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Chase BA, Semenov I, Rubin S, Meyers S, Mark A, Makhlouf T, Chirayil TT, Maraganore D, Wei J, Zheng SL, Xu J, Epshteyn A, Pham A, Frigerio R, Markopoulou K. Characteristics associated with response to subcutaneously administered anti-CGRP monoclonal antibody medications in a real-world community cohort of persons living with migraine: A retrospective clinical and genetic study. Headache 2024; 64:68-92. [PMID: 38071464 DOI: 10.1111/head.14655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate response to anti-calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) migraine preventives in a real-world community cohort of persons living with migraine and to identify clinical and genetic characteristics associated with efficacious response. BACKGROUND Erenumab-aooeb, fremanezumab-vrfm, and galcanezumab-gnlm target CGRP or its receptor; however, many patients are non-responsive. METHODS In this retrospective clinical and genetic study, we identified 1077 adult patients who satisfied the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition, criteria for migraine without aura, migraine with aura, or chronic migraine and who were prescribed an anti-CGRP migraine preventive between May 2018 and May 2021. Screening of 558 patients identified 289 with data at baseline and first follow-up visits; data were available for 161 patients at a second follow-up visit. The primary outcome was migraine days per month (MDM). In 198 genotyped patients, we evaluated associations between responders (i.e., patients with ≥50% reduction in MDM at follow-up) and genes involved in CGRP signaling or pharmacological response, and genetic and polygenic risk scores. RESULTS The median time to first follow-up was 4.4 (0.9-22) months after preventive start. At the second follow-up, 5.7 (0.9-13) months later, 145 patients had continued on the same preventive. Preventives had strong, persistent effects in reducing MDM in responders (follow-up 1: η2 = 0.26, follow-up 2: η2 = 0.22). At the first but not second follow-up: galcanezumab had a larger effect than erenumab, while no difference was seen at either follow-up between galcanezumab and fremanezumab or fremanezumab and erenumab. The decrease in MDM at follow-up was generally proportional to baseline MDM, larger in females, and increased with months on medication. At the first follow-up only, patients with prior hospitalization for migraine or who had not responded to more preventive regimens had a smaller decrease in MDM. Reasons for stopping or switching a preventive varied between medications and were often related to cost and insurance coverage. At both follow-ups, patient tolerance (1: 92.2% [262/284]; 2: 95.2% [141/145]) and continued use (1: 77.5% [224/289]; 2: 80.6% [116/145]) were high and similar across preventives. Response consistency (always non-responders: 31.7% [46/145]; always responders: 56.5% [82/145], and one-time only responders: 11.7% [17/145]) was also similar across preventives. Non-responder status had nominally significant associations with rs12615320-G in RAMP1 (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 4.7 [1.5, 14.7]), and rs4680-A in COMT (0.6[0.4, 0.9]). Non-responders had a lower mean genetic risk score than responders (1.0 vs. 1.1; t(df) = -1.75(174.84), p = 0.041), and the fraction of responders increased with genetic and polygenic risk score percentile. CONCLUSIONS In this real-world setting, anti-CGRP preventives reduced MDM persistently and had similar and large effect sizes on MDM reduction; however, clinical and genetic factors influenced response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Chase
- Health Information Technology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Skokie, Illinois, USA
- Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Irene Semenov
- Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Neurology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Susan Rubin
- Department of Neurology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Steven Meyers
- Department of Neurology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Angela Mark
- Department of Neurology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Thomas Makhlouf
- Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Neurology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Tanya T Chirayil
- Department of Neurology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Jun Wei
- Center for Individualized Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Siqun L Zheng
- Center for Individualized Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Center for Individualized Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Alexander Epshteyn
- Health Information Technology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Skokie, Illinois, USA
| | - Anna Pham
- Department of Neurology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Roberta Frigerio
- Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Neurology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Katerina Markopoulou
- Department of Neurology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Moravčíková N, Kasarda R, Židek R, Vostrý L, Vostrá-Vydrová H, Vašek J, Čílová D. Czechoslovakian Wolfdog Genomic Divergence from Its Ancestors Canis lupus, German Shepherd Dog, and Different Sheepdogs of European Origin. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:832. [PMID: 34071464 PMCID: PMC8228135 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focused on the genomic differences between the Czechoslovakian wolfdog (CWD) and its ancestors, the Grey wolf (GW) and German Shepherd dog. The Saarloos wolfdog and Belgian Shepherd dog were also included to study the level of GW genetics retained in the genome of domesticated breeds. The dataset consisted of 131 animals and 143,593 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The effects of demographic history on the overall genome structure were determined by screening the distribution of the homozygous segments. The genetic variance distributed within and between groups was quantified by genetic distances, the FST index, and discriminant analysis of principal components. Fine-scale population stratification due to specific morphological and behavioural traits was assessed by principal component and factorial analyses. In the CWD, a demographic history effect was manifested mainly in a high genome-wide proportion of short homozygous segments corresponding to a historical load of inbreeding derived from founders. The observed proportion of long homozygous segments indicated that the inbreeding events shaped the CWD genome relatively recently compared to other groups. Even if there was a significant increase in genetic similarity among wolf-like breeds, they were genetically separated from each other. Moreover, this study showed that the CWD genome carries private alleles that are not found in either wolves or other dog breeds analysed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Moravčíková
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding Biology, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia;
| | - Radovan Kasarda
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding Biology, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia;
| | - Radoslav Židek
- Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia;
- NU3gen, Pažite 145/7, 010 09 Žilina, Slovakia
| | - Luboš Vostrý
- Department of Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.V.); (J.V.); (D.Č.)
| | - Hana Vostrá-Vydrová
- Department of Ethology and Companion Animal Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Jakub Vašek
- Department of Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.V.); (J.V.); (D.Č.)
| | - Daniela Čílová
- Department of Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.V.); (J.V.); (D.Č.)
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