Interventions to improve consultations in the emergency department: A systematic review

Scoping review of the effectiveness of 10 high-impact initiatives (HIIs) for recovering urgent and emergency care services

INTRODUCTION

Prolonged ambulance response times and unacceptable emergency department (ED) wait times are significant challenges in urgent and emergency care systems associated with patient harm. This scoping review aimed to evaluate the evidence base for 10 urgent and emergency care high-impact initiatives identified by the National Health Service (NHS) England.

METHODS

A two-stage approach was employed. First, a comprehensive search for reviews (2018-2023) was conducted across PubMed, Epistemonikos and Google Scholar. Additionally, full-text searches using Google Scholar were performed for studies related to the key outcomes. In the absence of sufficient review-level evidence, relevant available primary research studies were identified through targeted MEDLINE and HMIC searches. Relevant reviews and studies were mapped to the 10 high-impact initiatives. Reviewers worked in pairs or singly to identify studies, extract, tabulate and summarise data.

RESULTS

The search yielded 20 771 citations, with 48 reviews meeting the inclusion criteria across 10 sections. In the absence of substantive review-level evidence for the key outcomes, primary research studies were also sought for seven of the 10 initiatives. Evidence for interventions improving ambulance response times was generally scarce. ED wait times were commonly studied using ED length of stay, with some evidence that same day emergency care, acute frailty units, care transfer hubs and some in-patient flow interventions might reduce direct and indirect measures of wait times. Proximal evidence existed for initiatives such as urgent community response, virtual hospitals/hospital at home and inpatient flow interventions (involving flow coordinators), which did not typically evaluate the NHS England outcomes of interest.

CONCLUSIONS

Effective interventions were often only identifiable as components within the NHS England 10 high-impact initiative groupings. The evidence base remains limited, with substantial heterogeneity in urgent and emergency care initiatives, metrics and reporting across different studies and settings. Future research should focus on well-defined interventions while remaining sensitive to local context.

When are pulmonologists consulted? Trends and outcomes of pulmonary consultations for unspecified hypoxia

Background

Clinical judgment is essential in determining the need for specialist consultation. We evaluated patients for whom the pulmonary team was consulted for unspecified hypoxia or acute hypoxic respiratory failure to better understand the characteristics and outcomes of such encounters.

Methods

We retrospectively studied patients who received consults for unspecified hypoxia or acute hypoxic respiratory failure at a tertiary center. Outcomes evaluated were length of stay, duration of follow-up, and clinical trajectory.

Results

We identified 103 patients over a 2-year period. The level of care was escalated in 69.9% (n = 72) of patients, and the majority had procedural interventions such as bronchoscopies and chest tube placement. Common diagnoses were pneumonia and volume overload. The mortality rate was 17.5% (n = 18). The mean length of stay was 24 days (standard deviation [SD] 24.1), with an average of 6.6 hospital days (SD 9.9) to consultation. The mean duration of consecutive follow-up was 4.5 days (SD 7.5). Patients who underwent procedures had a shorter duration of follow-up.

Conclusion

Pulmonary consults were noted for common diagnoses with a high need for escalation in care and procedural interventions, highlighting the importance and appropriateness of specialist consultations. Further studies are needed to explore what triggers an unspecified consult.

Patient flow in emergency departments: a comprehensive umbrella review of solutions and challenges across the health system

BACKGROUND

Globally, emergency departments (EDs) are overcrowded and unable to meet an ever-increasing demand for care. The aim of this study is to comprehensively review and synthesise literature on potential solutions and challenges throughout the entire health system, focusing on ED patient flow.

METHODS

An umbrella review was conducted to comprehensively summarise and synthesise the available evidence from multiple research syntheses. A comprehensive search strategy was employed in four databases alongside government or organisational websites in March 2023. Gray literature and reports were also searched. Quality was assessed using the JBI critical appraisal checklist for systematic reviews and research syntheses. We summarised and classified findings using qualitative synthesis, the Population-Capacity-Process (PCP) model, and the input/throughput/output (I/T/O) model of ED patient flow and synthesised intervention outcomes based on the Quadruple Aim framework.

RESULTS

The search strategy yielded 1263 articles, of which 39 were included in the umbrella review. Patient flow interventions were categorised into human factors, management-organisation interventions, and infrastructure and mapped to the relevant component of the patient journey from pre-ED to post-ED interventions. Most interventions had mixed or quadruple nonsignificant outcomes. The majority of interventions for enhancing ED patient flow were primarily related to the 'within-ED' phase of the patient journey. Fewer interventions were identified for the 'post-ED' phase (acute inpatient transfer, subacute inpatient transfer, hospital at home, discharge home, or residential care) and the 'pre-ED' phase. The intervention outcomes were aligned with the aim (QAIM), which aims to improve patient care experience, enhance population health, optimise efficiency, and enhance staff satisfaction.

CONCLUSIONS

This study found that there was a wide range of interventions used to address patient flow, but the effectiveness of these interventions varied, and most interventions were focused on the ED. Interventions for the remainder of the patient journey were largely neglected. The metrics reported were mainly focused on efficiency measures rather than addressing all quadrants of the quadruple aim. Further research is needed to investigate and enhance the effectiveness of interventions outside the ED in improving ED patient flow. It is essential to develop interventions that relate to all three phases of patient flow: pre-ED, within-ED, and post-ED.

Overcrowding in emergency departments: an overview of reviews describing global solutions and their outcomes

Emergency Department (ED) crowding is defined as a situation wherein the demands of emergency services overcome the ability of a department to provide high-quality care within an appropriate time frame. There is a need for solutions, as the harms of crowding impact patients, staff, and healthcare spending. An overview of ED crowding was previously published by our group, which outlines these global issues. The problem of overcrowding in emergency departments has emerged as a global public health concern, and several healthcare agencies have addressed the issue and proposed possible solutions at each level of emergency care. There is no current literature summarizing the extensive research on interventions and solutions, thus there is a need for data synthesis to inform policymakers in this field. The aim of this overview was to summarize the interventions at each level of emergency care: input, throughput, and output. The methodology was supported by the current PRIOR statement for an overview of reviews. The study summarized twenty-seven full-text systematic reviews, which encompassed three hundred and eight primary studies. The results of the summary displayed a requirement for increasing studies in input and output interventions, as these showed the best outcomes with regard to ED crowding metrics. Moreover, the results displayed heterogeneous results at each level of ED care; these reflected that generally solutions have not been matched to specific problems facing regional centres. Thus, individual factors need to be considered when implementing solutions in Emergency Departments.

How Can Specialist Advice Influence the Neuroimaging Practice for Childhood Headache in Emergency Department?

Differentiating between primary and secondary headaches can be challenging, especially in the emergency department (ED). Since symptoms alone are inadequate criteria for distinguishing between primary and secondary headaches, many children with headaches undergo neuroimaging investigations, such as brain CT and MRI. In various studies, the frequency of neuroimaging utilization is influenced by several factors, including teaching status, ownership, metropolitan area, insurance status, and ethnicity of patients. However, only a few studies have considered the role of specialist consultations in ordering neuroimaging studies on childhood headaches. We report the contributions of different specialists to the evaluation of children with headaches admitted to the ED and their influence on neuroimaging decisions. We retrospectively reviewed the medical reports of paediatric patients who presented with headaches to the paediatric ED of the Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico of Milano between January 2017 and January 2022. Overall, 890 children with headaches were evaluated (mean age: 10.0 years; range: 1 to 17 years). All patients were examined by the ED paediatricians, while specialist consultations were required for 261 patients, including 240 neurological (92.0%), 46 ophthalmological (17.6%), and 20 otorhinolaryngological (7.7%) consultations. Overall, 173 neuroimaging examinations were required, of which 51.4 and 48.6% were ordered by paediatricians and neurologists, respectively. In particular, paediatricians required 61.4% of brain CT scans, and neurologists required 92.0% of brain MRI scans. In conclusion, paediatricians were responsible for the management of most children with headaches admitted to the ED, while specialist consultations were required only in about a third of the cases. Although there was no significant difference in the number of neuroimaging studies ordered by specialists, brain CT scans were most often used by paediatricians, and MRI scans by neurologists.

Anecdotes Drive Attitudes, Data Drives Decisions: Optimizing the Emergency Department Workup Prior to Surgical Consultations

PURPOSE

Emergency department (ED) wait times and ED length of stay (LOS) have a significant impact on patient morbidity and mortality and patient satisfaction. Consultation-to-decision time can contribute to increased wait times and LOS in the ED. Up to 40% of patients presenting to the ED require consultation from subspecialty services. We hypothesize that in surgical patients, completion of workup prior to consultation will decrease consultation-to-decision time, ED wait times, and LOS in the ED.

METHODS

A retrospective review was conducted at a single site including all overnight general surgery consultations from the ED over 2-months. Data collected included wait times, LOS, and workup completed prior to consultation. Summary statistics were calculated and bivariate tests were performed using t-tests for continuous variables.

RESULTS

Time to final surgical plan and LOS in ED were evaluated for 137 patients comparing "complete" and "incomplete" workups at time of consultation. It was considered a "complete" workup if labs and imaging were resulted prior to time of consult. If any baseline tests were not ordered prior to time of consult, it was considered an "incomplete" workup. Analysis demonstrated an average time of 4.9 and 2.5 hours for consultation-to-decision time for "incomplete" and "complete" workups respectively (p < 0.0001). For LOS in ED, there was an average of 11.4 and 7.9 hours for "incomplete" and "complete" workups respectively (p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

There is a significant difference in consultation-to-decision time and LOS in the ED when consultation is performed following a complete versus incomplete workup for surgical patients independent of inherent wait times for testing to result and the need for additional testing requested from consulting services. Developing strategies to optimize workups from the ED prior to surgical consultation, including the development of care pathways, could significantly decrease patient wait times and LOS in the ED.

Paramedic To Provider Consultation Challenges in the Emergency Department in Kazakhstan: An Online Survey

Objective

Consultation is an important and necessary aspect of patient care in the emergency department. We prospectively examined difficulties during the consultation process between paramedics and providers in emergency departments in Kazakhstan.

Methods

The paramedics were interviewed using various platforms and face-to-face meetings. Questionnaires were administered to paramedics to gather feedback on the current consultation process. In our survey, 202 paramedics of ambulance from the cities of Semey, Pavlodar, and Ust-Kamenogorsk, located in the North and East of Kazakhstan took part.

Results

Serious barriers to effective consultation were identified during consultations with cardiologists, pediatricians, and traumatologists. Weekends, as well as nighttime, are associated with more consultation difficulties. The most common problems for paramedics are non-attendance of the consultant, refusal of hospitalization by the consultant, and referral to other specialists and departments. More than 40% of the respondents noted the desire to share responsibility for the patient with medical consultants, which indicates uncertainty in their own knowledge due to the limited work experience of the majority of respondents.

Conclusion

Barriers that arise during the consultation process of patients with emergency conditions can lead to unfavorable outcomes. Strategies to address these barriers are needed to improve the quality of patient care. This review aims to understand and evaluate the issues that arise during the consultation process.