. Blmh loss causes astrogliosis in mice while the loss of histone demethylase Phf8, which controls mTOR signaling, causes neuropathy in mice and humans. OBJECTIVE To examine how Blmh gene deletion affects the Phf8/H4K20me1/mTOR/autophagy pathway, amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation, and cognitive/neuromotor performance in mice. METHODS We generated a new mouse model of AD, the Blmh-/-5xFAD mouse. Behavioral assessments were conducted by cognitive/neuromotor testing. Blmh and Phf8 genes were silenced in mouse neuroblastoma N2a-APPswe cells by RNA interference. mTOR- and autophagy-related proteins, and AβPP were quantified by western blotting and the corresponding mRNAs by RT-qPCR. Aβ was quantified by western blotting (brains) and by confocal microscopy (cells). RESULTS Behavioral testing showed cognitive/neuromotor deficits in Blmh-/- and Blmh-/-5xFAD mice. Phf8 was transcriptionally downregulated in Blmh-/- and Blmh-/-5xFAD brains. H4K20me1, mTOR, phospho-mTOR, and AβPP were upregulated while autophagy markers Becn1, Atg5, and Atg7 were downregulated in Blmh-/- and Blmh-/-5xFAD brains. Aβ was elevated in Blmh-/-5xFAD brains. These biochemical changes were recapitulated in Blmh-silenced N2a-APPswe cells, which also showed increased H4K20me1-mTOR promoter binding and impaired autophagy flux (Lc3-I, Lc3-II, p62). Phf8-silencing or treatments with Hcy-thiolactone or N-Hcy-protein, metabolites elevated in Blmh-/- mice, induced biochemical changes in N2a-APPswe cells like those induced by the Blmh-silencing. However, Phf8-silencing elevated Aβ without affecting AβPP. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that Blmh interacts with AβPP and the Phf8/H4K20me1/mTOR/autophagy pathway, and that disruption of those interactions causes Aβ accumulation and cognitive/neuromotor deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Witucki
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Kamila Borowczyk
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Joanna Suszyńska-Zajczyk
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Ewelina Warzych
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Piotr Pawlak
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Hieronim Jakubowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, Newark, NJ, USA
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