Role of colour-Doppler high-frequency ultrasonography in capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation syndrome: a case series

Capillary Malformation-arteriovenous Malformation Type 2: A Case Report and Review

Capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation syndrome is a rare genodermatosis with cutaneous capillary malformations and a risk of associated fast-flow malformations. We describe here a four-generation family with a novel heterozygous pathogenic variant in the EPHB4 gene (NM_004444.5 (EPHB4): c.2224G>C, p.(Ala742Pro)). A review of the literature retrieved 127 patients with capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation syndrome and confirmed variants in EPHB4. Multiple capillary malformations were present in 114 (89.76%) patients, and 12 (9.44%) patients had a solitary capillary malformation. Arteriovenous malformations/fistulas were present in 23 (18.1%) patients, and were located within the central nervous system in 5 (3.9%) patients. Not all papers included description of epistaxis. Telangiectasias were reported in 28 (22%) patients, and Bier spots were described in 20 (15.7%) patients. The clinical characteristics of capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation syndrome are diverse and often discrete, which can make it difficult to distinguish capillary malformationarteriovenous malformation syndrome from hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia.