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Ishikawa K, Doneva R, Raichev EG, Peeva S, Doichev VD, Amaike Y, Nishita Y, Kaneko Y, Masuda R. Population genetic structure and diversity of the East Balkan Swine (Sus scrofa) in Bulgaria, revealed by mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite analyses. Anim Sci J 2021; 92:e13630. [PMID: 34520087 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The East Balkan Swine (EBS) is the only indigenous pig breed in Bulgaria. We analyzed the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region and 21 microsatellite loci for 198 individuals from 11 farms in Bulgaria. Obtained 11 mtDNA haplotypes including three novel ones were grouped to two major clades, European clade E1 (146/198 individuals, 73.7%) and Asian clade A (52/198, 26.3%). The mixture of the two clades may have resulted from historical crossbreeding between the European and Asian pig breeds. Clade A was frequent in southeastern Bulgaria (Burgas Province), but less frequent or absent in northeastern Bulgaria (Varna and Shumen Provinces). The distribution of Europe- and Asia-specific haplotypes relative to EBS farm locations could be attributed to regional differences of breeding systems (e.g., crossbreeding with imported commercial pigs). A microsatellite analysis showed high heterozygosities for all the EBS farms, and negative inbreeding coefficients presumably due to crossing with commercial pigs or wild boars and/or efforts to reduce inbreeding by farmers. Bayesian clustering analyses showed that all farm populations are genetically well distinguishable from one another. Although diversity has been maintained by the efforts of farmers and a breeding association, the effective population size remains small, and conservation efforts should be continued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Ishikawa
- Department of Natural History Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Radostina Doneva
- Association for Breeding and Preserving of the East Balkan Swine, Shumen, Bulgaria
| | | | | | | | - Yosuke Amaike
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Nishita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yayoi Kaneko
- Wildlife Conservation Laboratory, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Masuda
- Department of Natural History Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Tsachev I, Baymakova M, Pepovich R, Palova N, Marutsov P, Gospodinova K, Kundurzhiev T, Ciccozzi M. High Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E Virus Infection Among East Balkan Swine ( Sus scrofa) in Bulgaria: Preliminary Results. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110911. [PMID: 33153218 PMCID: PMC7693706 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The East Balkan swine (Sus scrofa) is the only aboriginal pig breed in Bulgaria, and it is indigenous to the eastern part of the country. The aim of the present study was to investigate East Balkan swine (EBS) in Bulgaria for serological evidence of hepatitis E virus (HEV). Sera from 171 swine from two parts of the country (northeastern and southeastern) were tested for anti-HEV IgG antibodies. The overall HEV seroprevalence was 82.5% (141/171), and for weaners it was 77.2% (44/57), for fattening pigs 79.0% (45/57), and for adults 91.2% (52/57). HEV positivity was higher in fattening pigs and adults compared to weaners: OR = 1.108 (95% CI: 0.456–2.692) and OR = 3.073 (95% CI: 1.016–9.294), respectively. This study provides the first evidence of exposure to HEV in EBS from Bulgaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia Tsachev
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria; (I.T.); (P.M.); (K.G.)
| | - Magdalena Baymakova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Military Medical Academy, 1606 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +359-882-28-50-87
| | - Roman Pepovich
- Department of Infectious Pathology, Hygiene, Technology and Control of Foods from Animal Origin, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | | | - Plamen Marutsov
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria; (I.T.); (P.M.); (K.G.)
| | - Krasimira Gospodinova
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria; (I.T.); (P.M.); (K.G.)
| | - Todor Kundurzhiev
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University, 1527 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, Universita Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy;
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Zani L, Dietze K, Dimova Z, Forth JH, Denev D, Depner K, Alexandrov T. African Swine Fever in a Bulgarian Backyard Farm-A Case Report. Vet Sci 2019; 6:E94. [PMID: 31766581 PMCID: PMC6958451 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6040094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most threatening diseases for the pig farming sector worldwide. As an effective vaccine is lacking, strict application of control measures is the only way to fight the disease in both industrial farms and backyard holdings. With generally low biosecurity standards, the latter are at particular risk for disease introduction and offer challenging conditions for disease control. In the following case report, we describe the overall course of an ASF outbreak in a Bulgarian backyard farm and the implemented control measures. Farm facilities and available data have been investigated to estimate the possible source, spread and time point of virus introduction. Contact with contaminated fomites entering the stable via human activities was regarded to be the most likely introduction route. The slow disease spread within the farm contributes to the hypothesis of a moderate contagiosity. As no further ASF outbreaks have been detected in domestic pig farms in the region, it could be demonstrated that successful disease control in small-scale farms can be reached. Thus, the report contributes to a better understanding of ASF in the backyard sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Zani
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (K.D.); (J.H.F.); (K.D.)
| | - Klaas Dietze
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (K.D.); (J.H.F.); (K.D.)
| | - Zlatina Dimova
- Regional Food Safety Directorate Varna, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria;
| | - Jan Hendrik Forth
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (K.D.); (J.H.F.); (K.D.)
| | - Daniel Denev
- Bulgarian Food Safety Agency, 1606 Sofia, Bulgaria; (D.D.); (T.A.)
| | - Klaus Depner
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (K.D.); (J.H.F.); (K.D.)
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Mitochondrial Diversity of the East Balkan Swine (Sus scrofa f. domestica) in South-Eastern Bulgaria. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2019-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The East Balkan Swine (EBS) is the only preserved local swine breed in Bulgaria and one of the few indigenous pig breeds in Europe. The EBS is distributed in the region of Eastern Balkan Mountains and the Strandja Mountain. To reveal the breed’s genetic profile, we analyzed 50 purebred individuals according to mitochondrial DNA (D-loop region, HVR1) and sequence analysis in the Scientific Center of Agriculture (Sredets region) in the country.
The obtained results show the presence of four haplotypes: three Asian specific haplotypes (H1, H2, and H3) and the European specific E1a1. The haplotypes H2 (6 %) and H3 (2 %) were newly described and were branched from the basic clade H1 (90 %). All haplotypes belong to the Asiatic clade A (98 %), except one sample assigned to the European haplogroup E1 (2 %) in contrast to samples from East North Bulgaria where Asiatic and Europen clades were with almost equal distribution. The coexistence of two mtDNA clades in EBS in Bulgaria may be related to the source of the pig populations and/or the historical crossbreeding with imported pigs.
In conclusion, due to its native origin, the East Balkan Swine may be the only possible option for a solution to the exhaustion of the beneficial genetic variation of available cultural breeds. With its participation, high-productive populations can be restored and established after a long and purposeful selection.
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