1
|
Abstract
This chapter reviews the array of methods used in contemporary research on population-level research on substance use and its consequences. We argue that there are critical questions that can best - or in some cases, only - be addressed at the level of a population. We then describe the major categories of data collection methods used in population research, including surveys, ecological momentary assessment, administrative data, audit methods, and unobtrusive assessment of substance use. Two categories of measures are then discussed: measures of an individual's use of substances and related problems and measures of harm to others caused by one's use. We then review factors that may be considered causes or correlates of substance use and consequences, including both individual and environmental factors. We close with a few thoughts on the accumulation of knowledge and its translation to policy and practice.
Collapse
|
2
|
Maziak W, Ben Taleb Z, Jawad M, Afifi R, Nakkash R, Akl EA, Ward KD, Salloum RG, Barnett TE, Primack BA, Sherman S, Cobb CO, Sutfin EL, Eissenberg T. Consensus statement on assessment of waterpipe smoking in epidemiological studies. Tob Control 2016; 26:338-343. [PMID: 27165995 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-052958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Numerous epidemiological accounts suggest that waterpipe smoking (aka hookah, shisha, narghile) has become a global phenomenon, especially among youth. The alarming spread of waterpipe and accumulating evidence of its addictive and harmful effects represent a new threat in the global fight to limit tobacco-related morbidity and mortality. In response to waterpipe's alarming trends, major public health and tobacco control organisations have started or are considering systematic collection of data about waterpipe smoking to monitor its trends and assess its harmful effects in different societies. Such plans require coordination and agreement on epidemiological measurement tools that reflect the uniqueness of this tobacco use method, and at the same time allow comparison of waterpipe trends across time and place, and with other tobacco use methods. We started a decade ago our work to develop standardised measures and definitions for the assessment of waterpipe smoking in epidemiological studies. In this communication, we try to expand and update these assessment tools in light of our increased knowledge and understanding of waterpipe use patterns, its context and marketing, as well as the need for evidence-guided policies and regulations to curb its spread. We have assembled for this purpose a group of leading waterpipe researchers worldwide, and worked through an iterative process to develop the suggested instruments and definitions based on what we know currently about the waterpipe epidemic. While the suggested measures are by no means comprehensive, we hope that they can provide the building blocks for standard and comparable surveillance of waterpipe smoking globally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Maziak
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA.,Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Aleppo, Syria
| | - Ziyad Ben Taleb
- Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Mohammed Jawad
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rima Afifi
- Department of Health Promotion and Community Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rima Nakkash
- Department of Health Promotion and Community Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Elie A Akl
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kenneth D Ward
- Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Aleppo, Syria.,Division of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ramzi G Salloum
- Department of Health Outcomes and Policy, and Institute for Child Health Policy, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Tracey E Barnett
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Brian A Primack
- Center for Research on Media, Technology, and Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Scott Sherman
- Departments of Population Health, Medicine and Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Caroline O Cobb
- Department of Psychology and Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Erin L Sutfin
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas Eissenberg
- Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Aleppo, Syria.,Department of Psychology and Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sidani JE, Shensa A, Shiffman S, Switzer GE, Primack BA. Public health implications of waterpipe tobacco use in the United States warrant initial steps towards assessing dependence. Addiction 2016; 111:937-8. [PMID: 26987303 PMCID: PMC5127591 DOI: 10.1111/add.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime E. Sidani
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Montefiore Hospital, Suite W933, Pittsburgh, PA 15213,Center for Research on Media, Technology, and Health, University of Pittsburgh, 230 McKee Place, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213,Corresponding Author: Jaime E. Sidani, PhD, MPH, Center for Research on Media, Technology, and Health, 230 McKee Place Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, , 412-864-3192 (phone); 412-692-4838 (fax)
| | - Ariel Shensa
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Montefiore Hospital, Suite W933, Pittsburgh, PA 15213,Center for Research on Media, Technology, and Health, University of Pittsburgh, 230 McKee Place, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Saul Shiffman
- Pinney Associates, 201 North Craig Street, Suite 320, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Galen E. Switzer
- Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15213,Departments of Medicine, Psychiatry, Clinical and Translational Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Brian A. Primack
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Montefiore Hospital, Suite W933, Pittsburgh, PA 15213,Center for Research on Media, Technology, and Health, University of Pittsburgh, 230 McKee Place, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213,Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| |
Collapse
|