A20 SNP rs77191406 may be related to secondary cancer for rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus patients

The interconnected roles of TRIM21/Ro52 in systemic lupus erythematosus, primary Sjögren's syndrome, cancers, and cancer metabolism

Protein tripartite motif-containing 21 (TRIM21/Ro52), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, is an essential regulator of innate immunity, and its dysregulation is closely associated with the development of autoimmune diseases, predominantly systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). TRIM21 /Ro52 also features anti-cancer and carcinogenic functions according to different malignancies. The interconnected role of TRIM21/Ro52 in regulating autoimmunity and cell metabolism in autoimmune diseases and malignancies is implicated. In this review, we summarize current findings on how TRIM21/Ro52 affects inflammation and tumorigenesis, and investigate the relationship between TRIM21/Ro52 expression and the formation of lymphoma and breast cancer in SLE and pSS populations.

Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha-Induced Proteins in Malignant Tumors: Progress and Prospects

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is the first cytokine used in tumor biotherapy, but TNF-related drugs are limited by the lack of specific targets. Tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced proteins (TNFAIPs), derived from TNF, is a protein family and participates in proliferation, invasion and metastasis of tumor cells. In order to better understand biological functions and potential roles of TNFAIPs in malignant tumors, this paper in the form of “Gene–Protein–Tumor correlation” summarizes the biological characteristics, physiological functions and mechanisms of TNFAIPs by searching National Center of Biotechnology Information, GeneCards, UniProt and STRING databases. The relationship between TNFAIPs and malignant tumors is analyzed, and protein–protein interaction diagram in members of TNFAIPs is drawn based on TNF for the first time. We find that TNF as a key factor is related to TNFAIP1, TNFAIP3, TNFAIP5, TNFAIP6, TNFAIP8 and TNFAIP9, which can be directly involved in activating TNFAIP1, TNFAIP5, TNFAIP8 and TNFAIP9. We confirm that the mechanism of TNFAIP1, TNFAIP2 and TNFAIP3 inducing tumors may be related to NF-κB signaling pathway, but the mechanism of tumor induction by other members of TNFAIPs is not clear. In the future, translational studies are needed to explore the mechanisms of TNF-TNFAIPs-tumors.

A review on SLE and malignancy

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, systemic autoimmune disease characterized by autoantibody production, complement activation, and immune complex deposition. It predominantly affects young and middle-aged women. While improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of SLE have altered prognosis, morbidity and mortality rates remain higher than the general population. In addition to renal injury, cardiovascular disease, and infection, malignancy is known to be a significant cause of death in this population. There is increasing evidence to suggest that patients with SLE have a slightly higher overall risk of malignancy. The risk of malignancy in SLE is of considerable interest because the immune and genetic pathways underlying the pathogenesis of SLE and the immunosuppressant drugs (ISDs) used in its management may mediate this altered risk. Our current understanding of these and other risk factors and the implications for treating SLE and screening for malignancy is still evolving. This review summarizes the association between SLE and malignancy. The first section discusses the risk of overall and site-specific malignancies in both adult- and pediatric-onset SLE. Next, we evaluate the risk factors and possible mechanisms underlying the link between malignancy and SLE, including the use of ISDs, presence of certain SLE-related autoantibodies, chronic immune dysregulation, environmental factors, and shared genetic susceptibility. Finally, we review guidelines regarding cancer screening and vaccination for human papilloma virus.

Promoter polymorphisms of the TIM-4 gene are correlated with disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

Although the TIM gene family plays important roles in immune responses, little is known about TIM regulation in the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This study aimed to investigate the association of two TIM-4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs6874202 (-1419G>A) and rs62382402 (-1609G>A) with SLE susceptibility in a Chinese Han population. The results showed no significant differences between patients with SLE and control group for rs6874202 and rs62382402 (p = .72, .53 respectively). However, the anti-dsDNA levels in serum from SLE patients with GG genotype of TIM-4 gene at -1419 site were significantly higher than those with GA and AA genotype (p = .0335), and C3 levels of SLE patients with GG and GA genotype were much lower than those with AA genotypes (p = .0187). Moreover, the apoptotic cell levels of SLE patients with AA and GG genotypes were significantly higher than those with GA genotypes in patients with SLE (p = .0393). In addition, the C3 concentration of SLE patients with the GG genotype of TIM-4 gene at -1609 site was found to be significantly higher than those with the GA genotype (p = .0129). The results imply that GG genotype of the TIM-4 gene at -1419 site might be associated with the disease activity of SLE.