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Dental and temporomandibular joint pathology of the Arctic fox (Vulpeslagopus). J Comp Pathol 2023; 201:87-99. [PMID: 36753942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Museum skull specimens from 224 Arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) were examined macroscopically using an established protocol for examination of mammalian skull specimens. Foxes were collected from coastal and island regions of Alaska, USA, except for two individuals. Collection years ranged from 1931 to 2016 with most specimens collected during the 1950s and 1960s. The study population comprised more females (n = 134, 59.8%) than males (n = 83, 37.0%) and individuals of unknown sex (n = 7, 3.1%). There were 108 (48.2%) young adults, 115 (51.3%) adults, and one (0.4%) individual of unknown age. A total of 8,891 teeth (94.5%) were available for examination. The most common types of pathology observed were periodontitis (n = 222, 99.1%), dental fractures (n = 175, 78.1%) and attrition/abrasion (n = 198, 88.4%). Periapical lesions (n = 12, 5.3%), temporomandibular joint (TMJ) osteoarthritis (n = 3, 1.3%) and root number variation (n = 5, 2.2%) were less common. Enamel hypoplasia was noted in eight foxes (3.6%), all of which were discovered on St. Matthew Island, Alaska, in 1963. As in other canid species, periodontitis, attrition/abrasion and tooth fractures are common in the Arctic fox, while TMJ pathology is rare. Loss of tooth crown substance probably reflects the influence of diet, interspecific and conspecific aggression and oral trauma due to trapping and hunting methods. The high prevalence of periodontitis is probably also due to the combined effects of diet, genetics and host immune reaction to oral bacteria.
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Castejon-Gonzalez AC, Reiter AM. Dental Abnormalities in Immature Dogs with a History of Mandibular Fractures. J Vet Dent 2022; 39:173-181. [PMID: 35293801 DOI: 10.1177/08987564221082150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed to report the dental abnormalities encountered in immature dogs with a history of mandibular fracture. Dogs were included in the study if mandibular fractures were diagnosed by means of oral examination and diagnostic imaging, they were treated with non-invasive or minimally invasive methods, and there was a follow-up examination of at least 90 days after the initial presentation with the last follow-up visit occurring at 6 months of age or older. Eleven dogs met the inclusion criteria. Dental abnormalities occurred exclusively in those dogs that had sustained fracture of the mandibular body or fracture at the transition of mandibular body and mandibular ramus. A high number of developing permanent teeth located in or near the mandibular fracture were affected (73.5%). The most common dental abnormalities were failure of eruption or partial eruption (29.0%), resorption (22.6%), abnormal shape (19.4%), and enamel hypoplasia (16.1%). The majority of deciduous teeth (64.3%) in or near the mandibular fracture exfoliated uneventfully. Ten out of 11 dogs needed a surgical procedure to treat dental abnormalities after mandibular fracture healing. The development of the tooth germs located in or near a mandibular fracture is frequently affected. Radiographic evaluation of the area of trauma is recommended until eruption and full development of the teeth are completed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander M Reiter
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Choi H, Lee K, Kim D, Kim S, Lee JH. The implication of holocytochrome c synthase mutation in Korean familial hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta. Clin Oral Investig 2022; 26:4487-4498. [PMID: 35243551 PMCID: PMC9203382 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-022-04413-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to comprehensively characterise genetic variants of amelogenesis imperfecta in a single Korean family through whole-exome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. Material and methods Thirty-one individuals of a Korean family, 9 of whom were affected and 22 unaffected by amelogenesis imperfecta, were enrolled. Whole-exome sequencing was performed on 12 saliva samples, including samples from 8 affected and 4 unaffected individuals. The possible candidate genes associated with the disease were screened by segregation analysis and variant filtering. In silico mutation impact analysis was then performed on the filtered variants based on sequence conservation and protein structure. Results Whole-exome sequencing data revealed an X-linked dominant, heterozygous genomic missense mutation in the mitochondrial gene holocytochrome c synthase (HCCS). We also found that HCCS is potentially related to the role of mitochondria in amelogenesis. The HCCS variant was expected to be deleterious in both evolution-based and large population-based analyses. Further, the variant was predicted to have a negative effect on catalytic function of HCCS by in silico analysis of protein structure. In addition, HCCS had significant association with amelogenesis in literature mining analysis. Conclusions These findings suggest new evidence for the relationship between amelogenesis and mitochondria function, which could be implicated in the pathogenesis of amelogenesis imperfecta. Clinical relevance The discovery of HCCS mutations and a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of amelogenesis imperfecta could lead to finding solutions for the fundamental treatment of this disease. Furthermore, it enables dental practitioners to establish predictable prosthetic treatment plans at an early stage by early detection of amelogenesis imperfecta through personalised medicine. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00784-022-04413-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Choi
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry at Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemoon-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanghwan Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyo Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanguk Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Hoon Lee
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry at Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemoon-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea.
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Goldschmidt S, Hoyer N. Management of Dental and Oral Developmental Conditions in Dogs and Cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2021; 52:139-158. [PMID: 34838248 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Developmental dental and oral disorders are present in juvenile patients less than 12 months of age. The conditions are diverse ranging from cosmetic only to requiring advanced surgical intervention to alleviate pain and secondary complications. Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and appropriate treatment of dental abnormalities including abnormalities in the number, structure, size, and shape of teeth, as well as oral abnormalities including malocclusions, congenital cleft lip and palate, developmental abnormalities resulting in bony proliferation, and soft-tissue abnormalities of the lip and tongue are discussed throughout the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Goldschmidt
- Dentistry & Oral Surgery, University of Minnesota, 1352 Boyd Avenue, C309 Veterinary Medical Center South, St Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Naomi Hoyer
- Dentistry & Oral Surgery, Colorado State University, 300 W Drake, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Niemiec B, Gawor J, Nemec A, Clarke D, McLeod K, Tutt C, Gioso M, Steagall PV, Chandler M, Morgenegg G, Jouppi R. World Small Animal Veterinary Association Global Dental Guidelines. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 61:E36-E161. [PMID: 32715504 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dental, oral, and maxillofacial diseases are some of the most common problems in small animal veterinary practice. These conditions create significant pain as well as localized and potentially systemic infection. As such, the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) believes that un- and under treated oral and dental diseases pose a significant animal welfare concern. Dentistry is an area of veterinary medicine which is still widely ignored and is subject to many myths and misconceptions. Effective teaching of veterinary dentistry in the veterinary school is the key to progression in this field of veterinary medicine, and to the improvement of welfare for all our patients globally. These guidelines were developed to provide veterinarians with the information required to understand best practices for dental therapy and create realistic minimum standards of care. Using the three-tiered continuing education system of WSAVA, the guidelines make global equipment and therapeutic recommendations and highlight the anaesthetic and welfare requirements for small animal patients. This document contains information on common oral and dental pathologies, diagnostic procedures (an easily implementable and repeatable scoring system for dental health, dental radiography and radiology) and treatments (periodontal therapy, extractions). Further, there are sections on anaesthesia and pain management for dental procedures, home dental care, nutritional information, and recommendations on the role of the universities in improving veterinary dentistry. A discussion of the deleterious effects of anaesthesia free dentistry (AFD) is included, as this procedure is ineffective at best and damaging at worst. Throughout the document the negative effects of undiagnosed and/or treated dental disease on the health and well-being of our patients, and how this equates to an animal welfare issue, is discussed.
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Zhang H, Hu Y, Seymen F, Koruyucu M, Kasimoglu Y, Wang S, Wright JT, Havel MW, Zhang C, Kim J, Simmer JP, Hu JC. ENAM mutations and digenic inheritance. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e00928. [PMID: 31478359 PMCID: PMC6785452 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ENAM mutations cause autosomal dominant or recessive amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) and show a dose effect: enamel malformations are more severe or only penetrant when both ENAM alleles are defective. METHODS Whole exome sequences of recruited AI probands were initially screened for mutations in known AI candidate genes. Sanger sequencing was used to confirm sequence variations and their segregation with the disease phenotype. The co-occurrence of ENAM and LAMA3 mutations in one family raised the possibility of digenic inheritance. Enamel formed in Enam+/+ Ambn+/+ , Enam+/- , Ambn+/- , and Enam+/- Ambn+/- mice was characterized by dissection and backscattered scanning electron microscopy (bSEM). RESULTS ENAM mutations segregating with AI in five families were identified. Two novel ENAM frameshift mutations were identified. A single-nucleotide duplication (c.395dupA/p.Pro133Alafs*13) replaced amino acids 133-1142 with a 12 amino acid (ATTKAAFEAAIT*) sequence, and a single-nucleotide deletion (c.2763delT/p.Asp921Glufs*32) replaced amino acids 921-1142 with 31 amino acids (ESSPQQASYQAKETAQRRGKAKTLLEMMCPR*). Three families were heterozygous for a previously reported single-nucleotide ENAM deletion (c.588+1delG/p.Asn197Ilefs*81). One of these families also harbored a heterozygous LAMA3 mutation (c.1559G>A/p.Cys520Tyr) that cosegregated with both the AI phenotype and the ENAM mutation. In mice, Ambn+/- maxillary incisors were normal. Ambn+/- molars were also normal, except for minor surface roughness. Ambn+/- mandibular incisors were sometimes chalky and showed minor chipping. Enam+/- incisor enamel was thinner than normal with ectopic mineral deposited laterally. Enam+/- molars were sometimes chalky and rough surfaced. Enam+/- Ambn+/- enamel was thin and rough, in part due to ectopic mineralization, but also underwent accelerated attrition. CONCLUSION Novel ENAM mutations causing AI were identified, raising to 22 the number of ENAM variations known to cause AI. The severity of the enamel phenotype in Enam+/- Ambn+/- double heterozygous mice is caused by composite digenic effects. Digenic inheritance should be explored as a cause of AI in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Department of Biologic and Materials SciencesUniversity of Michigan School of DentistryAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Yuanyuan Hu
- Department of Biologic and Materials SciencesUniversity of Michigan School of DentistryAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Figen Seymen
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of DentistryIstanbul UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Mine Koruyucu
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of DentistryIstanbul UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Yelda Kasimoglu
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of DentistryIstanbul UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Shih‐Kai Wang
- Department of Biologic and Materials SciencesUniversity of Michigan School of DentistryAnn ArborMIUSA
- Department of DentistryNational Taiwan University School of DentistryTaipei CityTaiwan R.O.C.
| | - John Timothy Wright
- Department of Pediatric DentistryUniversity of North Carolina School of DentistryChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Michael W. Havel
- Department of Biologic and Materials SciencesUniversity of Michigan School of DentistryAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Chuhua Zhang
- Department of Biologic and Materials SciencesUniversity of Michigan School of DentistryAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Jung‐Wook Kim
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, School of DentistrySeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - James P. Simmer
- Department of Biologic and Materials SciencesUniversity of Michigan School of DentistryAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Jan C.‐C. Hu
- Department of Biologic and Materials SciencesUniversity of Michigan School of DentistryAnn ArborMIUSA
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Canine models of human amelogenesis imperfecta: identification of novel recessive ENAM and ACP4 variants. Hum Genet 2019; 138:525-533. [PMID: 30877375 PMCID: PMC6536466 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-01997-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) refers to a genetically and clinically heterogeneous group of inherited disorders affecting the structure, composition, and quantity of tooth enamel. Both non-syndromic and syndromic forms of AI have been described and several genes affecting various aspects of the enamel physiology have been reported. Genetically modified murine models of various genes have provided insights into the complex regulation of proper amelogenesis. Non-syndromic AI occurs spontaneously also in dogs with known recessive variants in ENAM and SLC24A4 genes. Unlike rodents with a reduced dentition and continuously erupting incisors, canine models are valuable for human AI due to similarity in the dental anatomy including deciduous and permanent teeth. We have performed a series of clinical and genetic analyses to investigate AI in several breeds of dogs and describe here two novel recessive variants in the ENAM and ACP4 genes. A fully segregating missense variant (c.716C>T) in exon 8 of ENAM substitutes a well-conserved proline to leucine, p.(Pro239Leu), resulting in a clinical hypomineralization of teeth. A 1-bp insertion in ACP4 (c.1189dupG) is predicted to lead to a frameshift, p.(Ala397Glyfs), resulting in an abnormal C-terminal part of the protein, and hypoplastic AI. The ENAM variant was specific for Parson Russell Terriers with a carrier frequency of 9%. The ACP4 variant was found in two breeds, Akita and American Akita with a carrier frequency of 22%. These genetic findings establish novel canine models of human AI with a particular interest in the case of the ACP4-deficient model, since ACP4 physiology is poorly characterized in human AI. The affected dogs could also serve as preclinical models for novel treatments while the breeds would benefit from genetic tests devised here for veterinary diagnostics and breeding programs.
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Pedersen NC, Shope B, Liu H. An autosomal recessive mutation in SCL24A4 causing enamel hypoplasia in Samoyed and its relationship to breed-wide genetic diversity. Canine Genet Epidemiol 2017; 4:11. [PMID: 29201383 PMCID: PMC5699110 DOI: 10.1186/s40575-017-0049-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pure breeding of dogs has led to over 700 heritable disorders, of which almost 300 are Mendelian in nature. Seventy percent of the characterized mutations have an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance, indicative of positive selection during bouts of inbreeding primarily for new desired conformational traits. Samoyed suffer from several common complex genetic disorders, but up to this time only two X-linked and one autosomal dominant disorder have been identified. Previous studies based on pedigrees and SNP arrays have concluded that Samoyed breeders have done a good job in maintaining genetic diversity and avoiding excessive inbreeding. This may explain why autosomal recessive disorders have not occurred to the extent observed in many other breeds. However, an enamel hypoplasia analogous to a form of autosomal recessive amelogenesis imperfecta (ARAI) in humans has been recently characterized in Samoyed, although the causative mutation appears to have existed for three or more decades. The rise of such a mutation indicates that bouts of inbreeding for desired conformational traits are still occurring despite an old and well-defined breed standard. Therefore, the present study has two objectives: 1) measure genetic diversity in the breed using DNA and short tandem repeats (STR), and 2) identify the exact mutation responsible for enamel hypoplasia in the breed, possible explanations for its recent spread, and the effect of eliminating the mutation on existing genetic diversity. Results The recent discovery of an autosomal recessive amelogenesis imperfecta (ARAI) in Samoyed provides an opportunity to study the mutation as well as genetic factors that favored its occurrence and subsequent spread. The first step in the study was to use 33 short tandem repeat (STR) loci on 25/38 autosomes and seven STRs across the dog leukocyte antigen (DLA) class I and II regions on CFA12 to determine the DNA-based genetic profile of 182 individuals from North America, Europe and Australia. Samoyed from the three continents constituted a single breed with only slight genetic differences. Breed-wide genetic diversity was low, most likely from a small founder population and subsequent artificial genetic bottlenecks. Two alleles at each autosome locus occurred in 70–95% of the dogs and 54% of alleles were homozygous. The number of DLA class I and II haplotypes was also low and three class I and two class II haplotypes occurred in 80–90% of individuals. Therefore, most Samoyed belong to two lines, with most dogs possessing a minority of existing genetic diversity and a minority of dogs containing a majority of diversity. Although contemporary Samoyed lack genetic diversity, the bulk of parents are as unrelated as possible with smaller subpopulations either more inbred or outbred than the total population. A familial disorder manifested by hypocalcification of enamel has been recently identified. A genome wide association study (GWAS) on seven affected and five unrelated healthy dogs pointed to a region of extended homozygosity on Canis familiaris autosome 8 (CFA8). The region contained a gene in the solute carrier 24 family (SCL24A4) that encodes a protein involved in potassium dependent sodium/calcium exchange and transport. Mutations in this gene were recently found to cause a similar type of enamel hypoplasia in people. Sequencing of this candidate gene revealed a 21 bp duplication in exon 17. A test for the duplication was in concordance with the disease phenotype. The exact incidence of affected dogs is unknown, but 12% of the 168 healthy dogs tested were heterozygous for the mutation. This population was biased toward close relatives, so a liberal estimate of the incidence of affected dogs in the breed would be around 3.6/1000. Theoretical calculations based on the comparison of the whole population with a population devoid of carriers indicated that eliminating the trait would not affect existing genetic diversity at this time. Conclusions The contemporary Samoyed, like many other breeds, has retained only a small portion of the genetic diversity that exists among all dogs. This limited genetic diversity along with positive genetic selection for desirable traits has led to at least three simple non-recessive genetic disorders and a low incidence of complex genetic traits such as autoimmune disease and hip dysplasia. Unlike many other pure breeds, the Samoyed has been spared the spate of deleterious autosomal recessive traits that have plagued many other pure breeds. However, ARAI due to a mutation in the SCL24A4 gene has apparently existed in the breed for several decades but is being increasingly diagnosed. The increase in diseased dogs is most likely due to a period of intensified positive selection for some desired conformational trait. A genetic test has been developed for identifying the mutation carriers which will enable the breeders to eliminate enamel hypoplasia in Samoyed by selective breeding and it appears that this mutation can be eliminated now without loss of genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels C Pedersen
- Center for Companion Animal Health, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Bonnie Shope
- Veterinary Dental Services, LLC, 530 Massachusetts Ave, Boxborough, MA 01719 USA
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 65616 USA
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Boy S, Crossley D, Steenkamp G. Developmental Structural Tooth Defects in Dogs - Experience From Veterinary Dental Referral Practice and Review of the Literature. Front Vet Sci 2016; 3:9. [PMID: 26904551 PMCID: PMC4744861 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental tooth abnormalities in dogs are uncommon in general veterinary practice but understanding thereof is important for optimal management in order to maintain masticatory function through preservation of the dentition. The purpose of this review is to discuss clinical abnormalities of the enamel and general anatomy of dog teeth encountered in veterinary dental referral practice and described in the literature. More than 900 referral cases are seen annually between the two referral practices. The basis of the pathogenesis, resultant clinical appearance, and the principles of management for each anomaly will be described. Future research should be aimed toward a more detailed analysis of these conditions so rarely described in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Boy
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University , Pretoria , South Africa
| | - David Crossley
- Division of Oral Surgery, Animal Medical Centre Referral Services , Manchester , UK
| | - Gerhard Steenkamp
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria , Pretoria , South Africa
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